ABSTRACT Ideal gas sensor is used to detect the presence of a dangerous LPG leak in your car or in a service station,

storage tank environment. This unit can be easily incorporated into an alarm unit, to sound an alarm or give a visual indication of the LPG concentration. The sensor has excellent sensitivity combined with a quick response time. The sensor can also sense iso-butane, propane, LNG and cigarette smoke. If the LPG sensor senses any gas leakage from storage the output of this sensor goes low. This low signal is monitored by the microcontroller and it will identify the gas leakage. Now the microcontroller is ready to make call. At first the dial relay is activated. It is the similar operation to speed dials the assigned number from the cell phone. Now our unit makes call to the saved speed dial cell number. The people who have the cell phone are accepting the call and send DTMF signal from the cell phone. That DTMF tone is received by our project and converts it to equivalent BCD number. This BCD is monitored by the microcontroller and gives output depending upon the BCD.

If we send DTMF for 1 the exhaust fan is run in slow speed. If we send DTMF for 2 the exhaust fan is operated in full speed. Other than this DTMF is sending the exhaust fan is stopped.
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INTRODUCTION The MQ5 Gas Vapor Monitor detects gas vapors at 10%, 20% or 30% of the concentration required for an explosion (LEL or Lower Explosive Limit). The desired sensitivity can be selected from the front panel and stored in the nonvolatile memory. When activated, the MQ5 built-in 85 dB alarm will sound and make call to the stored cell number. The alarm will continue to sound as long as the sensor detects a dangerous concentration of gas vapor or until the reset button is pressed. If the alarm is silenced by the use of the reset button, the MQ5 will automatically arm the alarm again as soon as the gas vapor has subsided.

BLOCK DIAGRAM

LPG DETECTOR

89S52 MICRO CONTROLLER

SHORTCUT DIAL RELAY

DTMF DECODER

CELL PHONE

RELAY DRIVER CELL PHONE

RELAY

EXHAUST FAN

BLOCK DIAGRAM DESCRIPTION LPG SENSOR It senses the leakage of LPG. The out put of this sensor is high at normal condition. The output goes low, when it senses the LPG. MICROCONTROLLER It is the whole control of the project. It controls the cell phone, relay unit, when LPG leak occurs. The input/ output ports of the microcontroller is used for this. SPEED DIAL RELAY It gives speed dial function to the cell phone automatically. CELL PHONE It is an ordinary cell phone, which has head set. DTMF is receive by this cell phone. DTMF DECODER DTMF means Dual Tone Multi Frequency. It is the tone which two frequency of sinusoidal signals. It is different for different keys of phone key pad. DTMF transmitted by cell phone is converted to its equivalent BCD by this unit.
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RELAY UNIT Relays are not directly driven by the microcontroller. Hence relay drivers are used for this purpose. Relays are used to operate the exhaust fan. EXHAUST FAN This is used to send out the LPG to space and then the concentration of LPG is reduced.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION If the LPG sensor senses any gas leakage from storage the out put of this sensor goes low. This low signal is monitored by the microcontroller and it will identify the gas leakage. Now the microcontroller is ready to make call.

At first the speed dial relay is activated. It is the similar operation to call the stored number and assigned as speed dial number. Now our unit makes call to the speed dialed cell number.

The people who have the cell phone are accepting the call and send DTMF signal from the cell phone. That DTMF tone is received by our project and converts it to equivalent BCD number. This BCD is monitored by the microcontroller and gives output depending upon the BCD.

If we send DTMF for 1 the exhaust fan is run in slow speed. If we send DTMF for 2 the exhaust fan is operated in full speed. Other than this DTMF is sending the exhaust fan is stopped.

LPG DETECTOR OPERATION PRINCIPLE The sensing material in TGS gas sensors is metal oxide, most typically SnO2. When a metal oxide crystal such as SnO2 is heated at a certain high temperature in air, oxygen is adsorbed on the crystal surface with a negative charge. Then donor electrons in the crystal surface are transferred to the adsorbed oxygen, resulting in leaving positive charges in a space charge layer. Thus, surface potential is formed to serve as a potential barrier against electron flow.

Inside the sensor, electric current flows through the conjunction parts (grain boundary) of SnO2 micro crystals. At grain boundaries, adsorbed oxygen forms a potential barrier which prevents carriers from moving freely. The electrical resistance of the sensor is attributed to this potential barrier. In the presence of a deoxidizing gas, the surface density of the negatively charged oxygen decreases, so the barrier height in the grain boundary is reduced. The reduced barrier height decreases sensor resistance.
CONNECTION DIAGRAM

PROGRAM
;*********LPG DETECTOR*********** DTMF EQU P1 STD EQU P3.1

MSG1 EQU P3.2 MSG2 EQU P3.3 MSG3 EQU P3.4 BUSY EQU P3.0 DRLY EQU P0.0 HSRLY FSRLY EQU P0.1 EQU P0.2

LPGIN EQU P2.0 ORG 00H mov tmod,#1h MOV P0,#00H MOV P1,#0FFH SETB STD CLR MSG1 CLR MSG2 CLR MSG3 SETB BUSY SETB LPGIN CLR STD SETB MSG1 SETB MSG2 SETB MSG3 CLR LPGIN MAIN: JNB LPGIN,MAIN SETB DRLY LCALL TIMER1 CLR DRLY
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LCALL TIMER2 CLR MSG1 HERE: JNB STD,HERE SETB MSG1 MOV A,DTMF CJNE A,#0F1H,LO1 CLR FSRLY SETB HSRLY SETB MSG3 LCALL TIMER1 CLR MSG2 HERE1: JNB BUSY,HERE1

LJMP HERE LO1: CJNE A,#0F2H,LO2 CLR HSRLY SETB FSRLY SETB MSG2 LCALL TIMER1 CLR MSG3 HERE2: JNB BUSY,HERE2

LJMP HERE LO2: CJNE A,#0F3H,LO3 CLR HSRLY SETB MSG2 SETB MSG3 LJMP HERE LO3: CJNE A,#0F4H,LO4 CLR FSRLY SETB MSG2 SETB MSG3 LJMP HERE
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LO4: LJMP MAIN

timer1: MOV R3,#20 AGAIN30: MOV TL0,#0b0H MOV TH0,#03cH SETB TR0 BACK10: JNB TF0,BACK10

CLR TR0 CLR TF0 DJNZ R3,AGAIN30 ret timer2: MOV R3,#40 AGAIN31: MOV TL0,#0b0H MOV TH0,#03cH SETB TR0 BACK11: JNB TF0,BACK11

CLR TR0 CLR TF0 DJNZ R3,AGAIN31 ret END

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IC DETAILS 89C52 MICROCONTROLLER DESCRIPTION The AT89C52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit

microcomputer with 8K bytes of Flash programmable and erasable read only memory (PEROM). The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard MCS-51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89C52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications. PIN DETAILS

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The AT89C52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, five vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, and on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89C52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator disabling all other chip functions until the next hardware reset.

Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, it uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.

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PIN DESCRIPTION PORT 0 Port 0 is an 8-bit open-drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 may also be configured to be the multiplexed low order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode P0 has internal pull ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming, and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull ups are required during program verification.

PORT 1 Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull ups. Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.

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PORT 2 Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,

PORT 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins they are pulled high by the internal pull ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull ups. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89C52 as listed below: Port 3 also receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification.

RST Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device.

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ALE/PROG Address Latch Enable output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency, and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note, however, that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external Data Memory. If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.

PSEN Program Store Enable is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89C52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.

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EA/VPP External Access Enable, EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will been internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program Executions. This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming, for parts that require 12-volt VPP.

XTAL1 Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.

XTAL2 Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.

OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS XTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier which can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source, XTAL2 should be left Unconnected while
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XTAL1 is driven by external clock source. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.

IDLE MODE In idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special functions registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset. It should be noted that when idle is terminated by a hard ware reset, the device normally resumes program execution, from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpected write to a port pin when Idle is terminated by reset, the instruction following the one that invokes Idle should not be one that writes to a port pin or to external memory.

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M8870 (DTMF DECODER)

DESCRIPTION The M-8870 is a full DTMF Receiver that integrates both band split filter and decoder functions into a single 18-pin DIP or SOIC package. Manufactured using CMOS process technology, the M-8870 offers low power consumption (35 mW max) and precise data handling. Its filter section uses switched capacitor technology for both the high and low group filters and for dial tone rejection. Its decoder uses digital counting techniques to detect and decode all 16 DTMF tone pairs into a 4-bit code. External component count is minimized by provision of an on-chip differential input amplifier, clock generator, and latched tri-state interface bus. Minimal external components required include a low-cost 3.579545 MHz color burst crystal, a timing resistor, and a timing capacitor.

PIN DETAILS

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PIN FUNCTIONS

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DTMF DECODING

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TIMING DIAGRAM

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ULN2803 (EIGHT DARLINGTON ARRAYS) DESCRIPTION The UTC ULN2803 is high-voltage, high-current Darlington drivers comprised of eight NPN Darlington pairs. FEATURES *Output current (single output) 500mA MAX. *High sustaining voltage output 50V MIN. *Output clamp diodes. *Inputs compatible with various types of logic. SCHEMATICS (EACH DRIVER)

PIN CONFIGURATION

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COMPONENTS DETAILS RESISTOR A resistor is a two-terminal electronic component designed to oppose an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in proportion to the current, that is, in accordance with Ohm's law: V = IR .

Resistors are used as part of electrical networks and electronic circuits. They are extremely commonplace in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel/chrome).The resistance symbol is shown in fig. SYMBOL

UNITS The ohm (symbol: ) is a SI-driven unit of electrical resistance, named after Georg Simon Ohm. Commonly used multiples and submultiples in electrical and electronic usage are the milliohm, kiloohm, and megohm.

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RESISTOR MARKING Most axial resistors use a pattern of colored stripes to indicate resistance. Surface-mount resistors are marked numerically, if they are big enough to permit marking; more-recent small sizes are impractical to mark. Cases are usually tan, brown, blue, or green, though other colors are occasionally found such as dark red or dark gray.

FOUR-BAND RESISTOR Four-band identification is the most commonly used color-coding scheme on all resistors. It consists of four colored bands that are painted around the body of the resistor. The first two bands encode the first two significant digits of the resistance value, the third is a power-of-ten multiplier or number-of-zeroes, and the fourth is the tolerance accuracy, or acceptable error, of the value. Sometimes a fifth band identifies the thermal coefficient, but this must be distinguished from the true 5-color system, with 3 significant digits.

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COLOR CODING FOR RESISTANCE

Color code B B R 0 Y G B V G W

Expansion Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White

Value 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

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CAPACITOR A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric. When a voltage potential difference exists between the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the plates. The effect is greatest between wide, flat, parallel, narrowly separated conductors. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage .The properties of capacitors in a circuit may determine the resonant frequency and quality factor of a resonant circuit, power dissipation and operating frequency in a digital logic circuit, energy capacity in a high-power system, and many other important aspects. A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-conductive region. The non-conductive substance is called the dielectric medium, although this may also mean a vacuum or a semiconductor depletion region chemically identical to the conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self28

contained and isolated, with no net electric charge and no influence from an external electric field. The conductors thus contain equal and opposite charges on their facing surfaces, and the dielectric contains an electric field. The capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits. An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of charge Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them:

Sometimes charge buildup affects the mechanics of the capacitor, causing the capacitance to vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor causes a voltage of one volt across the device. ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid as one of its plates. Typically, this is all a lies with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types; they are valuable in relatively high-current and low29

frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations, in rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be conducted but DC should not. Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance, allowing filters made with them to have very low corner frequencies. The electrolytic capacitor symbol is shown in fig. SYMBOL

CERAMIC CAPACITOR A ceramic capacitor is a two-terminal, non-polar device. The classical ceramic capacitor is the "disc capacitor". Ceramic disc capacitors are in widespread use in electronic equipment, providing high capacity & small size at low price compared to other low value capacitor types. Ceramic capacitors come in various shapes and styles. The ceramic capacitor symbol is shown in fig. SYMBOL

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DIODE Diodes have two active electrodes between which the signal of interest may flow, and most are used for their unidirectional electric current property.

The directionality of current flow most diodes exhibit is sometimes generically called the rectifying property. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction (called the forward biased condition) and to block the current in the opposite direction (the reverse biased condition). Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve.

Real diodes do not display such a perfect on-off directionality but have a more complex non-linear electrical characteristic, which depends on the particular type of diode technology. Diodes also have many other functions in which they are not designed to operate in this on-off manner. Today the most common diodes are made from semiconductor materials such as silicon or germanium. The symbol is shown in fig. SYMBOL

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LIGHT EMITTING DIODE (LED)

A light-emitting diode (LED) is an electronic light source. The LED was discovered in the early 20th century, and introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962. All early devices emitted low-intensity red light, but modern LEDs are available across the visible, ultraviolet and infra red wavelengths, with very high brightness.

LEDs are based on the semiconductor diode. When the diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with holes and energy is released in the form of light. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. The LED is usually small in area (less than 1 mm2) with integrated optical components to shape its radiation pattern and assist in reflection. The symbol of LED is shown in fig. SYMBOL

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LEDs present many advantages over traditional light sources including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size and faster switching. However, they are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than traditional light sources. The parts of LED are shown in fig.

PARTS OF LED

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RELAY
An electric current through a conductor will produce a magnetic field at right angles to the direction of electron flow. If that conductor is wrapped into a coil shape the magnetic field produced will be oriented along the length of the coil. The greater the current the greater the strength of the magnetic field and all other factors being equal:

Inductors react against changes in current because of the energy stored in this magnetic field. When we construct a transformer from two inductor coils around a common iron core we use this field to transfer energy from one coil to the other. However there are simpler and more direct uses for electromagnetic fields than the applications we've seen with inductors and transformers. The magnetic field produced by a coil of current-carrying wire can be used to exert a mechanical force on any magnetic object, just as we can use a permanent magnet to attract magnetic objects, except that this magnet (formed by the coil) can be turned on or off by switching the current on or off through the coil.

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If we place a magnetic object near such a coil for the purpose of making that object move when we energize the coil with electric current, we have what is called a solenoid. The movable magnetic object is called an armature and most armatures can be moved with either direct current (DC) or alternating current (AC) energizing the coil. The polarity of the magnetic field is irrelevant for the purpose of attracting an iron armature. Solenoids can be used to electrically open door latches, open or shut valves, move robotic limbs and even actuate electric switch mechanisms. However, if a solenoid is used to actuate a set of switch contacts, we have a device so useful it deserves its own name: the relay.

Relays are extremely useful when we have a need to control a large amount of current and/or voltage with a small electrical signal. The relay coil which produces the magnetic field may only consume fractions of a watt of power, while the contacts closed or opened by that magnetic field may be able to conduct hundreds of times that amount of power to a load. In effect, a relay acts as a binary (on or off) amplifier.

Just as with transistors, the relay's ability to control one electrical signal with another finds application in the construction of logic functions. This topic will be covered in greater detail in another lesson. For now, the relay's "amplifying" ability will be explored.
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In the above schematic, the relay's coil is energized by the low-voltage (12 VDC) source while the single-pole single-throw (SPST) contact interrupts the high-voltage (230V AC) circuit. It is quite likely that the current required to energize the relay coil will be hundreds of times less than the current rating of the contact. Typical relay coil currents are well below 1 amp while typical contact ratings for industrial relays are at least 10 amps.

One relay coil/armature assembly may be used to actuate more than one set of contacts. Those contacts may be normally-open, normally-closed or any combination of the two. As with switches the "normal" state of a relay's contacts is that state when the coil is de-energized just as we would find the relay sitting on a shelf, not connected to any circuit.

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Relay contacts may be open-air pads of metal alloy, mercury tubes or even magnetic reeds just as with other types of switches. The choice of contacts in a relay depends on the same factors which dictate contact choice in other types of switches. Open-air contacts are the best for high-current applications but their tendency to corrode and spark may cause problems in some industrial environments. Mercury and reed contacts are sparkles and won't corrode but they tend to be limited in current-carrying capacity.

The symbols of relay are shown in fig.

SYMBOLS

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POWER SUPPLY

Power supply for the complete unit can be derived from the mains using a step-down transformer of 230V AC primary to 0-12V, 500mA secondary. A fullwave rectifier followed by a capacitor filter is the output voltage and feeds it to the 5-volt regulator (LM7805) whose output is used to the power supply requirements of microcontroller circuit, other ICs.

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RECTIFIER: The DC voltage is obtained from a sinusoidal input can be done by using a process called full-wave rectification. It used 4 diodes in a bridge configuration. From the basic bridge configuration we see that two diodes (say D2 & D3) are conducting while the other two diodes (D1 & D4) are non- conducting during the positive half cycle of period (t = 0 to T/2). For negative half cycle of the input the conducting diodes are D1 & D4, thus the polarity to the load is the same. FILTER: The filter circuit used here is the capacitor filter circuit where a capacitor is connected at the rectifier output, and a steady DC is obtained across it. The filtered waveform is essentially a DC voltage with negligible ripples, which is ultimately fed to the load. REGULATOR: The output voltage from the capacitor is more filtered and finally

regulated. The voltage regulator is a device, which maintains the output voltage constant irrespective of the change in supply variations, load variation and temperature changes. Here we use one fixed voltage regulator namely LM 7805. The regulator IC 7805 is a + 5V regulator.

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TRANSFORMER The transformers are which converts low potentials to high potentials is called a step up transformer, whereas the one which converts high potentials to low potentials is called a step down transformer. A step down transformer is symbolically represented as shown in Fig.

A transformer usually consists of a rectangular (or a circular) core of steel iron in the form of laminated sheet insulated from one another. The primary and the secondary coils are wound up on iron core so as to avoid leakage of magnetic flux and are well insulated from one another. In the step up transformer the number of turns in the secondary coils is grater than the number of turns in the primary coil while opposite in the case of the step down transformer. Transformers serve two important functions in electronic instruments. They change the A.C line voltage to a useful value that can be used by the circuit and they isolate the electronic device from actual connection to the power line because the winding of transformer are electrically insulated from each others. The action of a transformer is based on the phenomenon of mutual inductance.

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SOLDERING Soldering is the process of a making a sound electrical and mechanical joint between certain metals by joining them with a soft solder. This is a low

temperature melting point alloy of lead and tin. The joint is heated to the correct temperature by soldering iron. For most electronic work miniature mains powered soldering irons are used. These consist of a handle on to which is mounted the heating element. On the end of the heating element is what is know as the bit, So called because it is the bit that heats the joint up. Solder melts at around 190 degrees centigrade, and the bit reaches a temperature of over 250 degrees centigrade. This temperature is plenty hot enough to inflict a nasty bourn, consequently care be taken. SOLDERING TECHNIQUES: After cleaning the area with steel wool or fine abrasive put on a dab of flux and a flattened piece of solder(just squish off a piece with your pliers) sandwiched between the bezel and the tab. Putting heat to it with a soldering gun, you will feel the solder melt and the tab attach to the bezel. Heat for a few seconds more, and then carefully remove the gun. Sometimes letting the gun cool for a short time will aid in removal without disturbing the solder bond.
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 Clean any trances of extra flux thoroughly, so that it doesnt corrode the bezel later. TYPES OF SOLDERING: 1. Soft soldering 2. Hard soldering (brazing)

SOFT SOLDERING: Soft soldering is used for fixing electronic components over PCBs the classified by its composition.

60- 40 : 60% LEAD 40% TIN HARD SOLDERING 40-60 : 40% LEAD 62% SOFT SOLDERING A small amount of flux is used while soldering it does the following operation. Flux removes the dirt present in the leads of the soldering. Flux reduces the surface tension of the molten solder and does a bead shaped soldering it obtained. Further it reduced the oxidation of molten solder and with atmosphere oxygen and does prevent dry soldering
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PCB PREPARATION The surface of the copper must be absolutely clean and completely free of oils, oxides, stains and finger salts. This is achieved by gently rubbing the surface of the copper using a small amount of detergent and 600 grit wet and dry paper with a circular scrubbing motion. This will actually remove a very slight amount of copper, but don't worry because this is exactly the process the professionals use in commercial photo processing. The appearance of the copper surface when this process is finished will be uniformly dull all over, with tens of thousands of fine circular scratches which form a 'key' on the copper surface to which the toner can bond. When this surface appearance has been achieved, the board surface is carefully rinsed off and then dried using a freshly laundered (no oils!) lint free (old!) cotton tea towel. Do not touch the board surface after it has been dried. If you do finger oils will destroy toner adhesion. Transferring the Image To transfer the image, fold the paper around the PCB material so that no relative movement between the two is possible. The back of the paper is then ironed on a hard flat surface (an ironing board will not do as it is too soft - a flat kitchen chopping board is ideal). The iron temperature is adjusted so that after about 20 seconds of ironing the back surface of the clay paper has been uniformly
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discolored to a light yellow. Typically the iron temperature setting used will be towards the upper end of scale (cotton or linen) and the iron is of course used DRY. The clay paper surface should remain flat during ironing and particular attention should be paid to the corners of the PCB pattern with the iron tip. The paper/PCB assembly is then allowed to cool for about 5 minutes until it is near room temperature. (Do not throw the PCB/paper assembly into water while it is hot as this will destroy the toner/copper adhesion.) When the assembly has cooled, soak it in water for 5 minutes. Removing the Paper, Etching, and Cleanup Take a very soft nail brush, coat its surface with Velvet soap, and gently scrub the rear of the paper, keeping everything wet. The objective here is to reduce about 70% of the paper thickness to pulp but not to break through to the copper surface. The Velvet soap assists in wetting the junction between the clay backing and the toner and assuring its damage-free release. The last part of the backing is removed using the finger tips only with a gentle circular rubbing motion. Be patient and use only light pressure. If you have done everything correctly the undamaged toner track pattern should now appear on the surface of the copper. If there are minor defects, repair them with a DALO pen or similar. The PCB is then etched in one of the standard etching solutions such as 43% ferric chloride. This
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allows the chemical products of etching to fall away from the copper surface, exposing fresh copper and minimizing etch times. Damage to the toner resist can be prevented by drilling 3 or 4 holes in the waste areas of the PCB and fitting plastic stand-offs. It will be found that toner is an extraordinarily good resist and that it will tolerate brutal over etching. When etching is finished, the toner is removed with lacquer thinners or a hydrocarbon such as petrol.

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APPLICATION Our project is applicable in 1. Homes 2. Factories 3. LPG storage 4. Gas cars 5. Hotels etc.

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CONCLUSION We have finally succeeded in making the MICROCONTROLLER BASED LPG DETECTOR WITH EXHAUST FAN CONTROL BY CELL PHONE Satisfactorily. More knowledge is gained and more experiences are faced lot of

informations are collected ultimately, we have concluded with a great pleasure for achieving our aim.

We have planned to fulfill our technical requirements. The knowledge we have attained with this project really would follow till the end of our career.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. ELECTRONICS FOR YOU PROJECTS VOL.21 2. ELECTRONICS FOR YOU APRIL 2005 3. ELECTRONICS DEVICES AND CIRCUITS METHAL.G.K 4. DIGITAL ELECTRONICS MALVINO 5. WWW.DATASHEETS 4U.COM

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