CLAT 2011 Answers and Explanations

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 b a a d c c d b c d d a d c d c d b c c 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 d a b c d d d d b a d b* d d c b c c c d 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 b a a c a b b a a a b c a a d d d c d d 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 b d a d b a b b d d a a d c c d a b b b 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 c b b d c c c a c c b c c a d c c b a a 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 a c c a d a b d d c a b d b b d c d b c 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 a d b b a c c c a a b b a c c c d a d d 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 a b b b b c b d b d c b a a a c d a d c 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 b b d a b a d a b a a c a c c a b b d c 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 c d d a c c c a c c d d b b d c d a d d

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1. b

Option (a) is incorrect as P.C. Mahalanobis believed in rigid control by the government over all activities. Option (c) is incorrect, as the effect of restrictions on large companies is not given in the passage. Option (d) is incorrect, as Spratts views on devaluation of the rupee are not given. Option (b) can be inferred from the lines . Philip Spratt was writing a series of essays in favor of free enterprise. 12. a Option (a) cannot be inferred from the passage. Option (b) can be inferred from the first paragraph. Refer to lines ..Shroff began a forumgovernment. of India.. Option (c) can be inferred as he championed the cause of independent entrepreneur. Option (d) is indicated in the lines Spratt was a Cambridge communist. Hence, the correct answer is option (a). Option (a) is correct as the author has tried to highlight the presence of advocates for free market by first mentioning Shroff and then Spratt. Option (b) is incorrect as the mention of Indira Gandhi and related politics is limited to only the last paragraph. Options (c) and (d) are beyond the scope of the passage. The correct answer is option (d). Refer to third line of second paragraph Spratt was arevolution in the subcontinent. 15. d The correct answer is option (c). Refer to first paragraph. Shroff complained that independent entrepreneurs were treated with indifference by the government. The correct answer is option (c). Refer to line 4 of second paragraph. The books he read in the prison, and his marriage to an Indian woman afterwards, inspired a steady move rightwards. The correct answer is option (d). Refer to the last lines of the last paragraph - After the rupee was devalued. and returning to economic autarky. Nationalization of industries in 1969 has been quoted by the author as a consequence of Indira Gandhi led politics. Hence, correct answer is option (b). The correct answer is was. In the given sentence, verb should agree with the closest available subject. Since A. D. Shroff is singular, hence, both is and was are correct. In light of the given passage, was becomes more appropriate as we are referring to the past. Inveigh means to criticize strongly or complain bitterly. The correct answer is remonstrate which means to protest or complain about something/somebody. The passage talks about the strangeness in the nonDalit representations of Dalits. He mentions two books one by Manu Joseph and the other by Rohinton Mistry.

Both these books are written by non- Dalits and both talk about Dalits without having any insight into the Dalit world. The non-Dalit portrayal of Dalits in literature, cinema and art has remained a norm in India but theses portrays fail to depict the truth about Dalit lives, their movements and figures like B R Ambedkar. Thus, option (d) is the correct choice. Refer to lines Mistry seems to have not veered too far from the road charted by predecessors like Mulk Raj Anand and Premchand. Sixty years after Premchand, Mistrys literary imagination seems stuck in the empathyrealism mode, trapping Dalits in abjection. Hence, option (a) is the correct choice. Refer to line 5, paragraph 3 In a society that is still largely unwilling to recognize Dalits as equal..representation of Dalits. The correct answer is option (d). Refer to second line of third paragraph we must engage with what Dalits are writing not because for reasons of authenticity, or as a concession to identity politics, but simply because of the aesthetic value of this body of writing and for insights it offers into the human condition. Thus, option (c) cannot be inferred. Refer to last line of the second paragraph ..and the continued and unquestioned predominance of a Brahminical stranglehold over cultural production have led us to a place where non-Dalit portrayal of Dalits in literature, cinema and art remains the norm. Hence, option (d) is correct. Option (c) has not been suggested in the passage; rest all three options are mentioned. Refer to the lines we must engage with what Dalits are writing not because for reasons of authenticity, or as a concession to identity politics, but simply because of the aesthetic value of this body of writing and for insights it offers into the human condition. Mistry seems to have not veered too far from the road charted by predecessors like Mulk Raj Anand and Premchand. Sixty years after Premchand, Mistrys literary imagination seems stuck in the empathy-realism mode, trapping Dalits in abjection. Mistry happily continues the broad stereotype of the Dalit as a passive sufferer, without consciousness of caste politics. Option (d) is neither mentioned nor implied in the passage and hence is the correct answer. The author has criticized Rohinton Mistry for presenting Dalits in the same stereotyped image that was created by Premchand and Mulk Raj Anand. Dalits have been perceived as passive sufferers. Refer to the lines Mistry seems to have not veered too far from the road charted by predecessors like Mulk Raj Anand and Premchand. Sixty years after Premchand, Mistrys literary imagination seems stuck in the empathy-realism

2. a

13. d

3. a

14. c

4. d

5. c

6. c

16. c

7. d

8. b

9. c

17. d

18. b 10. d

11. d

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mode, trapping Dalits in abjection. Mistry happily continues the broad stereotype of the Dalit as a passive sufferer, without consciousness of caste politics. Hence, option (b) is the correct choice. 19. c Sly means devious in the passage. Option (c) is correct. As the subject is plural (Dalit movements) and the sentence is in past tense, the verb should be were (plural verb). Refer to lines The book is not necessary in these cases, for the argument is about who can write about India, not what has been written. In recent weeks,not their interpretations, but their foreignness. The author states that the criticism directed is mostly about the foreignness of authors rather than about their literary styles. Hence, the correct answer is option (d). Fusillade refers to a spirited outburst of criticism; a number of shots fired simultaneously or in rapid succession. Barrage refers to a rapid or overwhelming outpouring of many things at once <the teachers rapid-fire barrage of homework assignments went by too fast for me to write them all down>. Therefore, among the given options, barrage is the most suitable substitute for fusillade. Refer to paragraphs 1 and 6. Both talk about critics who have attacked foreign authors not for their literary styles but for their foreignness. Hence, the correct answer is option (b). Refer to lines The book is not necessary in these cases, for the argument is about who can write about India, not what has been written. In recent weeks,not their interpretations, but their foreignness. The author states that the criticism directed is mostly about the foreignness of authors rather than about their literary styles. Option (c) is correct. Refer to paragraph 5 A country with a millennial history of Hindus, Christians, Jews..I have not heard an Indian ask whether outsiders have a right to write, think or exist on their soil. The correct answer is option (d). The author says that in todays India, outside of the elite intelligentsia, people think that a person should be awarded for what he does and not for who he is. Hence, the correct answer is option (d). The author has referred to the history of various religions living peaceably together in India in order to show its openness to unique cultural identities. Hence, the correct answer choice is option (d).

28. d

According to the author, the criticism directed at these foreign authors has become more important than the book. This criticism is about the foreignness of these authors and not about the content of their books. Refer to the lines What is more interesting about these appraisalsnot what has been written. Hence, the correct answer is option (d). Refer to the second paragraph. The debate of who gets to write about India has triggered another debate which is about who shall decide that who gets to write about India. Hence, the correct answer choice is option (b). The correct answer is option (a). The subject sensitivity is singular in number and the sentence is in present tense. Usage of present perfect tense is appropriate for the given blank. Therefore, has is the apt verb. Refer to the penultimate and the last paragraphs. The author has given several examples to emphasize how poverty and starvation do not always result in revolt and how the link is not necessary. The correct answer is option (d). Refer to second paragraph. Part of the difficulty lies in the possibilitythe declared rationale of public commitment to remove poverty. The correct answer is option (b). The author stresses that policies of poverty removal should not be framed and justified on the premise that they are needed to avoid violence and strife as this notion has may shortcomings. Option (d) expresses the main idea of the passage effectively. Perilous means involving potential loss or injury. Hence, dangerous is the correct choice. The author states that it is not surprising that often enough intense and widespread suffering and misery have been accompanied by unusual peace and silence. He/ She then gives the examples of famine of Ireland and Calcutta to substantiate his/her assertion. Thus, option (c) is the correct choice. Option (d) is close but is narrow as it focuses only on people who are dying of starvation and fails to convey the broader idea of the author that deals with suffering and misery in general. Destitution refers to the state of lack of sufficient money or material possessions. Indigence is the state of lack of sufficient money or material possessions <there are various state and federal programs to help relieve indigence>. Therefore, option (b) is the correct choice.

20. c

29. b

21. d

30. a

31. d

22. a

32. b*

23. b

33. d

24. c

34. d

35. c

25. d

26. d

36. b

27. d

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37. c

Option (a) can be inferred from the last paragraph. Option (b) can be inferred from the first paragraph There has, in fact been,some evident attractions. Refer to the second paragraph This is not to deny that poverty and inequality can- and do-have far reaching consequences with conflict and strife, but these connections have to be examined and investigated with appropriate care and empirical scrutiny, rather than being casually invoked with unreasoned rapidity in support of a good cause. The author does not imply that links between poverty and violence must never be emphasized but advocates the need for prudence and empirical scrutiny before linking them. Thus, option (c) cannot be inferred. Option (d) can be inferred from the lines Destitution can be accompanied not only by economic debility, but also by political helplessness. Refer to the lines Basing public policyrather than moral, relevance. Refer to the second paragraph of the passage. As per the reference to economic reductionism in the passage, option (c) states the meaning implied by the term effectively. As mobilize is a verb, the preposition to is appropriate. Into is incorrect because it is used to show movement from exterior to interior position/location. It is used to show the state of movement; for example: I am going into the class. The phrase easier to mobilize is grammatically correct.

48. a

Pamuk is the recipient of numerous literary awards, including the Nobel Prize in Literature 2006 the first Nobel Prize to be awarded to a Turkish citizen. Chirayu Amin is the Chairman and Managing Director of Alembic Ltd., a 104 year old pharmaceutical company. Udaan is a 2010 Hindi film produced by Sanjay Singh, Anurag Kashyap, and Ronnie Screwvala; and directed by Vikramaditya Motwane. Rani Kumudini Devi became the first woman Mayor of Hyderabad in 1962.

49. a

50. a

51. b

52. c 53. a The Kherlanji massacre refers to the 2006 lynchingstyle murders of a Dalit family by members of the politically dominant Kunbi OBC . The killings took place in a small village in India named Khairlanji, located in the Bhandara district of the state of Maharashtra.

38. c

39. c.

54. a 55. d National Innovation Council has to prepare a road map for the decade of 2011-2020'. 57. d 58. c

40. d

56. d 59. d

Baglihar Dam, is a run-of-the-river power project on the Chenab River in the southern Doda district of the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.

41. b 60. d 42. a 43. a Damun Galgut is a writer belongs to South Africa. 61. b Aruna Shanbaug is a nurse from Haldipur, Uttar Kannada, Karnataka. On 24th January 2011, after she had been in this status for 37 years, the Supreme Court of India responded to the plea for euthanasia filed by Arunas friend journalist Pinki Virani, by setting up a medical panel to examine her. The court turned down the mercy killing petition on. However in its landmark judgment, it allowed passive euthanasia in India. The Nagoya Protocol includes a sweeping plan to protect biodiversity by setting targets for 2020.U.N. summit on biodiversity is going to be held in New Delhi in 2012. WikiLeaks chief Julian Assange was arrested in London on suspicion of rape after surrendering to a Swedish arrest warrant. 68. b 46. b 70. d 47. b Orange Revolution Ukraine Purple Revolution Iraq The Nalanda International University is expected to be functional from 2013. BJPs flag yatra was stopped at the Lakhampur border of Jammu and Kashmir 63. a Moner Manush is a Bengali feature film based on the life and philosophy of Fakir Lalan Shah, a noted spiritual leader, poet and folk singer of Bengal in the 19th century. The film is directed by Goutam Ghose.

62. d 64. d

65. b 44. c 66. a Fathimath Dhiyana Saeed from Maldives has been appointed as SAARC first women secretary general. Womens Reservation Bill first introduced in parliament in 1996 by H D Deve Gowdas government as 81st Constitution Amendment Bill. 69. d

67. b 45. a

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71. a

Sadhvi Pragya Singh Thakur is an Indian woman accused of orchestrating the Malegaon blasts of 2008 while Swami Aseemananda is associated with Ajmer blast. 73. d P J Thomas is the first CVC who is appointment is quashed by Supreme Court of India Justice Dharam Veer Sharma, Justice Sudhir Agarwal and Justice Sibghat Ullah Khan were the judges who had given this landmark judgement. 77. a 79. b Reviews of Lelyvelds Great Soul: Mahatma Gandhi and His Struggle With India claimed that the book portrays Gandhi as a bisexual with a relationship with one of his disciples a charge that Lelyveld insists is incorrect. Kirana Gharana is one of the most prolific Hindustani khyal gharanas. The name of this school of music derives from Kirana or Kairana, a town & tehsil of Muzzafarnagar District in Uttar Pradesh. Alam Ara is a 1931 film directed by Ardeshir Irani. It was the first Indian sound film. 84. d Court of Arbitration for sports is headquarters at Lausanne Karun Chandhok had made his dbut for Hispania Racing in the open cockpit motor racing formula, Formula One in 2010.

93. c

(i) Tax for first Rs.1,50,000 = 0 (ii) Tax for Rs.1,50,001 to Rs.3,00,000

72. a 74. c

10 ,500 = Rs.1 100 (iii) Tax for Rs. 3,00,001 to Rs.5,00,000 = (3,00,000 1,50,000) 20 = Rs.40,000 100 Total tax liability of Jogen = 0 + Rs. 15,000 + Rs.40,000 = Rs.55,000.
= (5, 00,00 3,00,000) 94. a Let 4x and 5x be two numbers. Then,

75. c

76. d 78. b 80. b

4x + 20 6 = 5x + 20 7

x = 10 Therefore, numbers are 40 and 50. Hence, sum of two numbers = 40 + 50 = 90.
95. d Let 5x, 6x and 7x be the number of students studying in Arts, law and commerce respectively. After increment, new ratio = 5x 1.2 : 6x 1.3 : 7x 1.4 = 30 : 39 : 49. Since 10% of making charges is Rs.100 Total making charges = Rs.1,000. Marked Price = 1000 + 900 = Rs.1,900 Discount offered in percentage

81. c

96. c

82. b

83. b 85. c

=
97. c

900 100 100 47%. 19

Let D be the distance between mans house and railway station. Then,

86. c

D D 9 + 6 15 1 = = = 6 7 60 60 4
D = 10.5 km.

87. c 88. a 89. c Muammar Gaddafi - Libya Right of Children to Full and Compulsory Education Act 2009, was introduced by 86 th Constitutional Amendment in Constitution of India. Committee for 2G Spectrum case was headed by PC Chako Let x years ago, Akbers age will be exactly 5 times that of Jahangir. Then, 50 x = 5 (18 x) 4x = 40 x = 10 Hence, required Akbars age = 50 10 = 40 years. Net effect of each lift (prior to considering height of next lift) = 1.5 0.5 = 1 feet Required number of lifts = 17 + 1 = 18. 99. a 98. b

90. c 91. b

Let x and y be two numbers, where x > y. xy=9 ... (i) x2 y2 = 981 (x y) (x + y) = 981 ... (ii) x + y = 109 Solving (i) and (ii), we get x = 59 and y = 50 Hence, lowest of the two numbers is 50. Let x be the average score of Ms. Jhulan Goswami after 17th innings. Then,

17 x + 102 =x+5 18
x = 12 Hence after 18th innings, her average score = 12 + 5 = 17.

92. c

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100. a On the basis of the given information, we cannot conclude how many drink only black coffee and milk coffee, and all the three beverages. So, we cannot find the number of teachers who drink only tea.
B la ck co ffe e (13 ) y z 9 x M ilk co ffe e (7)

106. a

6r

Let r be the radius of balls, so radius and height of cylinder will be r and 6r.

Volume of Tennis ball =

Tea

4 3 r = 240 3

101. a Perfect square numbers from 1 to 90 are 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64 and 81.

r 3 = 180

Volume of the container = r 2 h = r 2 (6r) = 6r 3 = 6 180 = 1080 cm3. 107. b Let r be the radius of the park. Then,

Required probability =

9 1 = . 90 10

102. c Total number of cases are: {HT, HH, TH, TT}

Required probability =

3 . 4

2 r =

15 5 60

103. c Let AB be the pole and C be the far end of the shadow.
B

22 5 r = 7 4

r 0.200km or 200 meters.

108. d Given expression can be rewritten as,

1 8m

7 7 9 9 7 9

2(2x6)

7 = 9
9

4x123

9 .6m

7 = 9

4x 15 = 9 x = 6.
109. d Let x (in Rs.) be the price of one egg. Then, price of 12 eggs = Rs.12x Selling price of 12 eggs = Rs12x 0.9 = Rs.10.8x Price to be recovered by selling 6 eggs = 1.2x + 6x = Rs.7.2x

Using Pythagoras Theorem, BC2 = (18)2 + (9.6)2 BC = 20.4 meters. 104. a Given series is an AP with first term = 5 and common difference = 3

T10 = 5 + 9 3
= 32.

[ 3 Tn = a + (n 1)d]

Percentage mark-up =

7.2x 6x 100% = 20%. 6x

105. d Total number of balls = 19(Red) + 37(Blue) + 27 (Green) = 83.

Required probability =

37 . 83

110. c Let l, b and h be length, breath and height of the brick respectively. Original volume of brick = l b h Volume after change in dimensions = 1.1l 1.1h 0.8b = 0.968 lbh

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 Required percentage change in volume

=
111. a
F

lbh 0.968lbh 100 = 3.2 %. lbh

116. d

subset of atheist set (as shown in the figure). But if Sheeba contradicts this then at least a part of communists set must be outside the atheist set. Therefore option (b) is correct.

S P ing os

S B yro nic

This argument is similar to if P then Q type in which P is cause and Q is the effect. If this argument is true then whenever there is smoke there will be fire (Smoke is cause and fire is the effect). Therefore, to make this argument false we have to show that at times smoke does not cause fire. Option (a) is correct. 112. b This argument is similar to if P then Q type in which P is cause and Q is the effect. If this argument is true then whenever there is Poverty there will be thieves (Poverty is cause and thieves is the effect). Therefore, to make this argument false we have to show that at times poverty does not cause thieves. Option (b) shows that even if there is poverty in Bhutan there are no thieves. 113. d Sugar is bad for people with diabetes. Leela does not eat sugar. From these statements, we cannot conclude whether Leela has diabetes or not. She may not be diabetic and still avoids taking sugar because she does not like sugar. So, option (a) and (b) does not follow. Option (c) cannot be concluded on the basis of the given statements. There is a chance that a person suffering from diabetes may still eat sugar because he is either unaware or less careful about his/her health. None of the above is the best choice. 114. b This argument is similar to if P then Q type in which P is cause and Q is the effect. If this argument is true then whenever there is reading fashion magazine there will be no reading fiction (reading fashion magazine is cause and no reading fiction is the effect). In this kind of argument when the effect is there as we cannot say with certainity that the cause is also there. Therefore, option (b) is correct. 115. b
A th eist

According to the figure drawn above, both pingos and Shalisto are subsets of Byronic but they do not necessarily intersect each other. Therefore, none of the options given in (a), (b) and (c) follow. Option (d) is correct. 117. c
A (1) +1 B (2) +2 D (4) +3 G (7) +4 K (11) P (16 ) +5 V(22) +6

118. d Position numbers of the letters B, C, E, G, K, M, Q, S are 2, 3, 5, 7 11, 13, 17 and 19 respectively i.e. increasing prime numbers, therefore the position number of the next letter will be 23. Hence, the next letter will be W. 119. b
Z(26 ) X (24 ) 2 4 T(20 ) 6 N (14) 8 F(6)

120. c All the words in the given series are in the order of how they will appear in a dictionary. For example Apple will come before Application in a dictionary. Hence the word that fits the blank best will be Appropriate. 121. a The given series of the days is such that difference between the two consecutive days is increasing by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. Hence, the next term will be Sunday. 122. d In each term, larger number is removed and the remaining numbers are rearranged in reverse order in the next step. Hence, missing term will be 42783. 123. b None of the words contains any vowel but Mythic. 124. b In the given series, in each word first two letters are same. Hence, the next word will be Uulium. 125. a The higher literacy rate in China is attributed to greater efficiency of the Communist system and the lesser literacy in India is attributed to the lack of efficiency in the democratic system. Among the given options, option (a) disproves the efficiency aspect, in the

C o m m u nist

According to Suleiman, communists set must be a

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respective systems, in improving the literacy rate. Hence, it undermines the argument. 126. c Option (a) is not correct as we do not know if he was convicted under unjust law. Option (b) makes Socrates commitment to obeying law due to long residence a general argument of obeying law. Moreover, absence of explicit commitment may not be a factor in deciding whether to accept a pronouncement of offence. Option (d) in any way does not refute the basic argument of Socrates. Option (c) provides reasons to believe that Socrates need not necessarily obey the law that has implicated him. 127. c There are many things that may be bad. But we think of avoiding them not banning them out-rightly. The question of banning arises when they are bad for our health as health is of great importance to us. The same logic applies for banning soft drinks vis--vis teeth. Option (c) provides the same justification and hence, is the correct assumption. Option (a) is close but it does not show if dental health is of any importance to us. 128. c Older than 25 years and not being bankrupt are the two criteria for being eligible for election to Lok Sabha. Jatinder Singh fulfills the criterion related to age but does not fulfill the one related to bankruptcy. So he is not eligible for election to Lok Sabha. As the conclusion says that he cannot be elected as the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, this means that the author has assumed that one who is not eligible for election to the Lok Sabha is also not eligible for being the Speaker of Lok Sabha. Thus, option (c) is correct. 129. a The passage states that the behavior of people at the end of the century is similar to the behavior of people that are at the end of their lives. Just as those who are at the end of their lives start reflecting on the past events of their lives similarly, those who are alive in 1999 (i.e. those who are at the end of the century) will reflect on the events of the century (twentieth). Thus, option (a) is the logically correct choice. 130. a 131. b Utilitarians believe that the action that produces maximum happiness is the right action. Option (b) states that one should do ones duty without giving any consideration to the consequences (happiness or misery). Thus, option (b) is incompatible with the belief of Utilitarians.

132. b Senthil draws his conclusion about the entire Ambala city on the basis of a limited and insufficient data. He had only seen the route from railway station to hotel and not the entire city. 133. a A conclusion about the time that will be taken by India to achieve internal stability has been drawn on the basis of the data related to Europe. This may not be true unless the process of attaining internal stability follows a general pattern. Therefore, option (a) provides the correct assumption. Option (b) weakens the claim. Option (c) is irrelevant as the argument talks about the time span and not about the process of achieving stability.

134. c Option (a) can be verified therefore, its a fact. Similarly, options (b) and (d) can also be verified. In Option (c), the issue of Indian policy being misguided is a subjective issue and cannot be verified. Hence, its an opinion. 135. c What is more pleasant to live and what is less pleasant is a subjective issue and the answer about it may vary from subject to subject. It cannot be verified. Thus, it is not a fact but an opinion. 136. c Whether Mumbai is larger or smaller than Pune can be verified. So, option (a) and (b) are facts. Similarly, whether Mumbai is more crowded than Pune can be verified and is a fact. A place being more cultured than the other is a subjective issue and opinions on this may vary from subject to subject. Thus, option (c) is an opinion.
A e ro Ba Roc

137. d A, B, C or D do not follow. Therefore, option (d) is the correct choice.

138. a

F A W

A and B can be concluded. Whales are both fish and amphibians is correct but only whales are both fish and amphibians is incorrect as data is not sufficient to conclude this. Thus, option (a) is the correct option.

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139. d

L ab Hos

L ib

No laboratory is a hostel and library is a sub-set of laboratory. Therefore, no library is a hostel. Option (d) is the correct conclusion. 140. d The argument states the models and theories of economics (that are based on mathematical formulae) are too idealistic and far from real and practical. Option (d) summarizes the argument effectively. 141. a The argument demands the mathematical models used by economists to be more realistic than idealistic. It does not ask to stop the use of mathematical models. 142. b Option (b) would contradict the argument. If the conditions in the real word are very much similar to the theoretical conditions used in the mathematical models, then the argument that these models fail to incorporate real conditions gets contradicted. 143. b The paragraph talks about the spread of religion (Buddhism) vis--vis the geography of that place/ country. Option (b) summarizes the paragraph effectively. 144. b The statement The Hindkush mountains made no difference to the spread of Islam nullifies the argument that geography (particularly mountains) played a role in the spread of religion. 145. b The conclusion of the argument is mentioned in its last lines That is, friendship connoted intimacy in England while in Rural India, brotherhood conveyed intimacy. Therefore, the attitude of people of England towards brotherhood and friendship is different from that of rural India. 146. c The argument concludes that friendship connotes intimacy in England. Option (c) which states that people in England do not think that friendship connotes intimacy contradicts the argument. 147. b The argument discusses the importance of social context in making learning a language easier and effective. Option (b) summarizes the argument effectively. 148. d All of the given statements present facts that contradict the given argument and thus weaken it. 149. b The argument talks about the goodness/richness of tribal culture and the lack of need to dilute the richness

of these cultures. The conclusions implied in the argument are: 1. Following/developing their own culture is good for tribes as well as for the country. 2. Tribal cultures do contribute to the diversity of the Indian culture. 3. Forceful adoption of another culture by tribal people would reduce their cultural distinctness and diversity. Option (b) which states Tribal customs should not be allowed to change in any respect takes the argument too far and is not implied in the passage. 150. d The argument talks about the goodness/richness of tribal culture and the lack of need to dilute the richness of these cultures. Option (d) which states The tribes should assimilate as far as possible into non-tribal culture as a condition of full citizenship contradicts the spirit as well as the essence of the passage. 151. c The argument does not mention the conditions that demand the tribal people to be flexible and change some of their customs. Moreover, the idea of modern medicines is beyond the scope of the passage. Thus, option (c) is not an assumption implicit in the argument. 152. b The passage itself states that in India, the states governed by the Communist party respect human rights. Option (b) contradicts this by stating that communist states never respect human rights. Thus, option (b) is not a conclusion implicit in the passage. 153. a The argument states that the concept of human rights enshrined in the constitution of India is the reason behind the Communist partys respect for human rights (in India). Option (a) weakens the argument by stating that the communist governments are not motivated by the principles of the constitution (of India). Instead they are motivated by their own Communist principles. 154. a The argument discuses that democracy ceases to be a liberating force if the people are poor and unemployed. Option (a) states that democracy has ceased to be a liberating force. Thus, option (a) fails to convey the meaning implied in the argument and is incorrect. 155. a The argument is that in the absence of economic democracy, political democracy loses its luster and significance. Option (a) states that political democracy is inseparable from economic democracy i.e. they always co-exist. Hence, it weakens the argument. 156. c It is mentioned in the principle that Fundamental rights are only applicable to laws made by the State and the administrative actions of the state. In the given case Gajodhar Pharmaceuticals is a private limited company. 157. d The fundamental right of freedom to association includes the freedom to decide whom to associate with. Such an action by the state would directly violate such freedom of choice.

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158. a This will not force any individual to join any association, and it gives a choice to an individual to decide if he wants to join the association or not. 159. d violation of fundamental rights cannot be claimed against private individuals. 160. c The right to freedom of association does not extend to realizing the objectives of forming such an association. Strikes are only an objective in the given case. 161. b 162. b Travelling in a particular class has no relation to the issue. The question is on unattended objects only. No qualifications or limitations are provided. 163. d The disclaimer by the airline applies only to unattended objects. Once the object is found, the founder can claim a right over it if nobody else is found to be the owner. 164. a A direct discrimination is made on the grounds of sex alone. 165. b The point to consider is whether the action taken by the Governor is absolutely necessary the given case. It cannot be found to be such and though it promotes the well being of the women it is not absolutely necessary. 166. a All prisoners are in a comparable position and a direct discrimination is made on the basis of age. Age would fall under any other status under Rule A. 167. d There is no mention of percentage of graduate population in Bihar in the question itself. No answer can be possibly arrived at. 168. a The order promoted the well-being of women, who were being held in prison, and had a punishment period of less than one year. 169. b Even though Bandita is 18 years old, her age of majority would be 21, as she has a guardian. 170. a The ground of deception and misrepresentation is clearly mentioned in the principle. However nothing is said about bonafide belief. 171. a This is the only option, which if proved would make the sale valid as major persons are allowed to transact in the sale of property. 172. c Ajay had induced rather than convincing Bandita to sell the land. 173. a If Ajay is allowed to recover, the protection rendered to minor persons would be of no value and effect.

174. c Dhnaraj had called Chulbul and threatened him with dire consequences. 175. c The case here is one of coercion and not of undue influence. Undue influence is exercised in cases where one person has a position of authority over the other and manipulates such to unduly influence the other person. This is a case of coercion. 176. a Chulbul was coerced by Dhanraj into entering into the employment contract and hence he is justified in refusing such. 177. b Baalu had not coerced Chulbul in the given case and if this is proved, he would be entitled to get the job. 178. b A strict interpretation of the rule would make option b valid. Although a Judge has to be guided by the principle of justice, but going by the Principle, b would be the correct option. 179. d From the facts of the case and the question, nothing can be concretely deduced. 180. c 181. c Here the measure is sending helicopters and if that is not provided for everyone equally, Rule A would be defeated. 182. d Ashish did not have any fixed working hours and will not be considered to be an employee of the company. 183. d Stipulations on hours and work of place amounts to active employment, and therefore Ashish is an employee of the company. 184. a The answer is self-explanatory. Accident was not caused in the course of employment. 185. c There was no direct relationship between Ashish and the company and the injury did not happen during the course of employment. 186. c He was required to travel in the bus and that was during his course of employment. 187. c Lucky had taken the newspaper with the consent of Indira, but not the painting. Moreover she did not return the painting to Indira after discovering it and this establishes the theft. 188. a The painting was not intentionally damaged. Lucky had no idea of the value or worth of the painting. 189. c Answer is self-explanatory. Lucky also did not return the painting to Indira and this establishes his theft. 190. c Theft is against possession and not ownership.

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191. d The answer is self-explanatory. 192. d The carpet was never fixed to the land. 193. b Door was a fixture and was attached to the house. 194. b Here the question is about fixtures were placed on the building and were fixed to it or not. 195. d In both the situations, the fixtures were an integral part of the building and the property. 196. c Rule A says that the owner has infinite right over the space above and beneath his property.

197. d Hoisting a flag of 75 ft is not essential to the enjoyment of rights of a person to his property. 198. a Rule A grants the person an infinite right over space both above and beneath ones property. 199. d Ramesh had no reasonable use of property at such a height and the satellite passing over his property at such a great height does not interfere with his right to use or enjoyment of property. 200. d The permanent shadow casted by the hoarding affects the reasonable use and enjoyment of Shazias property.

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