THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTELLIGENT TRANSPORT SYSTEM FOR THE REAL-TIME ROADSIDE ENVIRONMENT INF ABSTRACT

Bus arrival times at bus stops in an urban traffic environment is highly stochastic and time-dependant. This is due to random fluctuations in travel demands and interruptions caused by traffic control devices, incidents, and weather conditions. Providing real-time bus arrival information would enhance the credibility of the public transit system and thus render it more competitive among various transportation modes. One important parameter in travel time prediction model is travel time data. Travel time data can be obtained through various traffic surveillance devices such as loop detectors, microwave detectors, radars, etc. Advances in mobile computing have made possible transmission of data via Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) in real time. Along with prediction voice announcement system has been interfaced in these projects. The Voice announcement System comprises of speaker units. These are mounted inside the bus for next bus stop & destination announcements meant for passengers inside the bus. The handling of the voice announcement system doesnt require the intervention of the driver at all, because the message transmission is done by on-board control unit, on the same time when the controller receives the signal from the coming bus stop.

As vehicle location technologies mature and their performance improves, these technologies are being utilized for applications in public transit other than location and schedule adherence. The automatic triggering of voice announcement systems is one such application that has been successfully integrated.

CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 1.2 ABOUT PROJECT WORKING PRINCIPLE

CHAPTER 2 AT COMMANDS 2.1 2.2 2.3 INTRODUCTION GENERAL SYNTAX OF AT-COMMANDS IMPORTANT AT COMMAND USED TO TEST AND DESIGN

CHAPTER 3 SYSTEM DESIGN AND OVER VIEW 3.1 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 3.2 VARIOUS COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECT 3.2.1 MICROCONTROLLER 89C51 3.2.2 MAX 232 3.2.3 LCD CHAPTER 4 TESTING AND PERFORMANCE EVALUATION 4.1 CONNECTING USING A COM PORT

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 SCOPE OF PROJECT

Information technology (IT) has transformed many industries, fromeducation to health care to government, and is now in the early stages of transforming transportation systems. While many think improving a countrys

transportation system solely means building new roads or repairing aging infrastructures, the future of transportation lies not only in concrete and steel, but also increasingly in using IT. IT enables elements within the transportation systemvehicles, roads, traffic lights, message signs, etc.to become intelligent by embedding them with microchips and sensors and empowering them to communicate with each other through wireless technologies. In the leading nations in the world, ITS bring significant improvement in transportation system performance, including reduced congestion and increased safety and traveler convenience. Unfortunately, the United States lags the global leaders, particularly Japan, Singapore, and South Korea in ITS deployment. For the most part, this has been the result of two key factors: a continued lack of adequate funding for ITS and the lack of the right organizational system to drive ITS in the United States, particularly the lack of a federally led approach, as opposed to the every state on its own approach that has prevailed to data

BLOCK DIAGRAM

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

VARIOUS COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECT

3.2.1

MICROCONTROLLER 89C51

INTRODUCTION: In 1981, Intel Corporation introduced an 8-bit microcontroller called the 8051. This microcontroller had 128 bytes of RAM, 4K bytes of on-chip ROM, two timers, one serial port, and four ports (each 8-bits wide) all on a single chip. At the time it was also referred to as a system on a chip. The 8051 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. Data larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to be processed by the CPU. The 8051 have a total of four I/O ports each 8 bits wide. Although the 8051 can have a maximum of 64K bytes of on-chip ROM, many manufacturers have put only 4K bytes on the chip. This will be discussed in more detail later. The 8051 became widely popular after Intel allowed other manufacturers to make and market any flavor of the 8051 they please with the condition that they remain code-compatible with the 8051. This has led to many versions of the 8051 with different speeds and amounts of on-chip ROM marketed by more than half a dozen manufacturers. Next we review some of them. It is important to note that although there are different flavors of the 8051 in terms of speed and amount of on-chip ROM, they are all compatible with the original 8051 as far as the instructions are concerned. This means that if you write your program for one, it will run on any one of them regardless of the manufacture. Microcontroller is the heart of the system. All the devices connected in the diagram controlled by the micro controller. Micro controller sends pulses to all the devices, which are connected with the controller.

We can program it in any language i.e., in assembly or C or C++, it depends upon the user. In this flash memory is more comparatively with others. In our design, this controller is compatible and also reliable one. Features of the 8051
Feature ROM RAM Timer I/O pins Serial port Interrupt sources Quantity 4K bytes 128 byes 2 32 1 6

The 8051 is the original member of the 8051 family. Intel refers to it as MCS-51. the main features of the 8051.

EXTERNAL INTERRUPTS
ON-CHIP ROM For Program Code

COUNTER INPUTS

INTERRUPT CONTROL

INTERRUPT CONTROL

ETC TIMER 0 TIMER 1

CPU

OSC

BUS CONTROL

4 I/O PORTS

SERIAL PORTS

TED
P0 P1 P2 P3

RXD

ADDRESS/DATA

MICROCONTROLLER VERSUS GENERAL-PURPOSE MICROPROCESSOR

What

is

the

difference

between

microprocessor?

By

microprocessor is meant the general-purpose microprocessors such as Intels x86 family (8086, 80286, 80386, 80486, and the Pentium) or Motorolas 680 x 0 family (68000, 68010, 68020, 68030, 68040, etc.). These microprocessors contain no RAM, no ROM, and no I/O ports on the chip itself. For this reason, they are commonly referred to as general-purpose microprocessors.
Data bus
CUP
CPU
RAM ROM

GeneralPurpose Microprocessor

RAM

ROM

I/O Port

Timer

Serial COM Port

I/O Timer Serial COM Port

Address bus

(a) General-Purpose Microprocessor System

(b) Microcontroller

Microprocessor System Contrasted With Micro controller System

A system designer using a general-purpose microprocessor such as the Pentium or the 68040 must add RAM, ROM I/O ports, and timers externally to make them functional. Although the addition of external RAM, ROM, and I/O ports makes these systems bulkier and much more expensive, they have the advantage of versatility such that the designer can decide on the amount of RAM, ROM, and I/O. ports needed to fit the task at hand. This is not the case with micro controllers. A microcontroller has a CPU (a microprocessor) in addition to a fixed amount of RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and a timer all on a single chip. In other words,

the processor, the RAM, ROM, I/O ports, and timer are all embedded together on one chip; therefore, the designer cannot add any external memory, I/O, or timer to it. The fixed amount of on-chip ROM, RAM, and number of I/O ports in microcontrollers makes them ideal for many applications in which cost and space are critical. In many applications, for example a TV remote control, there is no need for the computing power of a 486 or even an 8086 microprocessor. In many applications, the space it takes, the power it consumes, and the price per unit are much more critical considerations than the computing power. These applications most often require some I/O operations to read signals and turn on and off certain bits. For this reasons some call these processors IBP, itty-bitty processors . It is interesting to note that some microcontroller manufacturers have gone as far as integrating an ADC (analog-to-digital converter) and other peripherals into the microcontroller. CHOOSING A MICRO CONTROLLER: There are four major 8-bit microcontrollers. They are: Motorolas 6811, Intels 8051, Zilogs Z8, and PIC 16X from Microchip Technology. Each of the above microcontrollers has a unique instruction set and register set; therefore, they are not compatible with each other. Programs written for one will not run on the others. There are also 16-bit and 32-bit microcontrollers made by various chipmakers. With all these different microcontrollers, what criteria do designers consider in choosing one? Three criteria in choosing microcontrollers are as follows: (1) meeting the computing needs of the task at hand efficiently and cost effectively, (2) availability of software development tools such as compilers,

assemblers, and debuggers, and (3) wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontroller. Net we elaborate further on each of the above criteria. CRITERIA FOR CHOOSING A MICROCONTROLLER 1. The first and foremost criterion in choosing a microcontroller is that it must meet the task at hand efficiently and cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a microcontroller-based project, we must first see whether an 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit microcontroller can best handle the computing needs of the task most effectively. Among other considerations in this category are: (a) Speed. What is the highest speed that the microcontroller supports?

(b) Packaging. Does it come in 40-pin DIP (dual inline package) or a QFP (quad flat package), or some other packaging format? This is important in terms of space, assembling, and prototyping the end product. (c) Power consumption. This is especially critical for battery-powered products. (d) (e) (f) The amount of RAM and ROM on chip. The number of I/O pins and the timer on the chip. How easy it is to upgrade to higher performance or lower power-

consumption versions. (g) Cost per unit. This is important in terms of the final cost of the

product in which a microcontroller is used. For example, there are microcontrollers that cost 50 cents per unit when purchased 100, 000 units at a time. 2. The second criterion in choosing a microcontroller is how easy it is to develop products around it. Key considerations include the availability of an assembler, debugger, a code-efficient C language compiler, emulator, technical

support, and both in-house and outside expertise. In many cases, third-party vendor (that is, a supplier other than the chip manufacturer) support for the chip is as good as, if not better than, support from the chip manufacturer. 3. The third criterion in choosing a microcontroller is its ready availability in needed quantities both now and in the future. For some designers this is even more important than the first two criteria. Currently, of the leading 8-bit microcontrollers, the 8051 family has the largest number of diversified (multiple source) suppliers. By supplier is meant a producer besides the originator of the microcontroller. In the case of the 8051, which was originated by Intel, several companies also currently produce (or have produced in the past) the 8051. These companies include: Intel, Atmel, Philips / Signetics, AMD, Siemens, Matra, and Dallas Semiconductor. It should be noted that Motorola, Zilog, and Microchip Technology have all dedicated massive resources to ensure wide and timely availability of their product since their product is stable, mature, and single sourced. In recent years they also have begun to sell the ASIC library cell of the microcontroller. 4 kilobytes of ROM is neither too little nor too much. 128 bytes of RAM (SFR registers included) can satisfy the basic needs,

but is not really astounding. 4 ports totaling 32 I/O lines are usually sufficient for connecting to

the environs and are by no means luxury. Obviously, 8051 configuration is intended to satisfy the needs of programmers developing the controlling devices and instruments. This is one part of its key to success: there is nothing missing, yet there is no lavishness; it is meant for the average user. The other clue can be found in the organization of

RAM, Central Processor Unit (CPU), and ports - all of which maximally utilize the available resources and allow further upgrades. PIN DESCRIPTION: 1- 8: Port 1: Each of these pins can be used as either input or output

according to your needs. Also, pins 1 and 2 (P1.0 and P1.1) have special functions associated with Timer. 9: Reset Signal: high logical state on this input halts the MCU and

clears all the registers. Bringing this pin back to logical state zero starts the program anew as if the power had just been turned on. In another words, positive voltage impulse on this pin resets the MCU. Depending on the device's purpose and environs, this pin is usually connected to the push-button, reset-upon-start circuit or a brown out reset circuit (covered in the previous chapter). The image shows one simple circuit for safe reset upon starting the controller. It is utilized in situations when power fails to reach its optimal voltage. The reset circuit is as shown in the figure 3.2.1.

Fig 3.2.1: basic reset circuit for the microcontroller.

0-17: Port 3: As with Port 1, each of these pins can be used as universal SS Pin 10: RXD - serial input for asynchronous communication or serial output for synchronous communication. Pin 11: TXD - serial output for asynchronous communication or clock output for synchronous communication Pin 12: INT0 - input for interrupt 0 Pin 13: INT1 - input for interrupt 1 Pin 14: T0 - clock input of counter 0 Pin 15: T1 - clock input of counter 1 Pin 16: WR - signal for writing to external (add-on) RAM memory Pin 17: RD - signal for reading from external RAM memory.

 18-19: X2 and X1: Input and output of internal oscillator. Quartz crystal controlling the frequency commonly connects to these pins. Capacitances within the oscillator mechanism (see the image) are not critical and are normally about 30pF. Instead of a quartz crystal, miniature ceramic resonators can be used for dictating the pace. In that case, manufacturers recommend using somewhat higher capacitances (about 47 puff). New Mucus works at frequencies from 0Hz to 50MHz+.The basic crystal circuit is as shown in the figure 2.2.4.b.

FIG: 2.2.4.b:Crystal circuit 20: GND: Ground 21-28: Port 2: if external memory is not present, pins of Port 2 act as universal input/output. If external memory is present, this is the location of the higher address byte, i.e. addresses A8 A15. It is important to note that in cases when not all the 8 bits are used for addressing the memory (i.e. memory is smaller than 64kB), the rest of the unused bits are not available as input/output.

 PIN29: PSEN: MCU activates this bit (brings to low state) upon each reading of byte (instruction) from program memory. If external ROM is used for storing the program, PSEN is directly connected to its control pins. PIN30: of the external memory, MCU sends the lower byte of the address register (addresses A0 A7) to port P0 and activates the output ALE. External register (74HCT373 or 74HCT375 circuits are common), memorizes the state of port P0 upon receiving a signal from ALE pin, and uses it as part of the address for memory chip. During the second part of the mechanical MCU cycle, signal on ALE is off, and port P0 is used as Data Bus. In this way, by adding only one cheap integrated circuit, data from port can be multiplexed and the port simultaneously used for transferring both addresses and data. PIN31: EA/VPP: Bringing this pin to the logical state zero (mass) designates the ports P2 and P3 for transferring addresses regardless of the presence of the internal memory. This means that even if there is a program loaded in the MCU it will not be executed, but the one from the external ROM will be used instead. Conversely, bringing the pin to the high logical state causes the controller to use both memories, first the internal, and then the external (if present). 32-39: Port 0: Similar to Port 2, pins of Port 0 can be used as universal input/output, if external memory is not used. If external memory is used, P0 behaves as address output (A0 A7) when ALE pin is at high logical level, or as data output (Data Bus) when ALE pin is at low logical level. 40: VCC: Power +5V

Input Output (I/O) Ports : Every MCU from 8051 families has 4 I/O ports of 8 bits each. This provides the user with 32 I/O lines for connecting MCU to the environs. Unlike the case with other controllers, there is no specific SFR register for designating pins as input or output. Instead, the port itself is in charge: 0=output, 1=input. If particular pin on the case is needed as output, the appropriate bit of I/O port should be cleared. This will generate 0V on the specified controller pin. Similarly, if particular pin on the case is needed as input, the appropriate bit of I/O port should be set. This will designate the pin as input, generating +5V as a side effect (as with every TTL input). Port 0 Port 0 has two-fold role: if external memory is used, it contains the lower address byte (addresses A0-A7); otherwise all bits of the port are either input or output. Another feature of this port comes to play when it has been designated as output. Unlike other ports, Port 0 lacks the "pull up" resistor (resistor with +5V on one end). This seemingly insignificant change has the following consequences: When designated as input, pin of Port 0 acts as high impedance offering the infinite input resistance with no "inner" voltage. When designated as output, pin acts as "open drain". Clearing a port bit grounds the appropriate pin on the case (0V). Setting a port bit makes the pin act as high impedance. Therefore, to get positive logic (5V) at output, external "pull up" resistor needs to be added for connecting the pin to the positive pole.

Therefore, to get one (5V) on the output, external "pull up" resistor needs to be added for connecting the pin to the positive pole. Port 1 This is "true" I/O port, devoid of dual function characteristic for Port 0. Having the "pull up" resistor, Port 1 is fully compatible with TTL circuits. Port 2 When using external memory, this port contains the higher address byte (addresses A8A15), similar to Port 0. Otherwise, it can be used as universal I/O port. Port 3 Beside its role as universal I/O port, each pin of Port 3 has an alternate function. In order to use one of these functions, the pin in question has to be designated as input, i.e. the appropriate bit of register P3 needs to be set. From a hardware standpoint, Port 3 is similar to Port 0. As can be seen from the individual descriptions of the ports, they all share highly similar structure. However, you need to consider which task should be assigned to which port. For example: if utilizing port as output with high level (5V), avoid using Port 0, as its pins cannot produce high logical level without an additional resistor connected to +5V. If using other port to a same end, bear in mind that built-in resistors have relatively high values, producing the currents limited to few hundreds of amperes as pin output.

Memory Under The Magnifier: During the runtime, micro controller uses two different types of memory: one for holding the program being executed (ROM memory), and the other for temporary storage of data and auxiliary variables (RAM memory). Depending on the particular model from 8051 family, this is usually few kilobytes of ROM and 128/256 bytes of RAM. This amount is built-in and is sufficient for common tasks performed "independently" by the MCU. However, 8051 can address up to 64KB of external memory. These can be separate memory blocks, (separate RAM chip and ROM chip) totaling 128KB of memory on MCU, which is a real programming goody. ROM memory: First models from 8051 family lacked the internal program memory, but it could be added externally in a form of a separate chip. This Mucus can be recognized by their mark, which begins with 803 (e.g. 8031 or 8032). New models have built-in ROM, although there are substantial variations. With some models internal memory cannot be programmed directly by the user. Instead, the user needs to precede the program to the manufacturer, so that the MCU can be programmed (masked) appropriately in the process of fabrication. Obviously, this option is cost-effective only for large series. Fortunately, there are MCU models ideal for experimentation and small specialized series. Many manufacturers deliver controllers that can be programmed directly by the user. These come in a ceramic case with an opening (EPROM version) or in a plastic case without an opening (EEPROM version). This book deals with one of the latter models that can be programmed via simple programmer, even if the chip has already been mounted to the designated device.

RAM memory: As previously stated, RAM is used for storing temporary data and auxiliary results generated during the runtime. Apart from that, RAM comprises a number of registers: hardware counters and timers, I/O ports, buffer for serial connection, etc. With older versions, RAM spanned 256 locations, while new models feature additional 128 registers. First 256 memory locations form the basis of RAM (addresses 0 Fifth) of every 8051 MCU. Locations that are available to the user span addresses from 0 to 7Fh, i.e. first 128 registers, and this part of RAM is split into several blocks as can be seen in the image below 3.2.1b.

Fig:3.2.1b RAM Memory in 8051 microcontroller

First block comprises 4 "banks" of 8 registers each, marked as R0 - R7. To

address these, the parent bank has to be selected.

Second memory block (range 20h 2Fh) is bit-addressable, meaning that every

belonging bit has its own address (0 to 7Fh). Since the block comprises 16 of these registers, there is a total of 128 addressable bits. (Bit 0 of byte 20h has bit address 0, while bit 7 of byte 2Fh has bit address 7Fh).

Third is the group of available registers at addresses 2Fh 7Fh (total of 80

locations) without special features or a preset purpose.

Extra Memory Block: To satisfy the programmers' ever-increasing demands for RAM, latest 8051 models were added an extra memory block of 128 locations. But it is not all that simple... The problem lies in the fact that the electronics, which addresses RAM, employs 1 byte (8 bits), reaching only the first 256 locations. Therefore, a little trick had to be applied in order to keep the existing 8-bit architecture for the sake of compatibility with older models. The idea is to make the additional Memory Expanding: In case the built-in amount of memory (either RAM or ROM) is not sufficient for your needs, there is always an option of adding two external 64KB memory chips. When added, they are addressed and accessed via I/O ports P2 and P3. From user's point of view it's all very simple, because if properly connected most of the job is carried out automatically by MCU.

8051 MCU has two separate read signals, RD# (P3.7) and PSEN#. The first one is active when reading byte from the external data memory (RAM), and the second one is active when reading byte from the external program memory (ROM). Both signals are active on low logical level. The following image shows a typical scheme for such expansion using separate chips for RAM and ROM, known as Harvard architecture. Memory simultaneously (only one memory chip is used) . This approach is known as Von Neumann architecture. To be able to read the same block using RD# or PSEN#, these two signals were combined via logical AND. In this way, output of AND circuit is low if any of the two inputs is low.

Using the Harvard architecture effectively doubles MCU memory, but that's not the only advantage offered by the method. Keeping the program code separated from the data makes the controller more reliable since there is no writing to the program memory SFR Registers (Special Function Registers): SFR registers can be seen as a sort of control panel for managing and monitoring the micro controller. Every register and each of the belonging bits has its name, specified address in RAM and strictly defined role (e.g. controlling the timer, interrupt, serial connection, etc). Although there are 128 available memory slots for allocating SFR registers, the basic core shared by 8051 Mucus has but 22 registers. The rest has been left open intentionally to allow future upgrades while retaining the compatibility with earlier models. This fact makes possible to use programs developed for obsolete models long ago.

Technology: GSM: GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) is the technology that underpins most of the world's mobile phone networks. The GSM platform is a hugely successful wireless technology and an unprecedented story of global achievement and cooperation. GSM has become the world's fastest growing communications technology of all time and the leading global mobile standard, spanning 218 countries. GSM is an open, digital cellular technology used for transmitting mobile voice and data services. GSM operates in the 900MHz and 1.8GHz bands GSM supports data transfer speeds of up to 9.6 kbps, allowing the transmission of basic data services such as SMS. RF: Radio frequency (RF) is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio signals. RF usually refers to electrical rather than mechanical oscillations, although mechanical RF systems do exist.
General physics of radio signals RF communication works by creating electromagnetic waves at a source and being able to pick up those electromagnetic waves at a particular destination. These electromagnetic waves travel through the air at near the speed of light. The wavelength of an electromagnetic signal is inversely proportional to the frequency; the higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength. Frequency is measured in Hertz (cycles per second) and radio frequencies are measured in kilohertz (KHz or thousands of cycles per second), megahertz (MHz or millions of cycles per second) and gigahertz (GHz or billions of cycles per second). Higher frequencies result in shorter wavelengths. The wavelength for a 900 MHz device is longer than that of a 2.4 GHz device. In general, signals with longer wavelengths travel a greater distance and penetrate through, and around objects better than signals with shorter wavelengths. How does an RF communication system work? Imagine an RF transmitter wiggling an electron in one location. This wiggling electron causes a ripple effect, somewhat akin to dropping a pebble in a pond. The effect is an electromagnetic (EM) wave that travels out from the initial location resulting in electrons wiggling in remote locations. An RF receiver can detect this remote electron wiggling. The RF communication system then utilizes this phenomenon by wiggling electrons in a specific pattern to represent information. The receiver can make this same information available at a remote location; communicating with no wires.

In most wireless systems, a designer has two overriding constraints: it must operate over a certain distance (range) and transfer a certain amount of information within a time frame (data rate). Then the economics of the system must work out (price) along with acquiring government agency approvals (regulations and licensing). Line-of-site (LOS) Line-of-site when speaking of RF means more than just being able to see the receiving antenna from the transmitting antenna. In, order to have true line-of-site no objects (including trees, houses or the ground) can be in the Fresnel zone. The Fresnel zone is the area around the visual line-of-sight that radio waves spread out into after they leave the antenna. This area must be clear or else signal strength will weaken. There are essentially two parameters to look at when trying to determine range.

Transmit Power Transmit power refers to the amount of RF power that comes out of the antenna port of the radio. Transmit power is usually measured in Watts, milliwatts or dBm. (For conversion between watts and dB see below.) Receiver sensitivity Receiver sensitivity refers to the minimum level signal the radio can demodulate. It is convenient to use an example with sound waves; Transmit power is how loud someone is yelling and receive sensitivity would be how soft a voice someone can hear. Transmit power and receive sensitivity together constitute what is know as link budget. The link budget is the total amount of signal attenuation you can have between the transmitter and receiver and still have communication occur. Example: Maxstream 9XStream TX Power: 20dBm Maxstream 9XStream RX Sensitivity: -110dBm Total Link budget: 130dBm. For line-of-site situations, a mathematical formula can be used to figure out the approximate range for a given link budget. For non line-of-site applications range calculations are more complex because of the various ways the signal can be attenuated. RF communications and data rate Data rates are usually dictated by the system - how much data must be transferred and how often does the transfer need to take place. Lower data rates, allow the radio module to have better receive sensitivity and thus more range. In the XStream modules the 9600 baud module has 3dB

more sensitivity than the 19200 baud module. This means about 30% more distance in line-ofsight conditions. Higher data rates allow the communication to take place in less time, potentially using less power to transmit.

3.2.3 LCD (Liquid Crystal Diode): Introduction: Frequently, an 8051 program must interact with the outside world using input and output devices that communicate directly with a human being. One of the most common devices attached to an 8051 is an LCD display. Some of the most common LCDs connected to the 8051 are 16x2 and 20x2 displays. This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively. Now a day, LCD is finding widespread use in place of LEDs. The ability to display numbers, characters. This is in contrast to LEDs.

LCD interfacing with 8051 micro controller:

LCD pin description:

The LCD discussed in this section has 14 pins. The functions of each pin are given in table.

Vcc, Vss, and Vee: While Vcc and Vss provide +5v and ground, respectively. Vee is used for controlling LCD contrast. RS, register select: There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin is used for their selection as follows. If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to send a command such as clear display, cursor at home, etc. if RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to send data to be displayed on the LCD. R/W, read/write: R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it. R/W=1 when reading; R/W=1 when writing.

E, enable: The LCD to latch information present to its data pins uses the enable pin. When data is supplied to data pins, a high-to-low pulse must be applied to this pin. D0-D7: The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to send information to the LCD or read the contests of the LCDs internal registers. To display the letters and numbers, we send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z, a-z and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1. There are also codes that can be sent to the LCD to clear the display or force the cursor to the home position or blink the cursor. These commands are given below table.

We also use RS=0 to check the busy flag bit to see if the LCD is ready to receive information. The busy flag is D7 and can be read when R/W =1, RS=0, when D7=1, the LCD is busy taking care of the internal operations and will not accept any new information.

Automated Voice Announcement System This small system is a practical complementary system to our passenger counting and schedule adherence systems. This automated voice announcement device lets you communicate with your passengers without distracting the vehicle's operator. You can use it for next stop announcements, general or even promotional announcements.

BENEFITS

Keep contact with your passengers without distracting the vehicle's operator. Implement a value added-system without major investments. Provide a consistent message environment to your patrons.

REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

APPLICATIONS

CONCLUSION