English Material for Senior High School XI Class Opening Questions: 1. Do you know this picture?

2. Have ever you seen gorilla? Where? 3. Could you tell me what the characteristics of gorilla based on the picture above are?

A. Vocabularies

Male Female Leaves Laugh Strong Fight Peaceful Burn Left

Large Small Older Young Slowly Cut Chests Kill Sad

Live Wave Tall Weigh Beat Cry Hunt Quietly Tear

B. Listening

Activity 1: Listen to the teacher carefully and then fill the missing word at the text below! GORILLAS Gorillas are (1) of all the primates. A male gorilla can be (2) tall and can weigh (3). Gorillas are very ..(4) but they do not often ..(5). In fact they are (6) animals. Gorillas.(7) in small family groups of about 15. In a group there is one strong, older male, some ..(8) males, and a few females with their (9). They .(10) slowly around a large area of ..(11) eating leaves and bushes. 1

In some ways gorillas are very like (12). When they are happy, they .(13) and ..(14) their arms. When they are ..(15), they ..(16) their chests. When they are sad, they (17) But they cry quietly, without any .(18). Unfortunately, people .(19) and .(20) gorillas. They also .. (21) and (22) their trees. There are now only about ..(23) gorillas left in the world.

Activity 2: Give the meaning for the answers and pronounce them!

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. .

11. . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. . 16. . 17. . 18. . 19. . 20. .

21. 22. . 23. .

Activity 3: Identify the statement which teacher will say based on the text that you have read and you guess it True or False!

1. T / F 2. T / F 3. T / F 4. T / F 5. T / F

6. T / F 7. T / F 8. T / F 9. T / F 10. T / F

C. Speaking Look at the picture and answer these questions!

1. What animal is it? 2. Where does it live? 3. How is its physical appearance? 4. Where does it eat? 5. What are its habits?

Activity 1: Arrange your answer to be a good monologue!

Activity 2: Perform your monologue in front of the class! D.Reading

Activity 1: Read the text below and answer the questions based the text!

Earthquake often happens around us. It brings great damages. Earthquake is hard to be predicted and that makes lot victims.

Actually there are three kinds of earthquake. These kinds of earthquake are commonly base on the factor and geological area where the earthquakes happen. These three kinds of earthquake are tectonic, volcanic and explosion.

Tectonic earthquake is most common one. This kind of earthquake happens while earth's crust rocks break because of the geological strength created by moving of the earth's plates.

Volcanic earthquakes happen exactly with volcanic activity. Volcanic earthquakes are when the volcano produces acidic lava, which dries quickly when it dries quickly it blocks the top of the volcano. This make no more magma can escape. Pressure starts to build up and eventually the acidic lava can no longer stand the pressure. So the volcano is free to explode, the pressure is released so fast that an earthquake is caused. A volcanic earthquake is usually kept within 10-20 miles of the volcano.

Explosion earthquakes are the result of the collapse earthquakes that are small earthquakes occurring in underground mines and caverns.

1. What is the title of the text above? 2. How many kind of earthquake? Mention? 3. How is tectonic earthquakes happened? 4. What is the main idea of paragraph 4? 5. ..which dries quickly.. The underlined word has similar meaning with?

Activity 2: Read the word and give the meaning! 1. Earthquake 2. Victims 3. Common 4. Pressure 5. Result 6. Explosion 7. Mines 8. Caverns 9. Collapse 10. Damage : : : : : : : : : : 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. Bring Break Create Move Produce Dry Block Make Escape Start : : : : : : : : : : 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Make Stand Explode Release Cause Keep Great Quickly Fast Small : : : : : : : : : :

Activity 3: Study the explanation below! Text on activity 1 is a report text. Report text is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analysis. (Menyampaikan informasi tentang sesuatu, apa adanya, sebagai hasil pengamatan sistematis atau analisis) Yang dideskripsikan dapat meliputi gajala alam, lingkungan, benda buatan manusia, atau gejala-gejala sosial. Deskripsi sebuah teks report dapat berupa simpulan umum, misalnya, ikan paus termasuk binatang mamalia karena ikan tersebut melahirkan anaknya. 4

Generic Structure of Report 1. General classification: Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general. ( Menyatakan klasifikasi aspek umum hal; hewan, tempat, umum tanaman, dll yang akan dibahas secara umum) 2. Description: Describing the thing which will be discussed in detail; part per part , customs or deed for living creature and usage for materials. (Menggambarkan hal yang akan dibahas secara rinci; bagian per bagian, kebiasaan atau perbuatan untuk makhluk hidup dan penggunaan bahan) The linguistic feature of report text: General noun/participant Relating verb (is, am, are) Action verb (eat, swim, attack, etc) Use simple present tense

Grammar Focus
Verbal Sentence: Perhatikan kalimat berikut:
John goes to school on foot every day John and David go to school on foot every day John doesnt go to school on foot every day John and David dont go to school on foot every day Does John go to school on foot every day? (Yes, he does/ No, he doesnt) Do John and David go to school on foot every day? (Yes, they do/ No, they dont)

Pattern: Subject She/He/It John Sisca Monkey A car I/You/We/T hey John and I John and Sisca Monkeys Two Cars Subject She/He/It Verb Verb 1 + -s/es e.g: watches Object Verb 1 e.g: watch Adverb Object Adverb

Auxiliary (to do) Does not

Verb Infinitive

Object Object

Adverb Adverb 5

John Sisca Monkey A car I/You/We/T hey John and I John and Sisca Monkeys Two Cars

(doesnt)

(Verb 1) do not (dont)

Auxiliary (to do) Does ?

Subject She/He/It John Sisca Monkey A car I/You/We/Th ey John and I John and Sisca Monkeys Two Cars

Verb

Object

Adverb

Infinitiv e (Verb 1)

Object

Adverb

Do

Nominal Sentence: Perhatikan kalimat berikut:

I am a teacher John is in the class room now John and David are angry with me I am not a teacher John isnt in the class room now John and David arent angry with me Is John in the class room now? (Yes, he is/ No, he isnt) Are John and David angry with me? (Yes, they are/ No, they arent)

Pattern: Subject I She/He/It John Sisca Monkey A car You/We/The y John and I John and Sisca Monkeys Two Cars Subject To Be am is Noun/Adjective/Adverb (kata benda/kata sifat/kata keterangan) are Non-Verb

To Be + Not

Non-Verb 6

I She/He/It John Sisca Monkey A car You/We/The y John and I John and Sisca Monkeys Two Cars

am not Isnt Noun/Adjective/Adverb (kata benda/kata sifat/kata keterangan) Arent

To Be am is ?

are

Subject I She/He/It John Sisca Monkey A car You/We/They John and I John and Sisca Monkeys Two Cars

Non-Verb

Noun/Adjective/Adverb (kata benda/kata sifat/kata keterangan)

Activity 4: Make a sentence using these words!

1. Clever : 2. In Bogor : 3. Work : 4. Paly : 5. Answer : 6. Blue :

7. Naughty : 8. Sweet : 9. Run : 10. There :

E. Writing

Activity 1: Arrange the paragraphs below into a good text!

1. The trunk is the elephant's peculiar feature. This trunk has various usages. The elephant draws up water by its trunk and can squirt the water all over its body like a shower bath. The elephant's trunk also lift leaves and put them into its mouth. In fact, the trunk serves the elephant as long arm and hand. An elephant looks very clumsy and heavy and yet an elephant can move very quickly.

2. The elephant is very intelligent animal. Its intelligence combined with its great strength makes an elephant a very useful servant to man. Elephant can be trained to serve in various ways such as carry heavy loads, hunt for tigers and even fight. An elephant is really a smart animal.

3. An elephant is the largest and strongest of all animals. It is a strange looking animal which it has thick legs, huge sides and backs, large hanging ears, a small tail, little eyes, long white tusks and above all, elephant has a long nose, the trunk. An elephant is commonly seen in a zoo, it has hard found in it natural habitat.

Activity 2: Look at the picture and then make a report text!

Structure General Classification

Writing . . . . . (describe physical

Description

appearance)

. . . . Description . (describe behavior and habits)

.. . . . .

English Material for Senior High School XI Class Part 2 Opening Questions: 1. Do you know the story about mouse deer? 2. Could you tell me how mouse deer story is?

A. Vocabularies

See Tell Say Leave climb

ask swim think turn jump

Want Stop Reach across Foolish

B. Listening

Activity 1: Listen to the teacher carefully and then fill the missing word at the text below!

One day a monkey ..(1) to cross a river. He .(2)a crocodile in the river, so he.(3) the crocodile to take him across the other side. The crocodile (4) the monkey to jump on its back. Then the crocodile .(5) down the river.

Now, the crocodile ..(6) very hungry, so when it was in the middle of the river, it .. (7) and .(8) to the monkey, Monkey, my father is very 10

sick. He must eat the heart of the monkey. Then he will be strong again. The monkey ..(9) for a while. Then he.(10) the crocodile to swim back to the river bank. Whats for? (11) the crocodile. Because I didnt bring my heart with me, said the monkey. I ..(12) it under the tree, near some coconuts.

So, the crocodile ..(13) around and ..(14) back to the bank of the river. As soon as they (15) the river bank, the monkey .. (16) off the crocodiles back and (17) up to the top of a tree. Where is your heart? asked the crocodile. You are foolish, the monkey ..(18) to the crocodile. Now I am free and you have nothing. The monkey (19) the crocodile not to try to fool him again. The crocodile.(20)away, hungry.

Activity 2: Give the meaning for the answers and pronounce them!

1. . 2. . 3. . 4. . 5. . 6. . 7. . 8. . 9. . 10. .

11. . 12. . 13. . 14. . 15. . 16. . 17. . 18. . 19. . 20. .

Activity 3: Identify the statement which teacher will say based on the text that you have read and you guess it True or False!

1. T / F 2. T / F

6. T / F 7. T / F 11

3. T / F 4. T / F 5. T / F

8. T / F 9. T / F 10. T / F

C. Speaking Activity 1: Study and practice these Expressions (Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction) Satisfaction It is with great pleasure that.! It gives me great satisfaction. Im very pleased with. A most delightful example of! What a beautiful story! Great! I love it. Im so content with my life. I'm satisfied with it. I'm completely satisfied with what you've done for me. It was satisfactory. Everything was just fine. I'm happy enough with it. Good enough. Good job. Asking satisfaction/dissatisfaction How do you like your room? Is everything O.K.? Is everything satisfactory? Are you satisfied? Did you find our service satisfactory? Do you want to complain about something? Was something no to your satisfaction? Are you satisfied with something? Dissatisfaction It is disappointing that! It is unacceptable. This is the limit! I wont take any more of! Well, this is most unsatisfactory. The concert is so boring. What an awful meeting. Its not as good as I thought. I'm not satisfied with it. Im dissatisfied with. I'm a little dissatisfied with the condition here. I'm disappointed with the results. I have a complaint. I want to make a complaint. Responses Satisfaction: Everything is fine. Quite good. It's just right. Just the way I like it. Thats Okey Im satisfaction with.. Dissatisfaction: I see. I'm sorry to hear that. I'll look into it. I'll see what I can do about it. I'll try and take care of it. I'm very dissatisfied with the condition.

Activity 2: study and practice this dialogue! Conversation 1 (At lunch time, Machiko and Roberto were hungry. They found a restaurant near the college. The menu looked very good. They chose a table at the salad bowl, sat down, and read the menu. Then they waited. They waited for a long time. At last the waiter comes.) Waiter : Yes? 12

Machiko : Id like salad fruit, please. Waiter : Cottage cheese, yoghurt, or sherbet? Machiko : Er, yoghurt, please. Waiter : Anything else? Machiko : Yes, Ill have some bread and a glass of white wine. Waiter : (to Roberto) and you? Roberto : The chefs salad large, with bread and red wine, please. (After the waiter left) Machiko : The waiter was unfriendly, wasnt he? Roberto : No, not unfriendly. He was rude. (Michiko and Roberto waited more than ten minutes. Their food finally arrived.) Roberto : Large? This is small salad. Machiko : And this is sherbet instead of yoghurt. Roberto : The bread is hard. Machiko : Its not fresh at all. Its stale. I cant eat it. Roberto : And I cant drink this wine chilled. Its warm. Machiko : Terrible. Theres no butter for the bread, either. Roberto : Wheres the waiter? Machiko : I dont know. Hes probably gone to lunch at another restaurant. Answer the following questions briefly. 1. How does the menu look like? 2. What do Machiko and Robderto feel about their meal? 3. What do they order? 4. How long do they wait for their food? 5. What make them dissatisfied? Conversation 2 Paul : Have you read todays newspaper? James : Not yet. Is it interesting? Paul : Yes, the apology from the company. Take a look. The paper is over there. James : Picking up the newspaper and starting to read it. Is that all? Paul : Yes. James : This is not enough. Im not satisfied yet. The size of the ads should have been half of the page. Besides, the company only apologized but they didnt mention what they would do. Paul : Oh, come on. The point is not the matter of the size, but the company sincere to apologize. James : Still its not satisfying. Paul : I think they have already shown their good will. Its more than enough. Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Who are involved in the dialogue above? 2. What is the content of the paper? 3. What does James say to express his dissatisfaction? 13

4. Why does he feel so? 5. Write Pauls expression to express his satisfaction. Conversation 3 Robert : How do you feel about this food? Tery : Wow.. I am very satisfied. Its very delicious. Robert : Yes, you are right. Would you have anymore? Tery : Yes, of course. Robert : I will take some for my younger sister. Shell be very happy. Tery : Yeah and I will take for my mom at home. Robert : OK. Lets go home. I never feel satisfied before. Tery : So am I. Answer the following questions briefly. 1. Who are having dialogue? 2. What are they talking about? 3. Where does the conversation take place? 4. What does Tery feel about the food? 5. Why do they take the food home?

Activity 3: With a partner, practice making short dialogue about satisfaction and disatisfaction in the following situations! 1. You and your friends go for dinner in a restaurant and you dissatisfy with its service. 2. You and your friends see a movie in a cinema and you satisfy with it. 3. You and your friends attend a party and you satisfy with the food and the entertainment there.

D.Reading

Activity 1: Read the text below and answer the questions based the text!

BAWANG Putih lived with her step mother and her step sister, Bawang Merah. Bawang Putih's mother died when she was a baby. Her father remarried another woman and later her step sister was born. Unfortunately, not long after that her father died. Since then, Bawang Putih's life was sad. Her step mother and her step sister treated Bawang Putih badly and always asked her to do all the household chores. One morning, Bawang Putih was washing some clothes in a river. Accidentally, her mother's clothes were washed away by the river. She was really worried so she walked along the river side to find the clothes. Finally she met an old woman. She said that she kept the clothes and would give them back to Bawang Putih if she helped the old woman do the household chores. Bawang Putih helped her happily. After everything was finished, the old woman returned the clothes. She also gave Bawang Putih a gift. The old woman had two pumpkins, one pumpkin was small and the other one was big. Bawang Putih had to choose one. 14

Bawang Putih was not a greedy girl. So she took the small one. After thanking the old woman, Bawang Putih then went home. When she arrived home, her step mother and Bawang Merah were angry. They had been waiting for her all day long. Bawang Putih then told about the clothes, the old woman, and the pumpkin. Her mother was really angry so she grabbed the pumpkin and smashed it to the floor. Suddenly they all were surprised. Inside the pumpkin they found jewelries. "Bawang Merah, hurry up. Go to the river and throw my clothes into the water. After that, find the old woman. Remember, you have to take the big pumpkin," the step mother asked Bawang Merah to do exactly the same as Bawang Putih's experience. Bawang Merah immediately went to the river. She threw the clothes and pretended to search them. Not long after that, she met the old woman. Again she asked Bawang Merah to do household chores. She refused and asked the old woman to give her a big pumpkin. The old woman then gave her the big one. Bawang Merah was so happy. She ran very fast. When she arrived home, her mother was impatient. She directly smashed the pumpkin to the floor. They were screaming. There were a lot of snakes inside the pumpkin! They were really scared. They were afraid the snakes would bite them. "Mom, I think God just punished us. We had done bad things to Bawang Putih. And God didn't like that. We have to apologize to Bawang Putih," said Bawang Merah. Finally both of them realized their mistakes. They apologized and Bawang Putih forgave them. Now the family is not poor anymore. Bawang Putih decided to sell all the jewelries and used the money for their daily lives. 1. What is the title of the text above? 2. What is the main idea of paragraph 3? 3. With whom did Bawang Putih live after her father died? 4. How is the character of Bawang Putihs step mother and step sister? 5. What is the content of the pumpkin that Bawang Merah got from the old woman? 6. Did Bawang Putihs step mother and step sister change their character? 7. . They apologized and Bawang putih forgave them.. The underlined word refers to.? 8. What is the moral value of the text above? Activity 2: find the difficult words and give the meaning! Activity 3: Study the explanation below! Text on activity 1 is a narrative text. Narrative Text, adalah teks yang isinya merupakan cerita atau kisah tentang sesuatu. Contoh narrative text: cerita rakyat (folktale), cerita binatang (fable), Legenda (legend), cerita pendek (short story), dan sejenisnya. Di dalamnya terdapat konflik/puncak masalah yang diikuti dengan penyelesaian. Fungsi utama teks ini adalah untuk berkisah atau menghibur pembaca. Ciri-ciri narrative text: 1. Generic Structure: 15

 Orientation: berisi pengenalan tokoh, tempat dan waktu terjadinya cerita (siapa

atau apa, kapan dan dimana) Complication: Berisi puncak konflik/masalah dalam cerita. Sebuah cerita boleh memiliki complication lebih dari satu. Resolution: Pemecahan masalah. Bisa berakhir dengan kegembiraan (happy ending) bisa pula berakhir dengan kesedihan (sad ending).

Catatan: Terkadang juga susunannya (generic structure): Orientation, Complication, Evaluation, Resolution dan Reorientation. Untuk Evaluation dan Reorientation merupakan optional; bisa ada bisa tidak. Evaluation berisi penilaian/evaluasi terhadap jalannya cerita atau konflik. Sedangkan Reorientation berisi penyimpulan isi akhir cerita. 2. Grammatical features menggunakan tenses past 3. Sering menggunakan kata penghubung waktu (temporal conjunction), misalnya: once upon a time, one day, long time ago, 4. Communicative purpose of narrative: To amuse, entertain and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways (Menghibur pendengar atau pembaca dengan pengalaman nyata atau khayal).

Grammar Focus 1. Simple Past Tense

Verbal Sentence: Perhatikan kalimat berikut:
John went to school on foot yesterday John and David ate chicken noodle at school yesterday John didnt go to school on foot yeterday Did John go to school on foot yesterday? (Yes, he did/ No, he didnt)

Pattern: + Subject + Verb 2 + Object + Adverb - Subject + didnt + Verb 1 + Object + Adverb ? Did + Subject + Verb 1 + Object + Adverb Nominal Sentence: Perhatikan kalimat berikut:
I was her English teacher last semester John and David were angry with me yesterday I wasnt her English teacher last semester John and David werent angry with me yesterday Was John in the class room last time? (Yes, he was/ No, he wasnt) were John and David angry with you yesterday? (Yes, they were/ No, they

werent)

Pattern: + Subject I /She/He/It John Sisca To Be was Non-Verb Noun/Adjective/Adverb (kata benda/kata sifat/kata keterangan) 16

Monkey A car You/We/The y John and I John and Sisca Monkeys Two Cars Subject I/She/He/It John Sisca Monkey A car You/We/The y John and I John and Sisca Monkeys Two Cars To Be was ? were

were

To Be + Not wasnt

Non-Verb

Noun/Adjective/Adverb (kata benda/kata sifat/kata keterangan) werent

Subject I/She/He/It John Sisca Monkey A car You/We/They John and I John and Sisca Monkeys Two Cars

Non-Verb

Noun/Adjective/Adverb (kata benda/kata sifat/kata keterangan)

Activity 4: Make sentences using these words in positive, negative and interrogative form!

1. Salesman : 2. On time: 3. Take : 4. Gloomy :

17

5. Decide :

Activity 5: fill in the blank using to be (was/were) 1) I. in Canberra last spring. 2) We.. at school last Saturday. 3) Tina. at home yesterday. 4) He.. happy. 5) Robert and Stan Garry's friends. 6) The employees very busy on Friday. 7) The children in front of the supermarket. 8) That man. in the museum. 9) Those women.. in South Africa last month. 10) This student. late for school yesterday.

2. Gerund
Look the sentence below! After thanking the old woman, Bawang Putih then went home.

The underlined word in the sentence above is gerund; suatu kata kerja yang fungsinya menjadi kata benda (kata kerja yang dibendakan), misalkan: thank (verb) ditambah dengan akhiran ing menjadi thanking (noun)

Gerunds dan Penggunaannya

A. Gerunds as Subjects Penggunaan gerund sebagai subject kalimat sudah dibahas pada sentence components tentang subject kalimat. Untuk merefresh memori anda, perhatikan contoh berikut: 1. Having a lot of money is better than having a little. (Punya banyak uang lebih baik dibanding punya sedikit uang). 2. Writing and speaking are two different aspects in a language. (Menulis dan berbicara adalah 2 aspek yang berbeda dalam sebuah bahasa). 3. Dropping out of school has caused him hard to find a good job. (Putus sekolah telah membuat dia sulit mendapatkan pekerjaan yang layak/bagus). B. Gerunds as Objects Jika verb mengikuti verb lainnya atau mengikuti prepositions, maka verb yang mengikuti ini berfungsi sebagai object kalimat. 18

1. Direct Object Gerund sebagai objek langsung dalam kalimat, contoh: - I enjoy dancing. - She likes dancing. - Thank you for your coming. - I hate arguing. 2. Setelah verbs Seperti halnya pada infinitive, gerund juga dapat mengikuti verbs tertentu, seperti pada pola kalimat berikut: Subject + verb + gerund Berikut adalah verbs yang langsung diikuti oleh gerund. admit (mengakui) appreciate (menghargai) avoid (menghindari) cant help consider (mempertimbangkan) complete (menyelesaikan) delay (menunda) deny (menyangkal) begin (mulai) cant stand (tidak tahan) continue (melanjutkan) dislike (tidak suka) stop (berhenti) Note: a) Verbs pada baris pertama selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitives). Cant help di sini berarti not able to avoid a situation, or stop something from happening . b) Verbs pada baris kedua selain diikuti oleh gerund juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive dengan makna sama dengan bentuk gerund-nya. (Lihat contohnya pada infinitive). c) Verbs pada baris ketiga juga dapat diikuti oleh infinitive, tetapi maknanya berbeda dengan bentuk gerund-nya. Lihat contah 8, 9 & 10 dan bandingkan perbedaan maknanya dengan contoh pada infinitive). Contoh: 1. Has Ryan admitted killing eleven people yet? (Apakah Ryan telah mengakui membunuh 11 orang?). 2. I appreciated being given suggestions by her. (Saya menghargai diberi saran-saran oleh dia). 3. Tony always avoids answering my questions. (Tony selalu menghindar menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan saya). 4. I enjoyed being with you last night. (Saya menikmati bersama dengan kamu tadi malam). 5. Have you finished reading the book yet? (Apakah kamu telah selesai membaca buku itu?) 19 enjoy (menikmati) finish (menyelesaikan) mind (keberatan) miss (merindukan) postpone (menunda) practice (berlatih) quit (berhenti) recall (mengingat) regret (menyesali) report (melaporkan) resent (menyesali) resist (bersikeras) resume (memulai lagi) risk (mengambil resiko) suggest (menyarankan)

dread (takut) hate (benci) like (suka)

love (cinta) prefer (lebih suka) start (mulai)

remember (ingat)

forget (lupa)

6. They prefer playing football to studying. (Mereka lebih milih/suka main sepakbola daripada belajar). Note: Verb prefer jika diikuti oleh gerund, pola kalimatnya berbeda dengan jika diikuti oleh invinitive. 7. I cant help worrying about the upcoming exam. (Saya tidak bisa berhenti mengkhawatirkan ujian yang segera/sudah dekat itu). 8. I want to stop smoking. (Saya mau berhenti merokok). Dalam kalimat ini, subject I berkeinginan untuk tidak merokok-merokok lagi. 9. My brother always remembers locking his car. (Kakak saya selalu ingat mengunci mobilnya). Selama ini, mobilnya belum pernah dalam keadaan tidak terkunci. Note: Gunakan gerund setelah verb remember jika aktivitasnya sudah dilakukan in the past. 10. My brother never forgets locking his car. (Kakak saya tidak pernah lupa mengunci mobilnya). Sama dengan contoh 7, selama ini, mobilnya belum pernah dalam keadaan tidak terkunci. Note: Gunakan gerund setelah verb forget jika aktivitasnya sudah dilakukan in the past. C. Setelah prepositions Sebelum diikuti oleh gerunds, prepositions (kata depan) biasanya mengikuti verbs, adjectives, atau nouns. Perhatikan pola berikut: verb adjective noun

Subject

preposition

gerund

a. Verbs + prepositions + gerunds Phrase pada table berikut adalah verbs + prepositions yang selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitive.) approve of (menyetujui) be better off (lebih baik) give up (berhenti) put off (memadamkan) object to (keberatan) think about (memikirkan) think of (memikirkan) worry about (mencemaskan) succeed in (berhasil) count on (percaya pada) depend on (tergantung pada) insist on (bersikeras pada) keep on (meneruskan) rely on (tergantung pada) confess to (mengakui)

look forward (mengharapkan)

to

Note: Walaupun diikuti oleh preposition to, phrase pada baris kedua selalu diikuti oleh gerund. So, jangan dibingungkan dengan infinitive. Contoh: 1. He gave up smoking because of his doctors advice. (Dia berhenti merokok karena saran dokternya). 2. Jenny insisted on buying that cellphone instead of this one. (Jenny bersikeras untuk membeli HP itu daripada HP ini). 3. Have you ever thought of studying abroad? (Pernahkah kamu berfikir untuk belajar di luar negeri?) 4. After a long trial and error, he finally succeeded in fixing his laptop. (Setelah lama mencoba-coba, dia akhirnya berhasil memperbaiki laptopnya). 5. My older sister objected to not being allowed to go out wit her friends. (Kakak saya keberatan tidak diijinkan keluar rumah dengan teman-temannya). 6. I am looking forward to seeing you soon. (Saya (sedang) sangat menantikan untuk bertemu denganmu segera). INCORRECT jika: I am looking forward to see you soon. 7. No one has confessed to stealing my money yet. (Tak seorang pun yang telah mengaku mencuri uang saya). INCORRECT jika: No one has confessed to steal my money yet. 20

b. Adjectives + prepositions + gerunds Phrase pada table berikut adalah adjectives + prepositions yang selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitive.) accustomed to (terbiasa dengan) intent on (bermaksud) afraid of (takut pada) Contoh: 1. Will you be capable of finishing your work by noon tomorrow? (Apakah kamu (akan) bisa menyelesaikan pekerjaanmu sebelum jam 12 siang besok?). 2. Are you afraid of sleeping in the dark? (Apakah kamu takut tidur dalam keadaan gelap?). 3. I am tired of studying all day long. Lets go out to have fun. (Saya lelah (karena) belajar seharian. Ayo kita cari kesenangan di luar). 4. Judith is fond of singing while taking a shower. (Judith gemar menyanyi ketika sedang mandi shower). 5. Bobby is accustomed to buying roses for his girlfriend. (Bobby terbiasa membeli mawar untuk pacarnya). c. Nouns + prepositions + gerunds Phrase pada table berikut adalah nouns + prepositions yang selalu diikuti oleh gerund (tidak pernah diikuti oleh infinitive.) choice of (pilihan) intention of (maksud) possibility of (kemungkinan excuse for (alasan methods for/of (metode akan) kenapa) untuk) reason for (alasan dari) Contoh: 1. The teacher gave us a choice of taking another exam. (Guru itu memberi kita pilihan untuk mengikuti ujian lagi). 2. I am so sorry. I had no intention of hurting your feeling. (Saya sangat menyesal. Saya tidak punya maksud untuk menyakiti hatimu). 3. He always has an excuse for being late. (Dia selalu punya alasan kenapa (dia) telat). 4. There is no possibility of recruiting new employees during recession we are facing now. (Tidak ada kemungkinan untuk merekrut pegawai baru selama resesi yang sedang kita hadapi sekarang). 5. Have you found the best method for improving your English yet? (Apakah kamu sudah menemukan metode terbaik untuk meningkatkan (kemampuan) bahasa Inggris kamu?) 6. Your reason for getting bad grades is a big nonsense. (Alasan kamu kenapa nilai-nilai kamu jelek adalah omong kosong/bualan belaka). D. Gerunds as Modifiers Sering kita temukan kalimat yang menggunakan modifier (keterangan) berupa clause (i.e. prepositions + S + V). Jika subject dari main clause dan modifier tersebut sama, subject dari modifier tersebut dapat dihilangkan, tetapi verbnya berubah menjadi gerund. Contoh: 21 interested in (tertarik fond of (gemar pada) dengan) tired of (lelah akan) capable of (bisa/mampu) successful in (sukses pada)

1. After doing the homework, I will play football. = After I do my homework, I will play football. 2. Cats usually snore while sleeping. = Cats usually snore while they ( the cats) are sleeping. 3. I had had a very bad English before reading these articles. = I had had very bad English before I read these articles. 4. Besides watching movies, I like reading novels. = Besides I like watching movies, I like reading novels. 5. Because of not studying well, I didnt pass the test. = Because I didnt study well, I didnt pass the test. Note: Penggunaan because of dan because adalah berbeda. Can you see the difference? E. Penggunaan (pronoun/noun) sebelum gerunds Pada pola-pola di atas, sebelum gerund juga dapat disisipi pronoun dalam bentuk possessive adjectives (i.e. my, your, his, her, its, their, our) atau oleh noun dalam bentuk possessive (i.e. noun+s, misalnya: Johns, Rinis, Indonesias, ect). Contoh: 1. We are looking forward to your coming next week. (Kami sangat menantikan kedatanganmu minggu depan). 2. My father doesnt approve of my brothers marrying her. (Ayah saya tidak menyetujui kakak saya mengawini dia). 3. They resented the teachers not announcing the exam sooner. (Mereka menyesalkan pak guru yang tidak mengumumkan ujian lebih awal). 4. He objected to my calling his girlfriend last night. (Dia keberatan atas telpon yang saya lakukan ke pacarnya tadi malam). 5. We all regret Dannys not going to school anymore. (Kita semua menyesalkan Danny yang tidak sekolah lagi). 6. Before my sisters leaving for Bali next week, my parents are going to have a small gathering at home this weekend. (Sebelum saudara perempuan saya berangkat ke Bali minggu depan, orang tua saya akan mengadakan acara ngumpul di rumah akhir pekan ini). 7. After his confessing to using drugs, Maria didnt want to see him again. (Setelah dia mengaku menggunakan narkoba, Maria tidak ingin bertemu dia lagi). Negative form Gerunds Bentuk negative gerunds dibuat dengan dengan menempatkan adverb NOT di depan gerund tersebut. Contoh: 1. She regretted not seeing her boyfriend last weekend.(Dia menyesal tidak bertemu pacarnya akhir pekan lalu). 2. Students are usually worried of not getting good grades. (Murid biasanya cemas tidak akan mendapatkan nilai bagus). 3. The criminal insisted on not telling the truth even though the policemen had tortured him. (Penjahat itu bersikeras tidak menceritakan yang sebenarnya walaupun polisi telah menyiksanya).

3. To Infinitive
Look the sentence below! she asked Bawang Merah to do household chores.

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The underlined word in the sentence above is to infinitive; suatu kata kerja yang ditambahkan to. Infinitives pada umumnya digunakan sebagai object kalimat. Selain itu, infinitives juga kadang-kadang digunakan sebagai subject kalimat. A. Infinitives as Subjects Sebagai subject kalimat, infinitive pada umumnya dalam bentuk infinitive clause. Contoh: 1. To play kites when its very cloudy is very dangerous. ( Bermain layanglayang ketika mendung tebal sangat berbahaya). 2. To study the grammar is a must if you want to improve your English. (Belajar grammar merupakan keharusan jika kamu ingin meningkatkan kemampuan bahasa Inggrismu). 3. To play football when drizzling is very joyful. (Bermain sepakbola ketika hujan rintik-rintik sangat menyenangkan). Dengan tidak merubah makna, ketiga kalimat di atas berturut-turut dapat diekspresikan sebagai berikut: 1. 2. 3. It is very dangerous to play kites when its very cloudy. It is a must to study the grammar if you want to improve your English. It is very joyful to play football when drizzling. B. Infinitives as Objects Sering kita harus menggunakan verbs setelah verbs lainnya. Jika verb diikuti oleh verb yang lain, maka verb yang mengikuti tersebut berfungsi sebagai object kalimat. Verbs yang mengikuti tersebut dapat berbentuk infinitive atau dapat juga berbentuk gerund, tergantung pada verb yang diikutinya. Verbs pada table berikut diikuti oleh infinitives. agree (menyetujui) appear (tampak) attempt (berusaha) claim (mengklaim) decide (memutuskan) demand (menuntut) desire (berkeinginan) expect (berharap) fail (gagal) begin (mulai) cant bear (tidak tahan) cant stand (tidak tahan) continue (melanjutkan) stop (berhenti) Note :
Verbs pada baris pertama selalu diikuti oleh infinitives (tidak pernah diikuti oleh

hesitate (ragu-ragu) hope (berharap) intend (bermaksud) learn (belajar) need (membutuhkan) offer (menawarkan) plan (merencanakan) prepare (mempersiapkan) pretend (pura-pura) dislike (tidak suka) dread (takut) hate (benci) like (suka) remember (ingat)

promise (berjanji) refuse (menolak) seem (tampak) strive (berusaha keras) tend (cenderung) try (mencoba) want (ingin) wish (berharap) would like (ingin/mau) love (cinta) prefer (lebih suka) start (mulai) forget (lupa)

gerund).

Verbs pada baris kedua selain diikuti oleh infinitives juga dapat diikuti oleh

gerunds dengan makna yang sama dengan bentuk infinitive-nya. (Lihat contoh 13-17). Verbs pada baris ketiga juga dapat diikuti oleh gerunds, tetapi maknanya berbeda dengan bentuk infinitive-nya. Lihat contah 18,-20 dan bandingkan perbedaan maknanya dengan contoh pada pembahasan tentang gerund). Contoh: 23

1. Everybody has agreed to meet again next week. (Tiap orang telah setuju untuk bertemu kembali minggu depan). 2. Look! The newly born calf is attempting to stand on his own feet. (Lihat!. Anak sapi yang baru saja lahir itu sedang mencoba untuk berdiri di atas kakinya sendiri). 3. He claimed to have returned my book but I am a hundred percent sure that he hasnt. (Dia mengklaim telah mengembalikan buku saya tetapi saya 100% yakin dia belum mengembalikannya). 4. Our government decided to lower the gas price. (Pemerintah kita memutuskan untuk menurunkan harga bensin). Note: gas = gasoline 5. The laborers of that company are demanding to get better salaries. (Pekerjapekerja di perusahaan itu menuntut untuk mendapatkan gaji yang lebih baik). 6. If I make a mistake, please dont hesitate to correct me. (Jika saya membuat kesalahan, jangan ragu-ragu untuk memperbaiki saya/jangan ragu-ragu memberitahu saya bahwa itu salah). 7. I was pretending to study hard when my mom entered my room last night. (Saya sedang berpura-pura untuk belajar keras ketika mama saya memasuki kamar saya tadi malam). 8. I am so sorry. I didnt intend to hurt your feeling. (Saya sangat menyesal. Saya tidak bermaksud untuk menyakiti hatimu). 9. She refused to accept my help. (Dia menolak untuk menerima bantuan saya). 10. If you dont strive to learn English, your English will not improve steadily. (Jika kamu tidak berjuang keras untuk belajar bahasa Inggris, bahasa Inggris kamu tidak akan terus meningkat). 11. I want to write down all of the English patterns on this blog. (Saya ingin menulis semua pola bahasa Inggris di blog ini). 12. He needs to borrow some money. (Dia perlu meminjam sejumlah uang). 13. I like to study English = I like studying English. (Saya suka belajar bahasa Inggris). 14. They just began to study math last night = They just began studying math last night. (Mereka mulai saja mulai untuk belajar matematika tadi malam). Note: math disingkat dari mathematics. 15. My grandmother couldnt bear to hear the loud noise coming from the construction site = My grandmother couldnt bear hearing the loud noise coming from the construction site. (Nenek saya tidak tahan mendengar suara keras yang datang dari lokasi pembangunan (i.e. gedung) tersebut. 16. They prefer to play football than (to) study = They prefer playing football to studying. (Mereka lebih suka main sepakbola daripada belajar). Note: Kedua kalimat maknanya sama, tetapi grammarnya sedikit berbeda. Perhatikan dimana letak perbedaanya. 17. We started to try to study English last month = We started trying to study English last month. (Kami mulai mencoba untuk belajar bahasa Inggris bulan lalu). 18. I want to stop to smoke. (Saya ingin berhenti (melakukan sesuatu yang sedang dikerjakan) untuk merokok). Dalam kalimat ini, subject I ingin berhenti melakukan sesuatu agar dapat merokok. Bedakan artinya jika verb smoke dalam bentuk gerund. 19. My brother remembered to lock his car. (Kakak saya ingat untuk mengunci mobilnya). Dalam kalimat ini, subject my brother teringat dulu, baru kemudian dia melakukan aktivitas mengunci mobil). Note: Gunakan infinitive jika aktivitas dari verb yang mengikutinya akan dilakukan setelah action dari verb remember). Ini juga berlaku utuk verb forget. 20. My brother didnt forget to lock his car. (Kakak saya tidak lupa untuk mengunci mobilnya). C. Setelah object pronoun atau noun Berbeda dengan verbs di atas, verbs pada tabel berikut umumnya membutuhkan object pronoun (i.e. me, you, him, her, it, them, us) atau noun sebelum diikuti oleh infinitive. advise (menasehati) allow (mengijinkan) ask (menyuruh) invite (mengundang) need (membutuhkan) order (memerintah) tell (memberi tahu) want (menginginkan) warn (memperingatkan) 24

encourage (mendorong) permit (mengijinkan) would like (mau) expect (mengharapkan) remind (mengingatkan) force (memaksa) require (membutuhkan) Contoh: 1. The teacher advised us to study harder. (Guru itu menasehati kita untuk belajar lebih giat). 2. Have your parents allowed you to have a boyfriend yet? (Apakah orang tua kamu telah mengijinkan kamu punya pacar?) 3. My mom asked me to help my younger brother (to) do his homework. (Mama saya meminta saya untuk membantu adik saya mengerjakan PRnya). Note: verb help dapat diikuti oleh infinitive atau verb1. Tetapi, verb1 lebih sering digunakan. 4. Ronny begged Rini to marry him. (Ronny memohon Rini untuk kawin dengannya). 5. The eruption of mount Merapi forced the villagers to flee their villages. (Meletusnya gunung Merapi memaksa penduduk-penduduk desa untuk meninggalkan desa mereka). 6. A success story can encourage people to be successful. (Sebuah kisah tentang kesuksesan dapat mendorong orang untuk sukses). D. Setelah adjectives Pada umumnya adjective dapat diikuti baik oleh infinitive maupun oleh gerund dengan tanpa merubah makna kalimat. Tetapi, ada beberapa adjective yang hanya diikuti oleh infinitive dan tidak pernah diikuti oleh gerund. Adjectives yang dimaksud disajikan pada table berikut. able (dapat) eager (antusias) ready (siap) anxious (cemas, easy (mudah) strange (aneh) antusias) good (baik) usual (biasa) boring (bosan) hard (sulit) common (umum) pleased (senang) dangerous (berbahaya) prepared (siap) difficult (sulit) Note: able dan capable memiliki arti yang sama (i.e. bisa/mampu), tetapi grammarnyasangat berbeda; able diikuti oleh infinitive, sedangkan capable diikuti oleh of + gerund (Lihat contohnya pada pembahasan tentang gerund). Contoh: 1. Will you be able to finish your work by noon tomorrow? (Apakah kamu (akan) bisa menyelesaikan pekerjaanmu sebelum jam 12 siang besok?). 2. Yeyes is very eager to wear her new cloth. (Yeyes sangat antusias untuk mengenakan/memakai pakaian barunya). 3. I am lazy to go to study English. (Saya malas pergi belajar bahasa Inggris). 4. She is happy to give you this present. (Dia bahagia memberimu hadiah ini). 5. My fathers car is dirty enough to be washed. I am ready to wash it now. (Mobil ayahku cukup kotor untuk dicuci. Saya siap mencucinya sekarang). 6. We have to be strong to accept this bad news. (Kita harus kuat untuk menerima berita buruk ini). E. Setelah nouns Contoh: 1. I will go to a shopping mall to buy a new bag. (Saya akan pergi ke mall untuk membeli sebuah tas baru). 2. He is looking for a knife to peel the mango. (Dia sedang mencari sebuah pisau untuk mengupas mangga itu). 3. He climbed that tall tree to get his kite. (Dia memanjat pohon yang tinggi itu untuk mendapatkan layang-layangnya). 25

4. My father usually puts on his sunglasses to protect his eyes from the sun ray. (Ayah saya biasanya memakai kacamatanya untuk melindungi matanya dari sinar matahari). 5. Every driver has to push the brake to stop the car. (Setiap pengemudi harus menginjak rem untuk menghentikan mobil). Note: Infinitive dibuat negative dengan menempatkan particle (kata bantu) NOT di depan infinitive tersebut. Contoh: 1. Everybody has agreed not to meet again. (Tiap orang telah setuju untuk tidak bertemu kembali). 2. Do you prefer not to study? (Apakah kamu lebih suka untuk tidak belajar?) 3. We have decided not to tell her the truth about what her boyfriend did last night. (Kita telah memutuskan untuk tidak memberitahu dia yang sebenarnya tentang apa yang pacarnya lakukan tadi malam). 4. Today is a holiday. I am glad not to go to school today. 5. The laborers of that company are demanding not to get laid off. (Pekerjapekerja di perusahaan itu sedang menuntut untuk tidak diberhentikan /dirumahkan). Activity 1: Put in the verbs in brackets in the Gerund or the infinitive. Example: They promised ______ (sell) the old comics. They go on _______ (read) the book. Answer: They promised to sell the old comics. Answer: They go on reading the book. 1) I can't imagine Peter (go) by bike. 2) He agreed (buy) a new car. 3) The question is easy (answer). 4) The man asked me how (get) to the airport. 5) I look forward to (see) you at the weekend. 6) Are you thinking of (visit) London? 7) We decided (run) through the forest. 8) The teacher expected Sarah (study) hard. 9) She doesn't mind (work) the night shift. 10) I learned (ride) the bike at the age of 5. 11) We decided (buy) a new car. 12) They've got some work (do). 13) Peter gave up (smoke) . 14) He'd like (fly) an aeroplane. 15) I enjoy (write) picture postcards. 16) Do you know what (do) if there's a fire in the shop? 17) Avoid (make) silly mistakes. 18) My parents wanted me (be) home at 11 o'clock. 19) I dream about (build) a big house. 20) I'm hoping (see) Lisa.

E. Writing

Activity 1: Arrange the paragraphs below into a good text! 1. Next, the beans are fermented for about a week, dried in the sun. After that they are shipped to the chocolate maker. The chocolate maker starts by roasting the beans to bring out the flavour. Different beans from different places have different 26

2. 3.

4. 5.

qualities and flavour. So they are often shorted and blended to produce a distinctive mix. All seeds contain some amount of fat and cacao beans are not different. However, cacao beans are half fat, which is why the ground nibs from liquid. It is pure bitter chocolate. Chocolate starts a tree called cacao tree. This tree grows in equatorial regions, especially in place such as South America, Africa, and Indonesia. The cacao tree produces a fruit about the size of a small pine apple. Inside the fruits are the tree's seeds. They are also known as coco beans. Have we wondered how we get chocolate from? Well this time we will enter the amazing world of chocolate so we can understand exactly we are eating. The next process is winnowing. The roasted beans are winnowed to remove the meat nib of the cacao bean from its shell. Then the nibs are blended. The blended nibs are ground to make it a liquid. The liquid is called chocolate liquor. It tastes bitter.

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