.

Remote hardware reliability and system reliability will become critical as unit commitment decisions rely on high availability of DLC. Large-scale load reduction performance determines the realized operating equivalency to traditional supply-side

July 1985, pp. 1670-1676

84 SM 606-0

options.

dynamics: . Target Area Marketing . Drop-Out Rates .

As we have progressed with full-scale implementation of DLC system, we have carefully monitored each of these factors with the full understanding of the important role they play in meeting program objectives. Customer acceptance strongly influences all facets of a direct load control program, and we have used the following concepts and parameters to monitor customer preference
our

A Preventive Strategy Method for Voltage and Reactive Power

David Tzouh-Wei Sun*, Member, IEEE Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc. New York, NY Raymond R. Shoults, Senior Member, IEEE University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX

Dispatch

Response to Frequent Operations . Unsolicited Requests . Menu Selections Opinion Surveys As implementation proceeds, remote device hardware reliability has a strong effect on both cost-effectiveness and load-shaping performance of the system. Hardware reliability is monitored according to the following major categories: . Communications . Reliability Early Failures .
.

Random Failures

During pilot programs and test projects, the load shaping characteristics of direct load control typically are investigated using conventional load research methods. This approach yields sufficient data for feasibility analysis and for costbenefit studies, but only forms the base for the ongoing performance analysis necessary to integrate DLC into the bulk power supply operation. Several methods are used to conduct load shaping performance analysis: . . Traditional Load Research Empirical Models . . End-Use Models Target Area Monitoring Summary and Conclusions.The implementation of a largescale direct load control system and its integration to the utility bulk power supply operation are strongly influenced by three extremely important factors: customer acceptance; hardware reliability; and aggregate load-shaping perform ance. Although each of these factors is thoroughly analyzed during the pilot phases of DLC projects, their long-term dynamics are so important to ongoing program success that they should be monitored and evaluated carefully during
implementation.

Historically, power engineers have spent countless hours the voltage/reactive power problem and its effects on the overall operation of the power system. However, as power systems become larger and the number of voltage regulating facilities increases, the voltage/reactive power problems tend to be more complex and difficult to handle. In today's systems with large generation units, extra high voltage transmission lines, and an increasing number of high voltage underground cables, the voltage/reactive power problem is magnified. The causes of some of the large voltage swings can be traced to the voltage/reactive power problem. Voltage/ reactive power dispatching plays an important role in the security of the modern power system. Therefore, a more secure method for voltage/reactive power dispatching has been developed. There are several existing voltage/reactive power control methods. However, these methods consider the present system during normal conditions only. They do not consider potential outages. In other words, only the existing condi tions, without future considerations, are formulated in these methods. Therefore, they are corrective strategy methods but not preventive strategy methods. A preventive control program for voltage/reactive power dispatching is developed in this paper which will enhance a power systems's capability to cope with outages. In this scheme, not only the present normal system condition but also the potential outages are considered. The selection of the potential outages is based on short term forecasted operating conditions. Because selected potential outages are considered, this scheme can be called a preven tive strategy method. The preventive voltage/reactive power dispatching scheme is referred to as the Global VAR Dis patching Method. An initial concept for the global VAR dispatching method is demonstrated by using a 6-bus system (Ward-Hale model) as the sample system. This example provides a clear picture of the global VAR dispatching method. The global method may increase the system losses slightly, but it does give the system a more secure condition to cope with the contingency. In order to fit various purposes, the global VAR dispatching scheme can be separated into two stages. In stage one, Rough Action Calculation, the violations of selected contin gencies, and the base case are minimized. The goal of stage one is to control the system in a way that the system will have no violation, or only minimum violations when any selected contingency happens. In stage two, Fine Tune Calculation, several additional security considerations are also included. Stage two can find a more secure system operating condition. Basically, the global VAR dispatching scheme is formulated on the principle of (P-0) and (Q-V) decomposition. The nonlinear optimization method "SUMT" combined with the
on

*This paper is condensed from the Ph.D. dissertation which was prepared at the University of Texas at Arlington.
IEEE Power

Engineering Review, July 1985

linearized decoupled AC load flow technique is selected to solve the global VAR dispatching problem. The reciprocity theorem together with the linearized decou pled Jacobian matrix can handle a large number of contin gency constraints very effectively. The ability of effectively handling a large number of contingency constraints to deal with potential outages is a contribution of this scheme. This scheme has been programmed in FORTRAN IV lan guage on an IBM 4341 computer. A realistic power system (420 bus, 930 line) with ten pre-selected severe contingen cies can be solved by this program (with 232K Bytes of memory) in 152 seconds (CPU time). Numerical results of three different systems (6-bus, 30-bus and 420-bus) are presented. This program was developed to provide a very useful tool for voltage/reactive power plan ning. Its use as an on-line computational tool for system operation is under investigation.
A

to a few

lines. Networks of this type, with

Aegian islands of Greece.

megawatts each,

are

generating capacities of up typically encountered in the

given or forecasted operating condition Contingency

Assessment

Fig.

Dispatching Calculation | 1. Overview of the preventive VAR control method.

Global VAR

WECS .Utility Grid Performance Criteria An autonomous network of the radial type with an installed conventional capacity in the neighborhood of 1 Mw consist ing of diesel-driven units is considered. A wind generator cluster of small units (each one rated typically at 10-20 Kw output power) of the synchronous type with their output rectified and then inverter to ac in synchronism with the utility lines is supposed to penetrate the power system. The normal operation of the utility system presupposes that a number of constraint parameters are maintained within predetermined bounds. The most significant, from an opera tional and safety viewpoint, constraints are: (a) the voltage variation should not exceed 5% of ts nominal value, (b) the maximum permanent system frequency variation should be maintained within 2 Hz, (c) the maximum value of the time rate of the frequency variation may not exceed 1.5 Hz/sec, (d) the WECS interface may not introduce into the utility lines a harmonic distortion totalling 5% while each odd harmonic may not exceed 5% and each even harmonic 0.5-1 %, (e) the WECS power introduced into the grid, at each instant of time, may not exceed the difference between the load power demand at that instant and the minimum amount of power which the conventional generating units are required to provide without an interruption of their operation. Such other constraints as voltage flicker, phase unbalancing, etc. may be added to the scheme if their presence is deemed necessary.
The Penetration Strategy The penetration problem may be throught of as consisting of two main parts: The first one, defined as "static penetra tion" is concerned with the determination of the maximum possible WECS power allowed to penetrate the given autono mous system at locations specified by an algorithm resulting in minimum line losses and optimum voltage level distribu tions. The second part known as "dynamic penetration" deals with operational issues of the WECS cluster-power grid system so that none of the constraints defined above are violated. This dynamic operational strategy may be imple mented via a microprocessor-based control scheme. The microprocessor receives and processes information from both the wind generator cluster and the conventional power system and, taking into account the operational constraints, generates appropriate control signals; the latter determine which ones of the cluster WECS may be connected to the grid and under what conditions the autonomous power system will operate. Both the static and dynamic penetration characteristics are studied with the assistance of appropriate simulation tech niques. Load flow, frequency control and harmonic distortion algorithms simulating the WECS-utility grid interconnected system are used for the determination of the degree of penetration, under various conditions. The autonomous power system of the island of Kythnos with an installed conventional capacity of 750 KVA was considered as a typical example. The yearly minimum load demand of the Kythnos power system is 50 kW while the maximum was recorded to be 440kW. For this case, an absolute maximum WECS power that may penetrate the utility system without violating any of the network con straints is estimated to be approximately 110 kW. The interfacing bus selected shows a reduction in voltage swing sensitivity and line losses from 1.33% and 3642W to 0.65% and 1431W, respectively. The minimum permissible conven tional generation is 10kW. That is, the diesel powered plant must be providing a minimum of 10 kW at all times, so that the WECS may be synchronized to the system frequency and voltage levels. For load variations from 50kW to 120kW, the maximum permissible penetrating power from the WECS follows the load characteristic, remaining 10kW below the demand level at each instant. For load values greater than

July 1985, pp. 1677-1683

84 SM 608-6

G. J. Vachtsevanos, Member, IEEE and K. C. Kalaitzakis School of Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
This paper describes a methodology developed to assess the impact of wind generator clusters penetrating into the grid of an autonomous power system. Wind-Electric Conver sion Systems (WECS) are usually interfaced with an existing power grid for "fuel displacement" purposes as well as for earning some "capacity credit." WECS clusters penetrating into the grid of a small autonomous utility tend to disturb such quality performance characteristics of the system as voltage level, quality of voltage and current waveforms and system frequency stability, among others. The study of the degree of penetration of wind electric conversion devices when operating in parallel with the utility grid is based upon the development of appropriate models for WECS-power grid interconnected operation which, in con junction with system performance criteria, are used to arrive at suitable penetration strategies; the latter may be imple mented via microprocessor-based control schemes to assure a reliable overall system operation. The WECS cluster is thought to be centrally located under direct utility control. Such situations often arise in small islands or isolated communities which operate their own autonomous power system without any ties to other utility
IEEE Power

Penetration of Wind Electric Conversion Systems Into the Utility Grid

Engineering Review, July

1985

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