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School of Engineering

ENS3441: Communication Systems 1
Tutorial Solutions: 3


1) A modulating signal ( ) f t [with Fourier transform F( )] is applied to a double-
sideband suppressed-carrier modulator operating at a carrier frequency of 200 Hz.
Sketch the amplitude spectral density of the resulting DSB-SC waveform, identifying
the upper and lower sidebands, for each of the following cases.

a) t t f 100 cos ) ( =
b)

< +
=
elsewhere 0
200 | | 2 / )] 200 / cos( 1 [
) (

F

SOLUTION:
a. 400 2 have, We
c
= =
c
f
)] 500 ( ) 300 ( [
2
) (
] 500 cos 300 [cos
2
1
) 400 cos( ) 100 cos( ) cos( ) ( ) (

+ =
+ =
= =
G
t t
t t t t f t g
c




b.

)] 400 ( ) 400 ( [
2
1
) (
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
) cos( ) (
0 0 0


+ + =
+ +
F F G
F F t t f
b.

300 500 300 500
0
2 2 2 2
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2) We wish to examine the frequency and phase of one low-frequency oscillator relative to
a second. We decide to multiply the outputs of the oscillators to make the comparison.
However, as a result of difficulties in building a low-frequency multiplier we instead
choose to use DSB-SC modulators and a bandpass multiplier, as shown in the figure
below.

a) Determine expressions for the DSB-SC signals.
b) Determine an expression for ( ) g t .
c) Sketch a magnitude spectrum of ( ) g t .
d) Under what conditions does ( ) g t represent the desired product of the two input
waveforms?




SOLUTION:

a. Determine expressions for the DSB-SC signals

t t t g
c m
cos cos ) (
1
=
t t t g
c m
cos ] ) cos[( ) (
2
+ + =

b. Determine an expression for ( ) g t .
[ ] ) cos( ] ) 2 cos[( ) 2 cos 1 (
4
1
cos ] ) cos[( cos
) ( ) ( ) (
2
2 1


+ + + + + =
+ + =
=
t t t
t t t
t g t g t g
m c
c m m

c. Sketch a magnitude spectrum of ( ) g t .
1
200 200

200 200

600
600 400
400 0
0
2 1
2 1
) ( F
) ( G
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[ ]
] 2 cos ] ) 2 cos[( 2 cos ) cos( ] ) 2 cos[( ) cos( [
4
1
) cos( ] ) 2 cos[( ) 2 cos 1 (
4
1
) (
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
4 3 2 1

t y
c m
t y
c
t y
m
t y
m c
t t t t t t
t t t t g


+ + + + + + + + + =
+ + + + + =


+ = =
m
2 and that Assume
2 1


, sin sin cos cos ) (
1 1 1
t t t y =
)] ( ) ( [
2
1
) (
: spectrum magnitue For
1 1 1


+ + =
j j
e e Y



)] ( ) ( [
2
1
) (
2 2 2


+ + =
j j
e e Y

)] ( ) ( [
2
1
cos ) ( that Note
c c c
F F t t f + +
3 1 1
4 2 2
1
( ) [ ( 2 ) ( 2 )]
2
1
( ) [ ( 2 ) ( 2 )]
2
c c
c c
Y Y Y
Y Y Y


= + +
= + +







1 2 3 2
4 1 5 1 6 2
; 2 ; 2 ;
2 ; 2 ; 2 ;
m c
c c c


= = + =
= = + = +

d. Under what conditions does ( ) g t represent the desired product of the two input
waveforms?
|

\
| +
+ + =
2
2 cos 1
] ) cos[( cos ) (
signals input two of Product
t
t t t g
c
m m

Use a LPF
3) When the input to a given audio amplifier is ( ) 4 cos 800 cos 2000 t t + , the
measured frequency component at 1 kHz in the output is 1000 units and the ratio of the
frequency component at 600Hz to that at 1 kHz is 0.002. Represent the amplifier output-
input characteristic by

( ) ( ) ( )
2
0 1 i 2 i
a [e ] e t e t a t = +

a) Evaluate the numerical values of
1
a ,
2
a , from the test data given. (This type of test is
called an intermodulation distortion test).
b) What would you expect to be the magnitudes of the frequency component at 800 Hz
and at 1400 Hz?
0
1

4
5

8
1
16
1
c
2
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SOLUTION:
a. Evaluate the numerical values of
1
a ,
2
a , from the test data given. (This type of test is
called an intermodulation distortion test).

]
2
4000 cos 1
) 1200 cos 2800 (cos 4
) 1600 cos 1 ( 8 [ ) 2000 cos 800 cos 4 (
) 2000 cos 2000 cos 800 cos 8 800 cos 16 (
) 2000 cos 800 cos 4 (
) 2000 cos 800 cos 4 ( ) 2000 cos 800 cos 4 (
) ( ) ( ) (
2000 cos 800 cos 4 ) (
2 1
2 2
2
1
2
2 1
2
2 1 0
t
t t
t a t t a
t t t t a
t t a
t t a t t a
t e a t e a t e
t t t e
i i
i

+
+ + +
+ + + + =
+ + +
+ + =
+ + + =
+ =
+ =

0 0 1
( 1 ) ( 2000 ) 1000 e f Khz e a = = = = =
0 0 2
0 0 1
1
2
( 0.6 ) ( 1200 ) 4
0.002
( 1 ) ( 2000 )
0.002
0.5
4
e f Khz e a
e f Khz e a
a
a unit


= =
= = =
= =
= =

b. What would you expect to be the magnitudes of the frequency component at 800 Hz
and at 1400 Hz?

2
2
The magnitude at 800Hz ( 1600 ): 8 4
The magnitude at 1400Hz ( 1800 ): 4 2
a unit
a unit


= =
= =




4) Using proper analysis show that the following system acts as a DSB-SC demodulator.

Solution:
) 2 cos 1 (
2
) (
cos cos ) ( ) (
t
t f
t t t f t g
c
c c

+ =
=

2
) (
) (
t f
t e = similar to DSB-SC








t t f
c
cos ) ( ) (t g ) (t e
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5) The following figure shows the block diagram of a synchronous detection system for DSB-SC
signals.

Assume that there is a small frequency error, , and phase error, o, in the locally generated
carrier signal at the receiver, ie. the local oscillator generates the following signal:
cos[( ) ]
c o
t + +
i) Using mathematical analysis, write the time domain expressions for signals at the input
and output of the low pass filter.

ii) Using the description of the signal at the output of the LPF obtained in the last part,
discuss the effects of phase and frequency errors in signal recovery.
Solution:
i. Using mathematical analysis, write the time domain expressions for signals at the input
and output of the low pass filter
)] cos( ) ) 2 [cos((
2
) (
) ) cos(( cos ) ( ) (
_


+ + + + =
+ + =
t t
t f
t t t f t g
c
c c i LB

2
) cos( ) (
) (
_
+
=
t t f
t g
o LB

ii. Using the description of the signal at the output of the LPF obtained in the last part,
discuss the effects of phase and frequency errors in signal recovery.
Assume
2
cos ) (
) ( 0
_

= =
t f
t g
o LB

Assume:
)] ( ) ( [
4
1
) (
2
cos ) (
) ( 0
_

+ + =

= =
F F G
t f
t g
o LB


6) We need to modulate audio communication signals
a. to prevent interference.
b. because higher frequencies suffer less attenuation in propagation.
c. to reduce the necessary antenna sizes.
d. all of the above.
e. both (a) and (c) .