Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

Task 1
1.1

Solve the following simultaneous equations using a graphical technique

e.g. Graphmatica.
4x 3y = 18
x + 2y = -1

This Graph shows that x = 3.0 and y=-2.0.

(4 x 3) (3 x -2) = 18
(3) + (2 x -2) = -1

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

1.2

A body is in free fall. In the first second of motion it falls 5m, in the
second second of motion it falls 15m, and in the third second of motion
it falls 25m etc.

(a)

How far does it fall in 12 seconds?

a = 5 metres
r = 10 metres
N = 12 seconds
SN =

N
{ 2a + ( N 1).r}
2

SN =

12
{10 + (12 1).10}
2

S N =720 m
etres

(b)

How far does it fall in 14 seconds?

N TH Term = a + ( N 1).r
14TH Term = 5 + (14 1).10
1
4

(c)

T
H

T
e
rm

=
1
3
5

m
e
tre
s

How long will it take to fall 3000m?

N
{10 + ( N 1.).10}
2
6000 = N {10 + 10 N 10}
6000 = N {10 N }

3000 =

6000 = 10 N 2
600 = N 2
600 = N
N =
2
4 .5 s
e
c

o
n
d
s

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

1.3

Car production in the first week of a new model was 150.

If production continues with a fall per week of 2%:

(a)

Find the total car production output after 52 weeks, from the
commencement of production in the new model.

a 1 r N
1 r

S 52 =

150 1 0.98 52
1 0.98

S 52 =4877

(b)

SN =

to 0 decimal place

How many cars will be produced in the second 52 weeks, assuming

the same fall per week?
S Second 52Weeks =
S Second

52 W
eeks

150 1 0.98104 150 1 0.98 52

1 0.98
1 0.98

=1706

to 0 decimal place

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

1.4

Given that Z1 = 1 + j2 and Z2 = 4 j3 evaluate in Cartesian Form:

(a)

Z1.Z 2
Z1.Z 2 = (1 + j 2 )( 4 j 3)
= 4 j 3 + j8 j 2 6
j 2 = 1

= 4 + j 5 ( 1 6)
= 10 + j 5
Z =10 +j 5

(b)

Z1
Z2
Z1 (1 + j 2 ) ( 4 + j 3)
=

Z 2 ( 4 j 3) ( 4 + j 3)
=

4 + j 3 + j8 + j 2 6
42 + 32

4 + j11 6
25

2 + j11
25

2
11
+j
25
25

j 2 = 1

Z =

0. 0
8 +j 0.4
4

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

1.5

Given that Z1 = 20 / 40 and Z2 = 4 / 20, evaluate in Polar Form:

(a)

Z1.Z 2

Z1 = 20400
Z 2 = 4200
Z1.Z 2 = 20 4400 + 200
Z =80
60

(b)

Z1
Z2
Z1 = 20400
Z 2 = 4200
Z1 20400
=
Z 2 4200
Z1 20
=
400 200
Z2 4
Z =5
20

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

1.6
selected at

The values of capacitance in microfarads of 10 capacitors

random are:

34.3, 25.0, 30.4, 34.6, 29.6, 28.7, 33.4, 32.7, 29.0, 31.3 F
Determine correct to 2 decimal places:
(a)

The mean value

34 .3 +25 +30 .4 +34 .6 +29 .6 +28 .7 +33 .4 +32 .7 +29 +31 .3
=30 .90 F
10

(b)

The variance
Variance =

xx

N
x
25.0
28.7
29.0
29.6
30.4
31.3
32.7
33.4
34.3
34.6

Variance =
Variance =
(c)

x
30.9
30.9
30.9
30.9
30.9
30.9
30.9
30.9
30.9
30.9

lx-xI
5.9
2.2
1.9
1.3
0.5
0.4
1.8
2.5
3.4
3.7
=

Ix-xI2
34.81
4.84
3.61
1.69
0.25
0.16
3.24
6.25
11.56
13.69
80.1

80.1
10
8.01 F

The standard deviation

Standard Deviation = 8.01

Standard Deviation =

2.83 F

2 Decimal Places

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

1.7

The frequency distribution for these values of resistance in ohms of 48

resistors is as follows:
20.5-20.9
21.0-21.4
21.5-21.9
22.0-22.4
22.5-22.9
23.0-23.4

3
10
11
13
9
2

Determine correct to 3 significant figures:

(a)

The mean value

( 20.7 3) + ( 21.2 10 ) + ( 21.7 11) + ( 22.2 13) + ( 22.7 9) + ( 23.2 2)
x=
3 + 10 + 11 + 13 + 9 + 2
x=

1052.1
48

x =
2
1 .9

(b)

3 Significant Figures

The variance
(x)
f
20.7
3
21.2
10
21.7
11
22.2
13
22.7
9
23.2
2
48

Ix-xI
1.21875
0.71875
0.21875
0.28125
0.78125
1.28125

Ix-xI2
1.485351563
0.5166015625
0.0478515625
0.0791015625
0.6103515625
1.641601563

f . Ix-xI2
4.456054689
5.166015625
0.5263671875
1.028320313
5.543164063
3.283203126
20.0031250035

f x x = 4.456054689+ 5.166015625+ 0.5263671875+ 1.028320313+ 5.543164063+ 3.283203126

2

f x x = 20.0031250035
20.0031250035
48
Variance = 0.4167317709
Variance=

V
a
r
ia
n
c
e

(c)

=
0 .4
1
7

to 3 Decimal Places

The standard deviation

= 0.4167317709
= 0.6455476519
=
0.6
4
6

to 3 Decimal Places

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

Task 2
2.1

The intensity of radiation R from certain radioactive materials at a

particular time t is determined by the following engineering law:
R = kt n
Where k and t are constants.
In an experiment to test this law the following values were obtained:
R
t

(a)

58
1.5

43.5
2

26.5
3

14.5
5

10
7

Using the laws of logarithms reduce the above law to straight line form.
LOGR = LOGkt n
LOGR = LOGk + LOGt n
LOGR = LOGk + nLOGt

LOGR = nLOGt + LOGk

y = mx + c

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

(b)

Plot the graph of the straight line on log log graph paper.

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

(c)

From the graph determine the values of the constants k and n.

Two sets of coordinates from the line of best fit:
(3.453 , 22.564)
(10.316 , 6.304)
LOG ( 22.564 ) = nLOG ( 3.453) + LOGk
LOG ( 6.304 ) = nLOG (10.316 ) + LOGk
Subtract Equation

from Equation

1
2
1

LOG ( 22.564 ) LOG ( 6.304 ) = nLOG ( 3.453) nLOG (10.316 )

22.564
3.453
LOG
= nLOG

6.304
10.316
So
22.564
LOG

6.304

n=
3.453
LOG

10.316
n = 1.165122439
n =

1.1
6
5

to 3d.p.

10

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

Sub n into Equation

LOG ( 22.564 ) = 1.165122439 LOG ( 3.453) + LOGk

LOG ( 22.564 ) LOGk = 1.165122439 LOG ( 3.453) + LOGk LOGk
LOG ( 22.564 ) LOGk = 1.165122439 LOG ( 3.453)
LOGk = 1.165122439 LOG ( 3.453) LOG ( 22.564 )
( LOGk ) = ( 1.165122439 LOG ( 3.453) LOG ( 22.564 ) )
LOGk = 1.165122439 LOG ( 3.453) LOG ( 22.564 )
LOGk = 1.980481001
k = 10 1.980481001
k =
9
5 .6
0
5
0
8
7
0
1

The LAW is given by:

R =
9
5 .6
0
5
0
8
7
0
1

1.1
6
5
1
2
2
4
3
9
t

11

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

2.2

A simple circuit has the following two impedances connected in

parallel:

(a)
(b)

Z1 = 8 + j2
Z2 = 2 j8
Calculate the total impedance Z giving the answer in both Polar and
Cartesian forms:
Z=

Z 1 Z 2
Z1 + Z 2

Z1r = 8 2 + 2 2
Z1r = 8.246211251
2
Z1 = Tan 1
8
Z1 = 14.03624347
Z1 =
8.2
4
6
2
1
1
2
5
1

1
4 .0
3
6
2
4
3
4
7

Z 2r = 2 2 + 8 2
Z 2r = 8.246211251
8
Z 2 = Tan 1

2
Z 2 = 75.96375653
Z2 =
8.2
4
6
2
1
1
2
5
1

Z =

(8.246211251
(8.246211251

7
5 .9
6
3
7
5
6
5
3

14 .03624347
14 .03624347

) (8.246211251
) +(8.246211251

12

75 .96375653
75 .96375653

)
)

Brendan Burr

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

Top Line:
r = 8.246211251 8.246211251
r = 68

= 14.03624347 + 75.96375653
= 61.92751306
=
6
8

6
1 .9
2
7
5
1
3
0
6

Bottom Line:
Addition and Subtraction is not possible in Polar Form, therefore the
Cartesian Form must be used.
To convert to Cartesian Form the following equation can be used:
r 2 = x2 + y2
x = r.Cos
y = r.Sin

Therefore:
8.246211251 Cos(14.03624347 ) = 8
8.246211251 Sin(14.03624347 ) = 2
x = 8+2
x = 10
8.246211251 Cos( 75.96375653 ) = 2
8.246211251 Sin( 75.96375653 ) = 8
y = 2 + 8
y = 6
r = 10 2 + 62
r =
1
1 .6
6
1
9
0
3
7
9

13

BTEC National Certificate in Electronics

Brendan Burr

Applied Algebraic and Graphical Techniques

y
= Tan 1
x

6
= Tan 1

10

3
0 .9
6
3
7
5
6
5
3

Z =

Zr =
Z
r

68 61 .92751306
11 .66190379 30 .96375653

68
11.66190379

=
5.8
3
0
9
5
1
8
9
5

Z = 61.92751306 30.96375653
Z

3
0 .9
6
3
7
5
6
5
3

Z = 5.830951895 30 .96375653
OR
Z = 5.830951895 30 57 '49 .52 ' '

Polar to Cartesian:
5.830951895 Cos ( 30.96375653 ) = 5
5.830951895 Sin( 30.96375653 ) = 3
Z = 5 j3
Therefore the answer to 3 Decimal Places is:
Cartesian Form
Polar Form

Z =
5.0
0
0
Z =
5 .8
3
1

j 3 .0
0
0

3
0 .9
6
4

14