Urban Drainage 2nd edition

SOLUTIONS MANUAL
David Butler and John W Davies

This solutions manual is made available free of charge. Details of the accompanying textbook Urban Drainage
2nd edition (ISBN 0415-30606-X hbk; 0415-30607-8 pbk)
are on the website of the publisher www.sponpress.com and can be ordered from Book.orders@tandf.co.uk
or phone: +44 (0) 1264 343071
First published 2004 by Spon Press, an imprint of Taylor & Francis, 2 Park
Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis, 270
Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
@ 2004 David Butler and John W Davies

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized
in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or
hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information
storage or retrieval system, except for the downloading and printing of a single
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publishers.
Publisher's note
This book has been produced from camera ready copy provided by the authors
Contents of this solutions manual
Chapter

Page Number

Chapter 3--------------------------------------------- 2
Chapter 5--------------------------------------------- 3
Chapter 6--------------------------------------------- 3
Chapter 7--------------------------------------------- 5
Chapter 8--------------------------------------------- 5
Chapter 9--------------------------------------------- 6
Chapter 10 ------------------------------------------- 7
Chapter 11 ------------------------------------------- 8
Chapter 12 ------------------------------------------10
Chapter 13 ------------------------------------------11
Chapter 14 ------------------------------------------12
Chapter 15 ------------------------------------------12
Chapter 16 ------------------------------------------13
Chapter 17 ------------------------------------------15
Chapter 18 ------------------------------------------16
Chapter 21 ------------------------------------------16
Chapter 23 ------------------------------------------16

Note:
For chapters 1, 2, 4, 19, 20, 22 and 24 the problems are simply issues to think about. Solutions
are only provided to problems with numerical solutions for these chapters and all others.

CHAPTER 3
3.1

Volumetric concentration, Cv = Vs/V, where Vs is volume of solid and V is

sample volume. So:

Cv =

Vs
= 20 ppm = 20 10 6 m 3 / m 3
V

Density of solid, = M/V, where M is its mass and = 2650 kg/m3. So:

C=

M
= Cv = 2650 20 10 6 kg / m 3 = 53 mg / l
V

3.2
Time (hrs)
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Sum
Av

Flow (l/s)
80
170
320
610
670
590
380
220
100
50
3190
319

COD (mg/l)
50
160
380
400
230
130
70
40
20
0

COD (mg/s)
4000
27200
121600
244000
154100
76700
26600
8800
2000
0
665000

148

From equation 3.1:

C av =

QC 665000
=
= 208 mg / l
Qav
3190

Flow (l/s) or COD (mg/l)

800
700
600
500
Flow (l/s)

400

COD (mg/l)

300
200
100
0
0.5

1.5

2.5

3.5

4.5

Time (hrs)

3.3

Gram atomic weight of N is 14.0 g

gram atomic weight of H is 1.0 g
gram molecular weight of ammonium is 14 + (4 1) = 18 g
From equation 3.2:
35 mgNH 4+ / l = 35

14
= 27 mgNH 4+ N / l
18

So, total N conc = 15 + 27 = 42 mgN / l

3.12

Taken over a 10-year period, there were 11 violations, whereas only up to 10

are permitted, so this water is not in compliance with the standard.

CHAPTER 5
Ministry of health (equation 5.2):
i=

1000
a
=
= 20.0 mm / h
D + b 30 + 20

Bilham (5.3):
N = 1.25(I / 25.4 + 0.1) 3.55 = 10 = 1.25 0.5 (I / 25.4 + 0.1) 3.55
I = 9.1mm
9 .1
I
i= =
= 18.2 mm / h
D 0 .5

Holland (5.4)
N = D(I / 25.4) 3.14 = 10 = 0.5 (I / 25.4) 3.14
I = 9.8 mm
i = 19.6 mm / h

CHAPTER 6
6.4

From equation 6.2:

ft = fc + (fo fc )e k2t

ft = 1 + 9e t
Time (min)
Time (hour)
ft (mm/h) calc
ft (mm/h) appl
Net rain (mm/h)
Eff rain (mm/h)

0-10
0.167
8.6
0
0

20
0.333
7.4
8.6
9
0.4

30
0.500
6.5
7.4
18
10.6

40
0.667
5.6
6.5
6
0
3

Assumes Horton infiltration starts when net rain begins.

6.5

Use the approach summarised in equation 6.8:

Q(1)
Q(2)
Q(3)
Q(4)
Q(5)
Q(6)
Q(7)
Q(8)

=1x0
= 1 x 250
= 1 x 500
= 1 x 375
= 1 x 250
= 1 x 125
=1x0
=1x0

+2x0
+ 2 x 250 + 3 x 0
+ 2 x 500 + 3 x 250 + 0 x 0
+ 2 x 375 + 3 x 500 + 0 x 250 + 1 x 0
+ 2 x 250 + 3 x 375 + 0 x 500 + 1 x 250
+ 2 x 125 + 3 x 250 +.
+ 2 x 0 + 3 x 125 +

=0
= 250
= 1000
= 2125
= 2500
= 2000

Peak = 2500 l/s after 40 mins.

6.7

From equation 6.13a:

t p = ( 1)K = (3 1) 0.2 = 0.4 h = 24 min
From equation 6.13b:

1
1
Qp =

K ( 1)! e

n 1

1 2
1
=
= 1.35 h
0.2 2! e

The units are h-1 because this is based on an instantaneous inflow of unit
volume. So, actual volume in this case:
V = 10 mm 100,000 m2 [10 ha] = 1000 m3
Qp = 1000 m3/h = 278 l/s
6.10

Based on conditions in Example 6.3.

From equation 6.20:
M s (t ) = M s (0)e k 4it
M s (t ) = 18e 1.9t
From equation 6.22:
k 4 M s 0.19 10 3
=
c=
Ms
Ai
15000
Time (min)
Time (hour)
Ms (kg)
C (mg/l)

0-10
0.167
13.1
166

20
0.333
9.6
122

30
0.500
7.0
88

CHAPTER 7
7.2

From co-ordinates, W-E and N-S distance between manholes are 68.114 m
and 22.451 m respectively. From Pythagoras, length of sewer is 71.719 m.
Invert level of MHA (ILA) = 16.438 0.375 = 16.063 m
Change in height along sewer (H) = 71.719 / 258 = 0.278 m
ILB1 (entry invert level) = 16.063 0.278 = 15.785 m
ILB2 (exit) = 15.785 + 0.375 0.45 = 15.710 m
Depth = 18.590 15.710 = 2.88 m

CHAPTER 8
8.1

ks
Q
= 0.002
v = = 1.41 m/s
D
A
vD 1.41 0.3
Re =
=
= 371000

1.14 10 6
from Moody diagram (Fig. 8.4), = 0.024 , transitional

L v 2

0.024 100 1.412

= 0 .8 m
D 2g
0 .3
2g
from Wallingford chart (Fig. 8.5), hydraulic gradient 0.8 in 100
hf =

8.2

Wallingford chart (Fig. 8.5): hydraulic gradient 0.18 in 100 needed for v of
1.0 m/s giving Q of 300 l/s
Fig. 8.8: for

8.3

v
= 0. 8
vf

d
= 0.3 which gives D = 180 mm
D

ks
= 0.0033
D
from Moody diagram (Fig. 8.4), for Re down to 500 000, = 0.026
LE k L
0 .5
0.45 = 8.7 m
=
so LE =
0.026

determine minimum v to ensure R e 500 000

v 0.45
= 500 000 giving v = 1.27 m/s
1.14 10 6

8.4

so assumption is valid

d 150
=
= 0.25
D 600
from Fig. 8.8

and

Q
= 0.13
Qf

v
= 0.7 so v = 0.7 2.2 = 1.5 m/s
vf
so

Q = 80 l/s

Af = 0.283 m2
Pf = 1.885 m

R=

A
= 0.195
Af
P
from Fig. 8.8
= 0.335
Pf
from Fig. 8.8

A 0.055
=
= 0.09 m
P
0.63

a)
b)
c)
d)

8.6

A = 0.055 m2

so

P = 0.63 m

(or determine from Rf and Fig. 8.8)

0 = gRS0 = 1000 9.81 0.09

8.5

so

1
= 4.4 N/m2
200

from Fig. 8.9

1:190
d
from Fig. 8.9 at
= 0.83 giving depth of 250 mm
D
from Fig. 8.9 v would be 0.78 m/s
from Fig. 8.9 for v of 1.0 m/s and Q of 10 l/s gradient must be 1:95

from Fig. 8.5 Qf is 400 l/s

Q
d 100
=
= 0.22 from Fig. 8.8
= 0.12 giving Q 48 l/s
Qf
D 450
dc
0.048 0.506
= 0.567
= 0.33
D
0.451.264
therefore dc > d and so conditions are supercritical

equation (8.28)

8.7

d c = 0.33 0.45 = 0.15 m

1.93

0.15
= 2.19
equation (8.30) Fr 1 =

0 .1
since Fr1 > 1.7 use equation (8.32)
1. 8
d
0.151.8
d 2 = c0.73 =
= 0.18 m
0.10.73
d1

CHAPTER 9
9.1

dia below 200 mm would not be suitable

so try 200 mm and assume not drowned
water level 1.5 m H = 1.5 0.2 = 1.3 m
0. 2 2
Q = 0.6
2 g 1.3 = 95 l/s
4
water level 1.7 m gives Q of 102 l/s
so 200 mm is the appropriate diameter
check not drowned:
Wallingford chart or table for ks 0.03 mm gives Qf of 140 l/s
Q
d
= 0.73 for this, Fig. 8.8 gives
= 0.62
water level 1.7 m:
Qf
D

Fig. 9.3:
H > Hmin
9.2

D0 200
=
= 0.44
D 450
so not drowned

giving

H min
= 1.9 thus Hmin is 0.38 m
Do

hydraulic gradient is 1.5 m in 25 m or 6 in 100

Wallingford chart or table for ks 0.03 mm gives Qf of 125 l/s
inlet-controlled? Try orifice equation with H 1.5 m
0 .2 2
Q = 0.6
2 g 1.5 = 102 l/s
4
yes inlet-controlled (in fact H would be less than 1.5 m because the pipe
itself would have a gradient, see Fig. 9.6, but that would make Q lower,
therefore still inlet-controlled)

9.3

b 2.2 m

P 1.05 m

equation (9.5)

H 0.15 m

C d = 0.602 + 0.0832

0.15
= 0.614
1.05

3
2
Q = 0.614 2.2 2g [0.15 + 0.0012]2 = 0.235 m3/s
3

9.4

From geometry in Figure 9.13:

y=

B 2 .5
=
= 0.0625 m
z 40

From equation 9.9:

C=

1
2
o

1
2

zS
40 0.005
=
= 217.57
n
0.013

From 9.8:
8

Q = 0.31Cy 3 = 0.31 217.57 0.0625 3 = 0.042m 3 / s

CHAPTER 10
10.4

a)

b)

Population = 75 500 = 37, 500

Average domestic flow = 37500 160
Trade flow = 10000 500 0.1
Infiltration = 37500 20
Total
From table 10.4:

= 6.0 106 l/d

= 0.5 106 l/d
= 0.75 106 l/d
= 7.25 106 l/d = 84 l/s

PF =

5
P

1
5

37.5

1
5

= 2.42

Assuming the peak factor is applied to all flows,

Qp = 203 l/s
10.5

a)

Using a Butler-Pinkerton chart gives d/D= 0.65

d = 0.65 500 = 325 mm

b)

Using the same chart gives a flow capacity of 240 l/s at d/D = 0.75.
So solve for P (population) in:
5

(P 1000 )1

P 160 + 0.5 10 6 + P 20
= 240

3600 24

P= 40422
P = 2922
10.8

p = 10/300 = 0.0333

N=5

J=0.999

Using equation 10.5b e.g.

5!
P (0,5) =
0.0333 0 0.967 5
0!5!
And following equation 10.6:
r
0
1
2
3

P(r,N)
0.845
1.44
0.010
.

P(r,N)
0.845
0.989
0.999
.

So r = 2 (max discharging simultaneously)

10.10 150 mm dia pipe @ 1:300 flowing d/D = 0.75 Q = 8 l/s (B-P charts)
From equation 10.7:
8 = 0 .5 N 3 .5
8 = 0.046 N

N = 73
N = 174

CHAPTER 11
2

11.4

a)

Equation 11.2:

1
r = 1 1 = 0.75
2

50

b)
c)

1
r = 1 1 = 1.00
2
p = 1/T = 1/11 = 0.10
8

r = 1 1
10

d)
11.8

10

= 0.65

Use equation 11.5b (C= 1.0):

Equation 5.2 (MoH rainfall)

Sewer

L
(m)
180
90
90
90

1.0
2.0
3.0
1.1

A
(ha)
0.2
0.6
0.9
0.4

Q = 2.78 i Ai

A
(ha)
0.2
0.6
0.9
2.1

tc = tf + 4
(min)
6
5
5
7

and

i
(mm/h)
46.19
50.0
50.0
44.1

Q
(l/s)
26.1
83.4
125
257

11.11
2.5

1.1

1.5
A (ha)

1.0
2.0
3.0

SUM

0.5

0
1

Time (min)

The time area diagram shows a tangent (dashed line) can be drawn from t =
6mins, giving A = 20.5 ha. So using the Rational method and MoH rainfall:
A
2.05
Q = 2.78 750
= 2.78 750
= 267 l / s
6 + 10
t + 10
11.12 Using incremental areas read from time-area diagram:
Q(1)
Q(2)
Q(3)
Q(4)
Q(5)
Q(6)

= 0.05 x 20
= 0.40 x 20
= 0.40 x 20
= 0.40 x 20
= 0.45 x 20
= 0.35 x 20

+ 0.05 x 28
+ 0.40 x 28 + 0.05 x 64
+ 0.40 x 28 + 0.40 x 64
+ 0.40 x 28 + 0.40 x 64
+ 0.45 x 28 + 0.40 x 64

=1
= 9.4
= 22.4
= 44.8
= 45.8
= 45.2
9

Q(7) = 0.05 x 20 + 0.35 x 28 + 0.45 x 64

+ .

= 39.6

Qp = 2.78 45.8 = 127 l/s

CHAPTER 12
12.1

Equation 8:10
1.5 10 3
2.51 1.14 10 6

+
v f = 2 2g 0.002 0.75 log10
= 0.493 m 3 / s
3.7 0.75 0.75 2g 0.002 0.75

So, no, there is not sufficient capacity.

Using B-P charts or other Colebrook-White part full pipe flow solution methods
for Q = 15 l/s gives v = 0.44 m/s, so no this would not self cleanse.

12.5

E 2 l/s or 172 800 l/day

DWF = PG + I + E = 5000 180 1.1 + 172800 = 1 162 800 l/day or 13.5 l/s
setting = DWF + 1360P + 2E

= 1162 800 + 1360 5000 + 2 172 800 = 8 308 400 l/day or 96.2 l/s
i.e. 7.1 DWF

12.6

Table 12.1 gives storage of 80P i.e. 400 000 l

or 400 m3

rate storage would fill = 500 96.2 = 403.8 l/s

400 000
= 16.5 minutes
time to fill =
403.8

12.7

Table 12.2 gives multiplying factor of 2.0 for suspended solids

so average storm concentration can be taken as 800 mg/l
flow-rate to receiving water is 403.8 l/s
mass in 10 minutes = 403.8 10 60 800 = 194 kg

12.9

D is 0.6 m, which fixes main dimensions: width 1.4 0.6 = 0.84 m

length of weirs 8 0.6 = 4.8 m
etc (as Fig. 12.7)
use Fig.9.11 (all data confirms that this is appropriate)
Bu = Bd = 0.84 m
Qu = 350 l/s

Qu

gBu

= 0.03

L
= 5.7
Bu
10

Yu Pu
= 0.06
Bu
so upstream depth relative to weir crest (Yu Pu ) 50 mm

Fig. 9.11 gives

Yd Pd
= 0 .1
Bu
so downstream depth relative to weir crest (Yd Pd ) 80 mm

Fig. 9.11 gives

57
= 15%
380
for total efficiency of 40% Table 12.6 gives K of 1.28
equation (12.1) Dmin = KQ 0.4 = 1.28 0.38 0.4 = 0.87 m
so make diameter of inflow pipe 900 mm
from Fig. 12.4:
length inlet to scumboard
7D
6.3 m
width of chamber
2.5D
2.25 m
height of weir crest above inlet invert
1.2D
1.08 m

12.10 Flow ratio =

CHAPTER 13
13.1
Storm duration
D (minutes)
8
12
16

13.2

VI (iAiD)
(m3)
100.1
122.8
138.2

Intensity
I (mm/h)
41.7
34.1
28.8

VO (QOD)
(m3)
33.6
50.4
67.2

S (VI - VO)
(m3)
66.5
72.4
71

2
O = 0.63 1.5 2g H 1.5 = 2.79 H 1.5
3
H

(m)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

(m3/s)
0
0.088
0.25
0.458
0.706
0.986

(25 4 H)
(m3)
0
10
20
30
40
50

S O
+
t 2
(m3/s)
0
0.127
0.292
0.479
0.686
0.910

S O
against O
+
t 2
follow procedure in Table 13.3

plot

11

CHAPTER 14
14.1

plot pump characteristic against system characteristic (static lift + losses)

at operating point: flow-rate 0.105 m3/s head 19 m efficiency 55%
g 0.105 19
= 36 kW
power supplied =
0.55
in rising main, v = 2.1 m/s, which comfortably exceeds 0.75 m/s so OK

14.2

plot characteristic for pumps in parallel (as Figs 14.5 and 14.6)
at operating point: flow-rate 0.14 m3/s head 23 m
efficiency for each pump (flow-rate 0.07 m3/s) is 49%
g 0.14 23
power supplied =
= 64 kW
0.49
one pump is more efficient

14.4

equation (14.4) outflow rate should be 60 l/s

900 0.06
i) equation (14.5)
= 9 m3
V=
6
900 0.06
= 4 . 5 m3
ii) V =
12
4 .5
operating (emptying)
= 2.5 minutes
0.06 0.03
4 .5
= 2.5 minutes
idle (filling)
0.03

CHAPTER 15

15.2

DN 450 OD is 550 mm
from Table 15.5 min trench width is OD + 0.7 giving 1.25 m
depth of 2 m wont affect this (Table 15.6)
DN 200 OD is 244 mm
Table 15.5 gives min trench width is OD + 0.4 giving 0.644 m
however Table 15.6 (for depth 2 m) gives 0.9 m so this is minimum

15.3

from Table 15.4, the lower of the values for backfill and soil:
K = 0.13
minimum trench width:
Table 15.5 gives OD + 0.5 so 0.78 m; Table 15.6 gives 0.9 m
so Bd = 0.9 m
20.133

equation (15.3)
equation (15.2)

0. 9
1 e
Cd =
= 2.23
2 0.13
Wc = 2.23 19.6 0.9 2 = 35.4 kN/m

12

15.4

from Table 15.4: K = 0.19

Bc is outside diameter of pipe, 0.28 m
for complete projection, equation (15.5)
Cc =

20.193

0.28

= 152
2 0.19
for incomplete projection (Table 15.2)
3
0.09 = 16.9
Cc = 1.59
so use Cc = 16.9 (incomplete projection)
0.28
equation (15.4) Wc = 16.9 19.6 0.28 2 = 26 kN/m
the lower value of Wc should be used wide trench
15.5

Fig. 15.6, light road, for H of 3 m, Ps is 10 kN/m2

equation (15.6) Wcsu = 10 0.28 = 2.8 kN/m
equation (15.7)
equation (15.1)

0.225 2
= 0.3 kN/m
4
We = 26 + 2.8 + 0.3 = 29.1 kN/m

Ww = 0.75 1000g

equation (15.8)
Wt Fm We Fse so Wt Fm 29.1 1.25
so
Wt (kN/m)
Appropriate bedding
Fm
28
1.3
Class F
36
1.0
Class D
48
0.76

CHAPTER 16

16.7

Using data from table 16.4:

Type

Depth
(mm)

Vol
(m3/m)

A
C
Total

0-300
300-320

0.252
0.024

Bulk
density
(kg/m3)
1720
1170

BOD
(g/kg)

Unit BOD
(g/m length)

BOD
(kg)

3.1
5.4

1344
152

2016
228
2244

Volume of storm:
V
=
2.2 30 60 = 3960 m3
BOD (conc) = 2244/3960 = 567 mg/l

13

Type

Depth
(mm)

Vol
(m3/m)

A
C
Total

0-300
300-320

0.252
0.024

Bulk
density
(kg/m3)
1720
1170

COD
(g/kg)

Unit COD
(g/m length)

COD
(kg)

16.9
20.5

7325
576

10988
863
11851

COD = 2993 mg/l

16.10 A bed roughness of 1.2 mm can be used to estimate bed friction factor from
equation 16.10. Pipe runs half full so

b =

k
4 log10 b
3.7D

1. 2

4 log10

3.7 1000

= 0.0205

Equation 16.9:
vf =

8 b

82
= 0.88 m / s
1000 0.0205

For kb = 50 mm , b = 0.0716 (from equation 16.10). Then rearranging 16.9

gives:

b =

bv 2
8

1000 0.0716 0.88 2

= 6 .9 N / m 2
8

16.12 Pot sediment accumulation rate can be calculated form equation 16.17:
Note one sweep per month is 0.0125 sweeps per week
e=

br
bs + br

0.65 14 0.05
= 7.28 g / m 2 .wk
0.0125 + 0.05

From equation 16.18:

Tc =

(hmax Ap )Sd '

Ai e

0.090 1400 10 3 0.70

= 48 wk
250 7.28

16.13 Equation 16.19 can be rearranged to determine Q directly:

2
2
3 2
2
0.60g (0.5 10 ) 0.45 (2.65 1)
1 gd ' D p (SG 1) 1
Q = 1
=
1
72
72 10 6

0.90

= 2 .2 l / s

14

16.14 Using equations 16.14 and 16.15 applied to current conditions:

f
0.25
b = br + s = 0.06 +
= 0.085 wk 1
10
10
Equation 16.13:
Xu =

5
= 58.8 g / m 2
0.085

Now for the new situation of quadrupled sediment supply:

20

b=
=
= 0.34 wk 1
X u 58.8
fs = 10(b br ) = 10(0.34 0.06) = 2.8 wk 1

CHAPTER 17

17.7

Calculate hydraulic properties from equations 8.17 table 8.5

2d
2 240
1
= 2 cos 1
= 4.429 rad
D
300

2
D2
( sin ) = 0.30 (4.429 sin 4.429 ) = 0.061m 2
A=
8
8
D 0.30 4.429
P=
=
= 0.66 m
2
2
A
R = = 0.091m
P

B = D sin = 0.24 m
2

= 2 cos 1 1

So from Mannings equation (8.23):

vn
So = 2
3
R

0.75 0.012

=
2
= 0.0020

0.0913

Q = vA = 0.75 0.061 = 46 l / s
Given EBOD = 750 1.0710 = 1475 mg / l , from equation 17.4:
Z=

3(EBOD ) P
3(1475 ) 0.66
=
7600
1
1
1
1
B
0
.
24
So2 Q 3
0.20 2 46 3

15

CHAPTER 18
500 000

?
10
r

1 +

100
5% annual discount rate gives 307 000 so rehab is appropriate
7% gives 254 000 so rehabilitation is not appropriate in cost terms

18.1

Is cost of rehabilitation (280 000) is less than

18.2

Renovation cost, plus replacement cost discounted over 25 years gives:

850 000
500 000 +
= 751 000
1.05 25
This is less than the replacement cost (850 000) so it is more cost-effective
to renovate.

CHAPTER 21
21.4

Follow procedure in example 21.2, calculating L from equations (20.2) to

(20.4), based on the worst case infiltration of 25 mm/h:
D
(h)
0.083
0.166
0.25
0.5
1
2
4
6
10
24
48

i
(mm/h)
112.8
80.4
62
38.2
24.8
14.9
8.6
6.1
4
2
1.1

L
(m)
3.73
5.27
6.06
7.30
9.09
10.09
10.10
9.46
8.32
5.80
3.50

The critical case is 10.1 m at 4h.

CHAPTER 23
23.8

For this cross section, A = 2.5 d2 and R = 0.5d. So from continuity:

Q = vA = 0.3 = 1.0 2.5d2
d = 0.346 m
From Mannings equation (8.23):

16


vn
So =
2

3
0.5d

1.0 0.025

2
=

(0.5 0.346)

= 0.0065 1:150

17