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INTRODUCTION TO DRUG

It is a perennial climber grows up to 10m and possess greenish or yellowish flowers. Jivanti is repeatedly described by the Brhat Trayi as tonic and rejuvenant. It is traditionally used as galatogogue and also i poultry. Thakur balvant singh is of the openion that a orchid Desmotrichum fimbriatum Bl (Dendrobium macraci Lind1) may be Jivanti.

This is a controversial drug. The commentator Dalhana has clearly identified it as Dodi ithi Loke and Dodi even today is the current name in Gujarat for Jivanti. Jivanti is the Shaakasreshta the best among the vegetables Jivanti shaakam Shaakanam so says the great charaka and it means it is the best vegetable. In Gujarat and Kathiawar people use this as potherb and consider very valuable in T.B and Eye diseases. It corresponds to the describtion given by the Nighantus.

HISTORY
In Bhavaprakasa nighantu a historical account is mentioned. Jeevanti is known from the time of Ramayana. Ravana the king of lanka and the head of raksasas or demons had captured seta out of passion. Then there was a war between Rama and Ravana. Rama had the troop consisting of varana. During the warefare many of the monkeys were killed by Ravana. Then rama prayed to Lord Indria, the king of Gods, for the rescue of his troops. Lord Indria obliged and treated the Vanaras with amrta. The dead Vanaras came to life. While treating vanaras with amrta few drops of amrta fell on the ground. From this drops the Jivanti plants originated.
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SYNONYMS
Synonyms are word which having same or almost the same meaning as some others in the same languages. They are called as in the Sanskrit. These name may be given on the basis.

CLASSICAL CATEGORISATION
The beginning of classification and identification of plant must certainly antedate the recorded history looking back, the historical perspective. The system of classification may fall under 3 categories: 1. Natural system: Which help to understand the offinities between the plant. 2. Artificial system: vegetative character are given prominence. 3. Phytogemetic: help to understand the origin and diversification of plant during the course of its evolution.

VERNACULAR NAMES
Bengali Chickan, Jiban, Jibon Hindi Jivan, Jivanti Kshayanashini, Paryati, Pranak, Dori Gujarathi Dodi, Nahanidodi, Khirkhodi, Raidodi, Shinguti. Konkani Khargul Malayalam Amaraaththi, Pottaamaram, Aamaththaali, Pottaama Marathi Gol, Kapshi, Khargol, Dodi, Dodhi, Pala-kuda, Nahanidodi, Khirkhodi, Raidodi, Shinguti. Sanskrit Jivanti, Keevani, Jeeva, Jeevaniya, Mahurava,

mangalynamadheya, Shakashreshta, Payasvini.

Tamil Palaikkodi, Palakuda, Ambaratthi, Chenkolam, Oma, Oman Telugu Kalasa, Mukkutummudu, Palatige Kannada Hiriyahalle

FOREIGN NAMES
Bemba Mutumpu English Charcol tree, Indian Charcol tree, Indian nettle tree, Pigeon tree. Filipino Anabiong, Anadgong, Pitidon Lgbo Telemukwu Indonesian Anggerung, Kuray, Lenggung Japanese Anggerung Khmer Srol Luganda Kasisa Malay Menarong, Mengkirai, Randagong Nyanja Mchende Swahili Mgendagenda, Mpesi, Masa, Mzunguzungu Thai Padang, Po-Heak, Takhai Tongan Mululwe Viethamese Hu dai Yoruba Afefe

TAXONAMY
Kingdom Plantae Class Angiosperm Cladus Eudicots Order Gentianales Family Asclepiadoideae
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Sub family Asclepiadoideae Tribe ceropegieae Sub tribe Leptadeniinae Genus Leptadenia Species Recticulata

HABIT
A twining shrub, branches numerous, Leaves thinly coriaceous, 3.8 7.5 by 2.4 5 cm ovate, acute, glabrous above, more or less finely pubescent beneath. Base rounded or subcordate, petioles long. Flowers greenish yellow. Follicles subwoody 6.3 9 cm long, turgid, tapering into an obtuse shortly curved beak. Seeds narrowly ovate oblong acute. But in Bengal and other parts of India another Jivanti is being used as a drug and we have to take it into constitution. This is Desmotrichun fimbriatum. It is named as Jibanti. This is an orchand. It is of golden colour.

HABITAT
It is found in sub-Himalayan tracts from Jammu eastwards to Gurukhpur, also in Bundelkhand, Punjab, common in puri district, n.Circors, Deccan and Karnataka, Westward to eastern stops of gats up to room, cheify in hedges.

FAMILY FEATURES
Herbs or shrubs frequently twinning often with milky juice. Leaves opposite or whorled rarely alternate, entire; stipules O. Flowers herm in Umbels, Umbellate cymes, fascicks or racemes auxiliary, lateral or terminal. Calyx inferior, usually divided to the base or nearly so;
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segments imbricate, usually with minute processesor glands at the base inside. Carolla various, hypogynous, gamopetalous, 5 lobed; tube usually short; often furnished within or at its mouth with ring of scale or processes; lobes imbricate, contorted or valvate in aestivation, often recurred or connate into a fleshy tube, with its apex often united to the dilated part of the style, usually with fleshy scales or processes on the back; another free or united to the dilated part of the style, 2 celled, the margins of the anothers or their basal prologations below the cells more or less horny and wing-like, usually projecting outwards the adjacent wings of each pair of another nearly meeting and forming narrow fissures leading to the stigmatic cavities; connectives of the another often produced into membranous terminal oppendages which are sometimes connate; pollen forming one or two granular or waxy masses in each cell, the pollinia of the adjoining cells of two contiguous anthers uited in pairs of fours either directly or byappendings to each of the 5 minutes turgeid or 2 fid bodies which lie on the dilated part of the style. Ovary superior of 2 one-celled distinct carpels enclosed within the staminal column, with their styles united above into a disk which is 5 angled, short and included between the anthers, or is produced beyond them into a long or short simple or 2 fid column; onules usually numerous, rarely few or solitary, anatropous, pendulous, imdricate in several series on the projecting placenta fruit of 2 follicles seeds compressed, usually flat, often margined, crowned with a turt of long hairs at one end; albumen thin or O; embryo large; cotyledons flat; radical short; superior genera 320. Species 1700 mostly tropical a few temperature.

GENUS FEATURES
Erect or twining shrubs with much branched rush- like stems. Leaves opposite, variable in the same species, sometimes absent. Flowers small, is umbellate lateral sessile or pedunculate many flowered cymes. Calyx more or less deeply 5-fid. Corolla deeply divided rotate or with a very short companulate tube; lobes 5, pubescent or bearded inside, valuate in bud; corona double, the coralline of 5 short transverse or rounded fleshy lobes tipped with a tuft of hairs or with a subulate hairly point, inserted at the sinuses of the corolla, the stamina corona of a raised undulate fleshly ring at the base of the stamina column. Staminla column arising from the base of the corolla; anther incumbent on the top of the style without terminal appendages; pollen- masses 1 in each anther cell, suberect; pellucid at the apex, attached in pairs by short caudicles to the pollen- carriers. Follicles smooth seeds comose species 15 Africa, asia.

CULTIVATION AND PROPAGATION


It can be propagated by seeds. In commercial cultivation the availability of propagated is important. The crop can be propagated by vegetative means root and stem cuttings and by seeds. Among these, seedlings are the best planting materials. But less than 10%. Fruit set in this crop becomes a major constraint for large scale cultivation. The crop can be planted in open condition or in partial shade. Prepare the land to a fine tilth during April May by ploughinh or digging. Palnting is done on ridges of 30 cm height, taken 50 cm apart on this 2 3 months old seedlings or rooted cuttings can be planted at a spacing of 30 cm. Planting can be done in June July. Cattle manure or compost at the rate of 10 t/ha may be applied as basal dose at the time of
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land preparation. Phosphourus and potassium fetrtilizers are found beneficial for increasing root yield, which can be applied basaly and once or twice during the growing period. Weeding has to be done as and when necessary. When the plant starts vining, support can be provided with ropes. Flowering and fruit set occur during July _ December. Dried fruits can be collected for seed purpose in January February. The crop can be harvested in 18 months time. Harvesting is done by digging.

IDENTIFICATION AND VARIETIES


A twining shrub; stems with corky deeply cracked bark; branches numerous, the younger ones terete, glabrous or hoary- puberulous. Leaves thinly coraceous, 3.8 7.5 cm, ovate, acute, glabrous above, more or less finelly pubescent beneath, base rounded or subcerdate; petioles 6 20 long, puberulous. Flowers greenish yellow, in lateral or sub auxillary many flowered hoary tuberulous globase cymes; peduncles arising from between the leaves or sub auxiliary; sometimes in pairs puberulous; pedicels 3 4 mm long puberulous. Calyx pubescent outside, divided to about the middle; segments 1.25 mm long, ovate-oblong, subacute. Corolla 5 mm long, tube very short, glabrous; lobes of the limb thick, 2.5 mm long, ovate oblong, subobtuse, with revolute margins, pubescent on both surfaces, often with a small hairly process on the inner face near the tip; conoline corona minute, annular, close to the stamina column.

Anthers without membranous appendages, incumbent on the style apex, pollen masses avoid large waxy, pellucid at the apex, attached to the minute pollen carriers by moderately long caudicles. Follicles subwoody, 6.3 9 cm long, turgid tapering into an obtuse shortly curved beak. Seeds 6 mm long, narrowl ovate oblong, acute; coma 3.2 3.8 cm long.

VARIETIES
Jeevanti is of two 2 types: 1. White latex jeevanti 2. Yellow latex swarna jeevanti

PHARMACOGNOSY
ROOT External surface of root is rough, white or buff coloured with longitudinal ridges and furrows. It is tasteless and odourless. Microscopically the presence of wide cork, lignified stone cells layer in the phelloderm, sclerized stone layer in outer secondary phloem, interxylary islets of phloem and uni to multiseriate rays characteristics the root. STEM Stem, with and ash coloured or buff white exterior bears vertically elongated lenticels, whitish smooth interior and possesses a camphor like smell. The presence of rhytidomes, phelloderm with scattered stone cells, lignified stone cells in other phloem, intraxylary and interxylary phloem and non articulated laticifers are the microscopic distinguishing characters of stem.

LEAF Leaves are thin, coriaceous orlanceolate with hairy surface and leathery texture. The leaves have sunken, rubiaceous and ranunculaceous stomata bulbons crichomes and laticifers. The cell contents include rhomboidal or prismatic calcium oxalate crystals, starch grains, latex, glycosides, flavonoids, reducing sugars and sterols while tannins and alkaloids are found to be absent Epidermal cells of the leaves contain uncharacterized raphides. Root powder of l recticulata showed light blue fluorescene, stem powder ash coloured, leaf powder dark green and powder of the whole plant bluish green under ultraviolet light; while the powder in nitrocellulose fluoresced green, dirty orange, red and pink for root, stem, leaf, and whole plant respectively.

INDICATIONS
EXTERNAL USE:

It is used for application as an ointment in allergy due to pitta.

INTERNAL USE: Jeevanti soothes the digestive system and is used in constipation and colitis. It is a cordiotonic and curves bleeding disorders. It is also used in bronchitis as an expectorant. It is an aphrodisiac and improves seminal quality through its specific action on the reproductive organs. It is also used in spermatorrhoea. Since it is diuretic, it is used in dysuria, burning micturition and pyuria. It is commonly given for those suffering from work debility or a lack of energy. Gives general strength to the
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body. It promotes health and vigour, improves voice, alleviates the 3 dosas, vata, pitta and kopha and cure eye diseases, hematemesis, emaciation, cough, dysphoea, fever and burning sensation.

ROGAS
1. Paittikasotha 2. Vistambha 3. Kosthagata rouksya 4. Grahani 5. Dourbalya 6. Raktapitta 7. Kasa 8. Sukrameha 9. Mutrakricchra mutradaha puyameha 10.Jvara 11.Daha 12.Ksaya sosa yaksma 13.Drstimandya 14.Hrddourbalya 15.Stanya ksaya

THERAPEUTIC USES
1. VRANA Jivanti paste is applied locally for three days. 2. Naktandhya Tender leaves are fired in ghee and consumed

Plant drug is stimulant and tonic. Roots are tasteful and sweet. It is astringent, demulcent, emollient, expectorant, lactogogue, ophthalmic, restorative and tonic. It is useful in burning sensation, constipution, cough diarrhoea, eye complaints, heart weakness and pthisis.
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It is much used for cattles. It is used as a vegetable which is mentioned and as jivantisaka, in classical texts. Row or unripe follicles one used for preparing vegetable since jivanti or dodisaka is considered best among the edible vegetables as classically esteemed. It is extremely applied to the bilious inflammation. It is used in sepermatorrhoes visionary defect, heart troubles, vocal cavity complaints, night blindness, poison, ulcer, cough, piles, hoaemorrhage and sexual debility. It is used as restorative drug.

NON MEDICINAL USES


Leptadenia recticulata is a shrub of the asclepiadaceae family with many medicinal uses. Two high performance thin layer

chromatographic methods have been developed for separate quantitative analysis of stigmasterol and d1 8 tocoperol gutate, two marker compound in Leptadenia reoticulator. The methods are rapid, simple and accurate and can be used for routine quality testing. And it have are important use is it is used for Tissue culture.

PHYTO CHEMISTRY
Leptadenia recticulata is a branched twinning shrub of family Asclepedialeae contains many important phytoconstituents of plants. Major constituents of plants are 8 amyrin, ferulic acid, luteolin, diosmetin, rutin, B sitasterol, stigma asterol, hentriacontanol, atriterpenel alcohol simiarenol reticulin, deniculatin, leptaculatin isolated from aerial parts which on hydrolysis give calogenin tocopherols. Other are acetyl alcohol, lupanol 3 0 diglucoside, leptidinel, saponins, flavanoid, luteolin, diosmtin and tannin.
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Leaves contain 2 resins and also a bitter neutral principle, albuminous and colouring matter, ca oxalate, glucose, carbohydrate and tartaric acid. The structure of 3 novel pregnane glycosides, Reticilin(1), Peniculatin (2) and Leptaculatin (3), isolated from L. recticulata were elucidated with modern phyto chemicalmethods and chemical transformations. (1), (2) and (3) were defined as calogenin 3 0 B cymoaropyranosyl 0 B D digitoxopyranasyl 0 B D cymaropyranoside, calogenin 3 0 3 0 methyl 8 D galactopyranosyl 0 B D glucopyranosyl 0 B D glucopyranasyl 0 B D cymarophyranoside respectively. The preliminary phycoconstituents studies of aerial part of L. recticulate consist of 6 7% moisture, 17.5% total nitrogen, different flavonoids, moisture; total ash, isoluble ash, calcium, sodium and potassium calculated as chlorides, reducing sugars aldohexos,

ketohexoses and pentoses other constituents like proteins, gums, a stem volatile unidefined ferric greenings sy=ubstance and a substance which holds reducing sugars molecules in glycosidal linkage. They also indicated the absence of alkaloids, tannins, free catechol, starches, flavonoids and saponins in its aqueous extract developed a sensitive High performance. Tin layer chromatographic method foe estimation of rutin. The method was validated for precision repeatability and accuracy and then adopted for estimation of the rutin content of the leaves of L rectculate developed 2 high performance thin layer chromatographic methods for separate quantitative analysis of stigmasterol and d 8 tocopherol acetate, 2 manker compounds in L. recticulate. The methods are rapid, simple and accurate and can be used for routine quality testing.

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CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS
Fructosan (7 8 hexosa unit) of insulin type (tubers); waxy material mainly of aliohatic esters, sterols like stigmasterol (stem and root); hentriacontanol, 8 amyrin, B amyrin, stigmasterol, stiosterol, flavonoids such as diosetin and luteolin (leaves and twings), quercetin and flavonoids such as diosmetin and luteolin (leaves and twings); quercetin and flavonoid glycosides such as isoquercitrin, rutin and hyperoside (pericarp of follicles); mesoinositol and monomethyl ether (seed, follicles).

ADULTERANTS AND SUBSTITUTES


Various herbs are used under the name of jeevanti in different parts of the country. Dendrobium normale Fole, Phoidota articulate Lindl, Desmotrichum fimbriatum Blume, which is golden in colour and sold in Bengal as Swarna jeevanti. In Punab cimicifuga foetida Linn is sold under the name Jiunti. In M. P and South India alosyemma annulane. K. Schum is considered as Jeevanti. However as per Ayurvedic Formulary, Part 1, published by the Govt of India, Leptadenia recticulate W and A is accepted as genuine Jeevanti.

TOXICOLOGY
Aqueous extract did not show any acute or chronic toxicity in rats in duses upto 6 ml/ kg. LD50 of the 50% ethanolic extract of the whole plant was more than 1000 mg/kg i.p. in mice. No apperent changes in liver, kidney and heart were observed during acute toxicity studies, when the drug administered orally for 3 alternate days and 3 consecutive days to rats.
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PART USED
Root, Leaf, Fruit as whole plant is used.

POSOLOGY
Powder: 1-3 gm/ 3-5 gm Decoction: 50 100 ml

PREPARATIONS AND FORMULATIONS


PREPARATIONS Pathya Arsha Madhukaadya Taila Pathya Vrana Gandha taila Kumaari Taila Kaakolyaadi Gana INDICATIONS Shaaka Kalka Kalka Kalka Kalka Kalka

FORMULATIONS
1. Amritaprasa ghrita 2. Asohka ghrita 3. Brihat ashvagandhu ghrita 4. Chyavanastyadi taila 5. Madhuyastyadi taila 6. Nastpuspantak rasa 7. Shwashar Kashay Churna
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8. Anu taila 9. Brahma rasayana 10.Brihat guduchi taila 11.Manasamitra gutika 12.Sadbindu taila 13.Vidaryadi ghrita 14.Ashagandhadi churna 15.Brhacchagaladya ghrita 16.Brihatmasa taila 17.Jivantyadi ghrita 18.Marma gutika 19.Shatavaryadi ghrita 20.Vidaryadi kvanth churna

RESEARCH
1. Both Leptaden tablets and L reticulate powder in an equivalent amount produced significant galactopoietics response in goats, sheep, cows and buffaloes. {Anjaria and Gupta, 1967}

Isree Hospital, Trissur, Kerala, Editi 2. The 50% ethanolic extract of the whole plant showed hypotensive action in cat/ dog {Dhar etal, 1974}

3. The

antibacterial and

antifungal

properties

have been

established {Patel and Dantwala, 1958 and Dhar et al 1974}


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4. Leptadenia recticulata a rasayana herbs: A review {B. Bawra, . M. Dixit, N.S. Chauhan, V K Dixit and D K Saraf)

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Charaka Samhitha, Agnivesa, Chaukambha orientalia, Varanasi, Vol-4, edition 4, Reprint 2008. 2. Susruta Samhita, Susrutha, Chaukambha orientalia, Varanasi, Vol1. 3. Ashtanga Hridaya, Vagbhata, Sutrasthana I, Harisree Hospital, Trissur, 4. Kerala, edition 11, 2008. 5. Dhanvanthari Nighantu, Guruprasad Sharma, Chaukambha orientalia, 4th edition, 2005. 6. Kaiyadeva nighantu, Priyavasta Shara, Chaukambha orientalia, 1 st edition, 1979. 7. Bhavaprakasha nighantu, Bhavamisra, Chaukambha orientalia, 3 rd edition, 1975. 8. Raja Nighantu, Chaukambha Krishna, Khemaraja Srikrishnadas, Sri Venkiteshwara Yantralaya, Mumbai 9. Madanaphala nighantu, Ganga Vishnu Srikrishnadas. 10.Namarupa Vigjana, P V Sharma, Satya Priya Prekashan, 1st Edition, 2000 11.Shabdhakalpadruma Raja Radhakanth Dev Vol-2, nag Publisher, Delhi. 12.Indian Medicinal Plants, Kirtiar and basu, Vol- III, Lalit Mohan, Bishen Singh, Mahendrapal Singh, 23 A, 6th Edition, 2003
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13.Ayurveda Pharmacology and therapeutic uses of medicinal plants, vaidya V M Gogte, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, 1st Edition, 1982, 2nd Edition 1997 14.Dravya guna study of Materia medica, Vol II, Dr. D S Lucas, Chaukambha Visvabharathi, 1st Edition 2008. 15.Indian materia medica, A K nadkarni, colonei Sir R N Chopra, Bombay popular prakashan Vol-1, 1989,1991,19999,2000,2005. 16.Dravya guna, Dr J. L. N Shastry Vol II, chaukambha orientalic, Rep edition 2010. 17.Pharmacognosy Dr. C K Kokate, A P Purohit, S B Gokale, Nirali Prakashan Pragati books, P V T L T D, Pune, Mumbai, edition 3a, Vol-1, Rep Auguest 2007. 18.Plants of Bhavaprakasha, rashtriya AYURVEDA Vidyapeeth National Academy of Ayurveda, Prof. K C Chunekar, Dr. N P Itota. 19.Ayuveda pharmacopeia of India vol 1 1st print 1990 2001 Govt of India, Ministry of health and family welfare. Dept of Indian system of medicine and homeopathy, New Delhi. 20.Pahrmacognosy and pharmacobio technology, Ashutosh kar, New age international publishers, 11th edition. 21.Pahrmacognosy, B S Shah, Prakashna J S Qadry, 14th edition, 2008 2009 22.Pharmacognosy and indigenous drugs, Vol 1, central council for research in Ayurveda and Siddha Indica Dipali Dey, manish Natha Das, A K Sharma, editor O P Gupta 1st printed 2005 23.http://scrialert.net/fulltextdoi= ajps.2010.314.319&org-11 24.http://www.himalayahealthcare.com/herb finder/n.leptad.htm#6 25.http://world agroforestrycentre.org/seal

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26.http://envis.fr/nt.org/trace search php?1st part = powder & 1st trade = JIVANTI 27.Some controversial Drugs in Indian Medicine, Dr. Bapalal Vaidya, Chaukhambha Orientalia, 2nd Edition, 2005. 28.http://www.herbsnspecies- info.com/medicinal herbs/ leptadenia recticulata.aspx 29.http://hindu.com/2001/05/31/stories/08310029 html 30.http://www.akademiai.com/index/49875149285 31.http://www.pubmed.gov.leptadeniarecticulata .com 32.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/leptadeniarecticulata 33.Glossary of vegetable Drugs in Brhattrayi. Thankar. Balwant singh chaukambha Amavabha rati prakashana Varanasi, 11 edition 1999. 34.Dravya guna Vijnana, Dr. Gyanendra Pundey, Krishnadas Academy Varanasi, chowkhamba Press, Varanasi, edition 2nd 2002.

RESEARCH
1. Antoxidant, anti-lipoxygenase and cytatoxic activity of Leptadenia pyrotechnica decne polyphenolic constituents. {Khasawneh M A, et al. Molecules 2011} 2. Hepatoprtective activity of Leptadenia recticulata stems against carbon tetrachloride idesed heptotoxicity in rats. {Nema AK, et al, Indian J Pharmacol. 2011} 3. Cardenolides of Leetadenia madagescariensis from the Madagascar dry foresed (Pan E, et al, Bioorg med chem. 2011) 4. Antimalarial activity of crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants (kaou AM, et al J Ethnophaacol 2008)

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5. Triter penoids fron Leptadenia hastate latex. (Nikiema J B, et cl Planta med. 1997) 6. Traditional leafy vegetables in Senegal diversity and medicinal uses. (Mathieu G, et al afr J Tradit complement Altern Med. 2007) 7. Pregnene glycosides from Leptademia Pyrotechnica (Cioffi G, et al . J Nat prod. 2006) 8. Study of the abortifacient effects of Leptadenia hastala pers. (lapo RA, et al. Dakar med 2003 article in French) 9. Bioactive constituents of Leptadenia arborea (E1-Hassan A, et al Fitoterapia, 2003) 10.Effects of antiinflamatory triterpenes isolated from Leptadenia hastate latex on keratinocyle proliferation (Nikiema JB et al Phytother Res 2011) 11.Nutrient content of the edible leaves of seven wild plants from niger. (Freiberger CE, et al plant foods hum nutr 1998) 12.Analysis of nutritional components of eight fomine foods of the Republic of Niger (sena Lp, et al plant foods Hum nutr 1998) 13.New polyoxypregnane ester derivatives from leptadenia hastate. (Aquino R, et al J nat prob 1996) 14.New polyoxypregnane ester derivatives from leptadenia hastate. (Aquino R, et al J nat prob 1995) 15.Studies on Leptadenia recticulata : lactogenic effects on rats. (Anjaria J V, et alIndian J exp Bio. 1975) 16.Crystalline principles from the leaves and twings of Leptadenia recticulata (Krishna PV, et al palnta Med. 1975)

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17.Studies on Leptadenia recticulate 11 preliminary chemical investigations (Verma SC, et al Indian J Med Res 1962)

INDEX
1. Introduction to Ayurveda 2. Introduction to Dravya Guna 3. Introduction to Drug 4. History 5. Nirukthi 6. Synonyms 7. Classical categorisation 8. Vernacular Names 9. Taxonomy 10.Habit 11.Habitat 12.Family Features 13.Genus features 14.Identification and Varieties 15.Other important members of the family. 16.Cultivation and Propagation 17.Parmacognosy 18.Properties 19.Indication 20.Therapeutic Uses 21.Non Medicinal Uses 22.Phyto Chemistry 23.Chemical consistent and its structure 24.Adulterence and Substitute.
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25.Toxicology 26.Part used 27.Posology 28.Formulations and Preparations 29.Researches 30.Slogas 31.Photography 32.Bibliography

THERAPERTIC CLSES:
The drug can be used as a medicine in its different form in different diseases. The therapeclic uses refers to usage of drug in different discrclers. It also clenotes time, dosage and indications of the drugs. The close and time of administration the from in which drug is applied veries are is the diseases.

The medicine can be administrated to the body in 2 way:

1. External 2. Internal

VERNICULAR NAMES:
The Vernicular names are the different names of the drug in different languages. This will identify the particular drug at different places. By knowledge the names of the drug in the language of particular area, one can get sufficient knowledge regarding that drug. Mean while one can explain the medicinal value of that drug by its local name. For this purpose one should know the Vernicular Names.
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PART USED
Each palnt will have its own specific useful parts. These useful parts will eused for medicinal preparations. The part of plant which is having Utkrushta Veerya is selected as useful part. While selecting useful parts one should keep following things in consideration. 1. That which is not effected by Krumi, Visha, Dhvashitha Vaiya, Agni etc, should be selected. 2. That which grows in contaminated areashould not be selected. 3. That which is grown near to the holy places of samashaan should not be selected. 4. The plant which grows in north direction can be selected.

PARTS USED:
1. 2. 3. These are the parts of ________ used in medicinal preparations.

POSOLOGY
Posology or dosage means the quantity of drug required to produce the action either immediately or after some repetition. It produce desired effect, the dose of the drug should not harm the tissues. The dose should

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not be in large or small quantity. The drug applied in the proper dose will show desired effect. The improper dosage leads to certain complications. The modern system of medicine the youngs formula cowlings formula and dillings rule are used to calculate the dosage.

COMPLILATION WORK DRUG REVIEW


1. Introduction to Ayurveda 2. Introduction to Dravyaguna 3. Introduction to Drug 4. History 5. Nirukti 6. Synonyms 7. Classical categorisation 8. Vernacular names 9. Taxonomy 10.Habit 11.Habitat 12.Family features 13.Geneous Features 14.Identification and Vareties 15.Other important members of the amily 16.Cultivation and propagation (collection and preparation) 17.Parmacognosy 18.Properties 19.Indicators 20.Theapeute uses
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21.Non medicinal uses 22.Phyto chemistry 23.Chemical constituents and its structure 24.Adultarants and substitutes 25.Toxicology 26.Parts used 27.Posology 28.Formulation and preparation 29.Research 30.Slogas 31.Photography 32.Bibliography

INTRODUCTION TO AYURVEDA
That (Science) is designated as Ayurveda. Where advantages and disadvantages as well as happy and unappy life along with what is good and foe life it measurement and life itself are desalded Ayurveda is pne of the most Ancient systems of edicine in the World Vedas, the oldest sculptures, are the Basic source of Ayurveda. In pre buddist era, it was considered as highly developed medicinal science. Historical evidence shows that ayurveda was not limited in India. It ha spread in many other countries, which later on modified it as per their needs and environment conditionsl they modified Ayuveds became the system of medicine of those countries. Ayurveda is the mother of Maxy other Medicinal systems of the World considering. Its ancient status some scholars considers that ayurveda is external. Its as old as we are. Ayu veyati Anenna Ethi Ayurveda.

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The word Ayurveda is made up to 2 basic terms ayu and veda means knowledge of science, thus the lord Ayurveda stands for the science of the life. Thus classifies that Ayurveda is not just a system of medicine. But its deals with all aspects of life. The knowledge of Ayurveda has been imported through hundreds of Ancient texts in the old days the text was written an palm leaves. The basic concepts are

Doshas (Biological elements)

Dhatus (Basic tissues)

Males (Waste products)

Agni (Biological fire)

Punchamaha bhuta (five basic elements) Ayurveda is a science. It has been developed many centuries ago. It has been developed many centuries ago. Its a well developed system of medicine and deals with 8 major clencal specialise of medicines. 1. Kaya chikidsa (Genera medicine)

2. Salyatantra (Surgery) 3. Salakaya tantra (Diseases of eye, ear, nose throat) 4. Kaumara britya (Pedratries) 5. Agrda tantra (Toxicology) 6. Bhata vidya (Psychratrey) 7. Rasayuna (Rejuenation)
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8. Vajikarana (Sexology) The main arm of ayurveda is based on the principle of Swartharya Swastiya Raksnam Athurasya Vikara Prashamanm cha. The science of ayurveda based on concept of Swastha Raksnam and vikas Prashaman. Both of these are achieved by Dosh sameyath Dhathu Samyath. The vikara prashaman is mainly based on the Bheshara prayoga. The greatment is mainlybased on (Dhosa Vishamya) That means mainly manufacture the health of a healthy person and curens or reducing the diseases of adiseased person. Ayurveda deals with thousand of medicinesand also most of the herbs are used in our day today life. The plants are the back bone of ayurveda and its been proved here the each and every plant is havins its own properties, qualities and actions which are very wonderful so acharya charaka.

INTRODUCTION TO Ayurveda treatment is based on the use of plants and animals source of medicine and food even throcy D G is not considered as one among the ayurvedic and ayurveds. Neghanta says its the first and fore most branch need drugs, so it cannot be separated from other branches. Dravya gunais a preliminaus part of ayurveda and the drug are the unit of ayurveda. Vedas are the first ever documented knowledge available for us which gives the details nwledge regarding the ancient civilization scientific knowledge and other facts of life. Ayurveda which is
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considered as ayurveda. Ayurveda is also a part of this knowledge the aushadhi vignana, whichis a part of ayurveda gets scattered. Reference invedas but for sake of understanding the references been collected and arranged in a systemic way but there is no descrepition on the Fundamental aspects of in Vedas.

Bruhatrayes have diven important to as a constitution of future ayurveda and have dedicated several chapters to discupe the basic properties and also aushadi and ahara with different types of grouping and also classification. Among the kighutrayes, we find chapters reserved for describing the besic principle and also the drugs only in sharangeudh being a specislized text on nidhan. We dont find any references to the subject of in thus text. Nighantus are very specialised text on we find littleinflamation a boat description properties action and therapeutic indication of drugs.

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