Citation Style for Research Papers

Library Homepage RefWorks Students' Guide to Preventing and Avoiding Plagiarism Anatomy of a Citation Evaluating Information Library vs. Web Evaluating Internet Resources Ethics in the Information Age Starting Your Research The complete hardcopy style manuals are kept on reserve in the Reference Department. These contain examples about citing a wider variety of sources than these web pages do, as well as other things you may need to know, such as margins, font size, etc. RefWorks is a web-based bibliography and database manager that allows users to create their own personal database by importing references from text files or online databases. They can use these references in writing their papers and automatically format the paper and the bibliography in seconds. Select "Sign up for an Individual Account" and then choose your own login name and password.

APA

Turabian

MLA

Chicago

AMA

Which should you use? Ask each of your teachers which style they want you to use. If they have no preference, you can use any or follow these guidelines: APA: psychology, education, and other social sciences. MLA: literature, arts, and humanities. AMA: medicine, health, and biological sciences. Turabian: designed for college students to use with all subjects. Chicago: used with all subjects in the "real world" by books, magazines, newspapers, and other non-scholarly publications.

EndNote Web works with ISI Web of Knowledge and other databases to enable users to save, organize, format, and share their lists of citations. [Note: Access is limited to six simultaneous users, so please click the "Log Out" button when you are finished.] Click on the "Register" link to create your individual account and to choose a password.

Citing Internet Sources Each of the above styles includes internet sources. If you are not obligated to follow any specific style and want clearer examples, I've created my own style.

Robert Delaney robert.delaney@liu.edu

Long Island University C.W. Post Campus Library Homepage

http://www.liu.edu/CWIS/CWP/library/workshop/citation.htm

Turabian Citation Style

A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 6th edition
Follow these color codes:

Author(s) Date

Title of Book

Title of Article Title of Periodical Publisher Other Information

Volume Pages Place of Publication

Book
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. 1993. Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York: Pocket Books.

Journal Article
Wilcox, Rhonda V. 1991. Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture 13 (June): 53-65.

Newspaper or Magazine Article

Di Rado, Alicia. 1995. Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, 15 March, A3.

Encyclopedia Article
Well-known reference books used as sources are not included in the Reference List but are cited in parentheses within the text.

(Theodore Sturgeon, "Science fiction," in Encyclopedia Americana, 1995 ed.)

Book Article or Chapter

James, Nancy E. 1988. Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In Spectrum of the fantastic, ed. Donald Palumbo, 219-223. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. 1993. Sibling communication in Star trek: The next generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Speech

Communication Association. ERIC, ED 364 932.

Website
Lynch, Tim. 1996. DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Peoria, IL: Bradley University. On-line. Available from Internet, http:// www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html, accessed 8 October 1997.

Notes
There are two different Turabian Styles. The one shown above is for a Reference List which is starting to become the more common one. See the printed manual for the other. Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling books, articles, etc. Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces. If you are using a typewriter and cannot use italics, then use underlining. If no author is given, start with the title and then the date. Websites: include the date the page was created (or updated) and the date you looked at it. The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details. For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual. Other Styles

MLA Citation Style

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th edition
Follow these color codes:

Author(s) Place of Publication

Title of Book Publisher

Title of Article Date

Title of Periodical Other Information

Volume Pages

Book
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future. New York: Pocket, 1993.

Journal Article
Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in Star Trek: The Next Generation." Studies in Popular Culture 13.2 (1991): 53-65.

Newspaper or Magazine Article

Di Rado, Alicia. "Trekking through College: Classes Explore Modern Society Using the World of Star Trek." Los Angeles Times 15 Mar. 1995: A3.

Book Article or Chapter

James, Nancy E. "Two Sides of Paradise: The Eden Myth According to Kirk and Spock." Spectrum of the Fantastic. Ed. Donald Palumbo. Westport: Greenwood, 1988. 219-223.

Encyclopedia Article

(well known reference books)

Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia Americana. International ed. 1995.

Encyclopedia Article

(less familiar reference books)

Horn, Maurice. "Flash Gordon." The World Encyclopedia of Comics. Ed. Maurice Horn. 2 vols. New York: Chelsea, 1976.

Gale Reference Book

(and other books featuring reprinted articles)

Shayon, Robert Lewis. "The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review 17 June 1967: 46. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed. Sharon R. Gunton. Vol. 17. Detroit: Gale Research, 1981. 403.

ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next Generation: Conflicts between Brothers. Miami: Speech Communication Assn., 1993. ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED364932.

Website
Lynch, Tim. "DSN Trials and Tribble-ations Review." Psi Phi: Bradley's Fiction Club. 1996. Bradley University. 8 Oct. 1997 <http:// www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html>. Science

Newspaper or Magazine Article on the Internet

Andreadis, Athena. "The Enterprise Finds Twin Earths Everywhere It Goes, But Future Colonizers of Distant Planets Won't Be So Lucky." Astronomy Jan. 1999: 64- . Academic Universe. LexisNexis. B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Lib., Brookville, NY. 7 Feb.

1999 <http:// web.lexis-nexis.com/universe>.

Literature Resource Center

Shayon, Robert Lewis. "The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review 17 June 1967: 46. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed.

Sharon R. Gunton. Vol. 17. Detroit: Gale Research, 1981. 403. Literature Resource Center. Gale Group. B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Lib., Brookville, NY. 16 Oct. 2001 <http:// infotrac.galegroup.com/menu>.

Notes
Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling books, articles, etc. Doublespace all lines. Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces (or one half inch). If no author is given, start with the title. Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June, and July. If the paging of a magazine or newspaper article is continued elswhere in the issue, include only the first page followed by a plus sign (ex. 25+.). If the encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically, treat the encyclopedia article as if it were a book article. Specific volume and page numbers are cited in the text, not in the list of references. Gale Reference Book: cite the original source being reprinted as shown under Book, Journal Article, Newspaper or Magazine Article, etc. The example shows a Magazine Article. Then include the citation information for the reference book. Websites: include the title of the web page, the name of the entire web site, the organization that posted it (this may be the same as the name of the website). Also include the full date the page was created or last updated (day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it. Internet Magazine Articles: Include: The name of the database (underlined) and the company that created it and its home webpage; The full date of the article (day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it; o If you are citing a journal instead of a magazine, include the volume (and issue number) and date as shown under the Journal Style above. The library or other organization (and its location) that provided you with access to the database. As for page numbers, different databases will provide different information. Include the range of pages (ex. 25-28.); or the starting page followed by a hyphen, a blank space, and a period (ex. 64- .); or the total number of pages or paragraphs (ex. 12 pp. or 33 pars.). If no page information is given, then leave it out. The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details. For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual. Other Styles

Chicago Citation Style

The Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition
Follow these color codes:

Author(s) Date

Title of Book

Title of Article Title of Periodical Publisher Other Information

Volume Pages Place of Publication

Book
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. 1993. Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York: Pocket Books.

Journal Article
Wilcox, Rhonda V. 1991. Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture 13 (2): 53-65.

Magazine Article
Do not include the page numbers in the reference list. Cite the specific pages in the parenthetical reference. (section 17.183)

Smith, Jane. 1996. There is no resisting the Borg queen. Maclean's, December 2.

Newspaper Article
Do not include the page numbers in the reference list or the parenthetical reference. If the newspaper has several editions, include that information as shown under the next item. (section 17.188).

Di Rado, Alicia. 1995. Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, March 15, sec. A.

Newspaper Article - No Author (section 17.192)

Do not follow this format for other items without an author. See notes below.

Newsday. 2003. Activision suing over Star trek. July 2, Queens edition, sec. A.

Encyclopedia Article
Well known, alphabetically arranged reference books used as sources are not included in the reference list but are cited in the text (section 17.238). Examples:

In his article on science fiction in the 1995 edition of the

Encyclopedia Americana, Theodore Sturgeon says that the phrase, science fiction, was created by Hugo Gernsback.

Theodore Sturgeon says that the phrase, science fiction,

was created by Hugo Gernsback (Encyclopedia Americana, 1995 ed., s.v. "Science fiction.").
Articles from less well known reference books can be treated as a Book Article or Chapter

Book Article or Chapter (sections 17.68-17.70)

For multivolume books, include the volume number before the page number (ex. 3:26-27) (section 17.87).

James, Nancy E. 1988. Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In Spectrum of the fantastic, ed. Donald Palumbo, 219-223. Westport, CT: Greenwood.

ERIC Document (section 17.242)

Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. 1993. Sibling communication in Star trek: The next generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Speech Communication Association, text-fiche, ED364932.

Website (section 17.237)

Lynch, Tim. 1996. Review of DS9 trials and tribble-ations. Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club. http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/ psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.html (accessed October 8, 1997).

Notes

There are two different Chicago Styles. The one shown above is for a Reference List which is starting to become the more common one. See the printed manual for the other. Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling books, articles, etc. (section 16.93). Doublespace all lines (section 2.29). Indent the second and following lines (section 2.29). For ranges of page numbers, use an en dash instead of a hyphen (section 9.62). If no author is given, start with the title and then the date (section 17.32) - except with newspapers (see above). Journal, magazine, or newspaper article from a database: Follow the examples shown above. Then add the URL of the database's homepage after the period (it is not necessary to include the long link directly to the article). End the URL with a period (section 17.359). If the database gives the first page number of the article but not the last, use "ff." after the first number: 126ff. (section 17.131). Websites: (section 17.237) Include the title of the web page, the title of the entire website (or the owner of the website - these two might be the same, as in this example). Including the date you accessed the page is optional if it is not important that the contents might get revised or updated (section 17.12). The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See sections 17.58 and 17.157 of the printed version of the manual for details. For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual or Chicago's official website for a list of frequently asked questions about "Documentation" and other aspects of Chicago style. Other Styles

AMA Citation Style

American Medical Association Manual of Style, 9th edition
Follow these color codes:

Author(s) Date

Title of Book

Title of Article Title of Periodical Publisher Other Information

Volume Pages Place of Publication

Book

1. Okuda M, Okuda D. Star Trek Chronology: The History of the Future. New York: Pocket Books; 1993.

Journal or Magazine Article (with volume numbers)

2. Wilcox RV. Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: the next generation. Stud Pop Culture. 1991;13:53-65.

Newspaper, Magazine or Journal Article (without volume numbers)

3. Di Rado A. Trekking through college: classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times. March 15, 1995:A3.

Encyclopedia Article
4. Sturgeon T. Science fiction. In: Lorimer LT, editorial director; Cummings C, ed-in-chief; Leish KW, managing ed. The Encyclopedia Americana. Vol 24. International ed. Danbury, Conn: Grolier Incorporated; 1995:390-392.

Book Article or Chapter

5. James NE. Two sides of paradise: the Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In: Palumbo D, ed. Spectrum of the Fantastic. Westport, Conn: Greenwood; 1988:219-223.

ERIC Document
6. Fuss-Reineck M. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next Generation: Conflicts Between Brothers. Miami, Fla: Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association; 1993. ERIC Document Reproduction Service ED364932.

Website
7. Lynch T. DSN trials and tribble-ations review. Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club Web site. 1996. Available at: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/503r.htm. Accessed October 8, 1997.

Journal Article on the Internet

8. McCoy LH. Respiratory changes in Vulcans during pon farr. J Extr Med [serial online]. 1999;47:237-247. Available at: http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/nysl_li_liu. Accessed April 7, 1999.

Notes
Items are listed numerically in the order they are cited in the text. If you are using a typewriter and cannot use italics, then use underlining. Authors: use initials of first and second names with no spaces. Include up to six authors. If there are more than six, include the first three, followed by et al. If no author is given, start with the title. Books: include the edition statement (ex: 3rd ed. or Rev ed.) between the title and place if it is not the first edition. Place: use abbreviations of states, not postal codes. Journals: abbreviate titles as shown in Index Medicus. If the journal does not paginate continuously through the volume, include the month (and day). Websites: include the name of the webpage, the name of the entire website, the full date of the page (if available), and the date you looked at it. The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details. For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual. A similar styleguide is the Uniform Requirements for Manuscripts Submitted to Biomedical Journals Other Styles