Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

Task 1
1.1 (a) Obtain manufacturers data sheets for the following integrated circuits: Timer IC. Attached (b) Operational Amplifier IC. Attached (c) Linear Voltage Regulator IC. Attached
1.2

For each of the above integrated circuits, identify the IC number. Timer IC LM555CM Operational Amplifier IC LM124 Linear Voltage Regulator IC LM125

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

1.3

Briefly describe the operation of each device. LM555CM (Timer IC) The LM555CM IC Chip is a highly stable device which can be used for generating accurate time delays or oscillation. In a timing scenario for a Monostable circuit the time period can be easily controlled by the pairing of a resistor and a capacitor. For an astable circuit the use of two resistors and one capacitor can be used. The LC555Cm IC Chip can be used for multiple applications in a number of circuits, for example: Precision Timing Pulse Generation Sequential Timing Time Delay Generation Pulse Width Modulation Pulse Position Modulation Linear Ramp Generator Below is a top down view of the interior of the LC555CM IC Chip.

The Voltage supply (+Vcc) goes to pin 8 with 0V (Ground) connected to Pin 1. The Trigger (Pin 2) starts the timing IC by providing a pulse. Depending on the time interval of the chip (Determined by t=RC1.1 for a Monostable circuit) will vary the output, it will give an output voltage level for that time period of the +Vcc Supply Voltage. The timing interval can be interrupted by using the reset at pin 4. At pin 5 there is access to the internal Potential divider. The threshold determines when the timing interval is complete. The Discharge (Pin 7) is connected to a capacitor, this will also determine the time interval.

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

LM124 (Operational Amplifier IC) The LM124 IC Chip contains four Operational Amplifiers which are designed to specifically work from one power source over a wide range of voltages. This eliminates the need of dual power supplies. The Op Amp can be used in many applications such as: Non-Inverting DC Gain DC Summing Amplifier Power Amplifier LED Driver Bi-Quad RC Active Bandpass Filter Fixed Current Sources Lamp Driver Current Monitor Pulse Generator Square wave Oscillator Driving TTL Voltage Follower High Compliance Current Sink Low Drift Peak Detector Comparator with Hysteresis Below is a top down view of the interior of the LM124 IC Chip.

There is a voltage supply to Pin 4 and Pin 11 is connected to 0V (Ground). Pins 3, 5, 10 and 12 are all the Non Inverting Inputs. Pins 2, 6, 9 and 13 are all the Inverting Inputs. Pins 1, 7, 8 and 14 are all the Outputs of the Op Amp. The Op Amp is used to give a gain in voltage from its inputs and is one of the most widely used electronic devices.

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

LM125 (Linear Voltage Regulator IC) The LM125 IC Chip is used for providing positive and negative output voltages which are at currents of up to 100mA. It has a standby current drain of 3mA and the current limit is externally adjustable. The LM125 IC Chip can be used in many applications such as: 2 Amp Boosted Regulator with Current Limiter Positive Current Dependant Simultaneous Current Limiting Boosted Regulator with Foldback Current Limit Electric Shutdown Circuit Below is an interior schematic diagram view of the LM125 IC Chip.

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

1.4

Describe two system applications for each device and produce the circuit diagram of the application in each case. LM555CM (Timer IC) Monostable Operation

The Monostable circuit is designed to give a single pulse at the Output. It is called a monostable as it is only stable in one state, which is when the Output is Low. When the Output is High it is only temporary. The length of the pulse is called the Time Period and is determined by the Capacitor (C) and the Resistor (Ra), as shown in the following equation: T=1.1 x Ra x C1 The longest reliable time period is around 10 minutes anything longer and the calculation becomes unreliable. The timing period begins when the Trigger (Pin2) is supplied with a voltage less than 1/3 that of the supply voltage. Once this has happened the Capacitor (C) begins to charge through the Resistor (Ra). Through the time it takes for the capacitor to fully charge, the Output state will remain high. During the charging of the capacitor all other trigger pulses will be ignored. The threshold monitors the voltage across the charging capacitor, when this reaches 2/3 of the voltage supply the time period finishes and the Output returns to Low.

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

The Discharge (Pin 7) then connects to 0V and in turn discharges the capacitor to ready it for the next cycle. By connecting the reset to a push button and down to 0V all other inputs can be cancelled by closing the connection on the push button. This will make the output return to the low state immediately and will discharge the capacitor.

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

Astable Operation

The Astable circuit is designed to give continuous clock pulses, once triggered (Pin 2). The Capacitor (C) is charged through the two series resistors (Ra) and (Rb). Once the voltage across the Capacitor reaches 2/3 that of the Supply Voltage, the Output returns to a Low State. The Capacitor will discharge through the Resistor (Rb) as the Discharge (Pin 7) has now switched to 0V. The voltage across the Capacitor will soon reach 1/3 that of the Supply Voltage again, removing the Discharge (Pin 7) from 0V and begins charging the Capacitor until it reaches 2/3 of the Supply Voltage. The cycle will continue until the reset is connected to 0V.

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

LM124 (Operational Amplifier IC) Single Op-Amp Bandpass Filter The bandpass filter is designed to allow certain frequencies through and block frequencies that are out of the bandpass range. The range of frequencies that are allowed through is called the Passband, it is determined by the Upper and Lower limits. The Upper and Lower limits are not evenly spaced against the Centre Frequency, however if they were plotted in Log Graph paper they would be. To work out the Centre Frequency the following equation should be used: Centre Frequency = Square Root of the (Lower Frequency * Upper Frequency) The Filter Bandwidth (BW) is the difference between the Upper and Lower Limits. The Quality Factor (Q) is determined by the Centre Frequency divided by the Filter Bandwidth. For a single Op-Amp Bandpass Filter with both of the capacitors at the same value, the Quality Factor has to be greater than the Square Root of half of the Gain. This means that a Gain of 98 for example, would need a Quality Factor of 7 or more. The Diagram shows a 1.7 KHz bandpass filter with a Quality Factor of 8 and a gain of 65 at 1.7 KHz. The capacitors have to be the same value, therefore 0.01uF is used for both as it is a common value in audio frequency circuits. The Resistor values are worked out using the following three formulas: R1 = Q / (G*C*2*Pi*F) R2 = Q / (((2*Q^2)-G)*C*2*Pi*F) R3 = (Q*2) / (C*2*Pi*F) R1 = 8 / (65*0.00000001*2*Pi*1700) R1 = 1152.252982 or 1K1 R2 = 8 / (((2*8^2)-65)*0.00000001*2*Pi*1700) R2 = 1188.832441 or 1K2 R3 = (8*2) / (0.00000001*2*Pi*1700) R3 = 149792.8876 or 150K

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

Low Power Op-Amp (50mW Audio Amplifier) In the circuit below there is a small 8 ohm speaker which represents a microphone. This is coupled to the Operational Amplifier Input through a 0.01uF Capacitor. The speaker will pick up low frequencies easily and the small value capacitor attenuates the lower tones and helps to produce a better overall response. By varying this capacitor results in differences in response of different speakers. The voltage gain of the Op-Amp determined by the feedback resistor which is around 1K on the below diagram. The non inverting input (Pin 3) has around half of the voltage supply, this gives Pin 3 around 4.5V. Because both of the inputs are equal, when the Op-Amp is operating within is Linear Range, the voltage at Pin 2 (the Inverting Input) and the emitter of the transistor will also be 4.5V. At the emitter the voltage will change by around 2V whenever the input is changed by around 2mV. The output speaker power is about R * I^2 = 8 * 0.06^2 = 0.0288 or 28.8mW. The 100 Resistor and the 47uF Capacitor helps to prevent oscillation. There is also a 22uF Capacitor which helps to further stabilise the operation of the device at the non-inverting input.

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

ADP1720 (Linear Voltage Regulator IC) 10A Regulator with Foldback Current Limiting T

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Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

Positive Current Dependent Simultaneous Current Limiting T

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Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Operation of IC Devices in Analogue Circuits

Bibliography
http://ludens.cl/Electron/solarreg/Solarr~1.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_to_DC_converter http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/Bill_Bowden/opamp.htm http://www.national.com/mpf/LM/LM555.html http://www.national.com/mpf/LM/LM124.html http://www.analog.com/en/power-management/linearregulators/ADP1720/products/product.html

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