Steel Structures Details - Column Problems

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Steel Structures
N-W.F.P University of Engineering &
Technology Peshawar
CE - 411
Instructor: Prof. Dr. Shahzad Rahman
Lecturer: Engr. Kamran Ayub
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CE-411
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Prof.Dr.Akhtar Naeem Khan
Lect.Engr.Awais Ahmed
Example Problem 1
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Example Problem 1(Contd.)
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Example Problem 1(Contd.)
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Example Problem 2 - LRFD
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Example Problem 2 (Contd.)
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Example Problem 3
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KL is called effective length of column and K

effective length factor.
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Effective length factors (AISC manual)
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EFFECTIVE LENGTH OF
COLUMNS IN FRAMES
So far, we have looked at the buckling strength of

individual columns. These columns had various
boundary conditions at the ends, but they were
not connected to other members with moment
(fix) connections.
The effective length factor K for the buckling of an

individual column can be obtained for the
appropriate end conditions from Table C-C2.1 of
the AISC Manual
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Columns in Frames
However, when these individual columns

are part of a frame, their ends are
connected to other members (beams etc.).
These frames are sometimes braced and

sometimes unbraced.
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A Braced frame is one in which a sideway

(joint translation) is prevented by means of
bracing, shear walls, or lateral support from
adjoining structure.
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A UnBraced does not have any bracing

and must depend on stiffness of its own
members and rotational rigidity of joints
between frame members to prevent lateral
buckling.
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Conclusions
Critical loads for a column depends on
its stiffness relative to that of beams

framing into it and
Presence or absence of restraint to

lateral displacement of its ends.
Effective length coefficient increases with

decreasing stiffness of the beam and
becomes unity with zero stiffness.
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Braced & Unbraced Frames
Similarly you can analyze

multibay, multistory frames.
Assumptions
Subjected to vertical loads only
All columns become unstable

simultaneously
All joint rotations at floor are equal
Restraining moment distributed in

proportion to stiffnesses.
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Method of Analysis
First, you have to determine whether the

column is part of a braced frame or an
unbraced (moment resisting) frame.
Then, you have to determine the relative

rigidity factor G for both ends of the column
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G is defined as the ratio of the summation

of the rigidity (EI/L) of all columns coming
together at an end to the summation of the
rigidity (EI/L) of all beams coming together
at the same end.
G =
It must be calculated for both ends of the

column.
b
b
c
c
L
I E
L
I E
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Then, you can determine the effective length

factor K for the column using the calculated value
of G at both ends, i.e., G
A
and G
B
and the
appropriate alignment chart.
There are two alignment charts provided by the

AISC manual,
One is for columns in braced (sidesway inhibited)

frames. See Figure C-C2.2a on page 16.1-191 of
the AISC manual. 0 < K 1
The second is for columns in unbraced (sidesway

uninhibited) frames. See Figure C-C2.2b on page
16.1-192 of the AISC manual. 1 < K
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Inelastic Case
G is a measure of the relative flexural rigidity of

the columns (EI
c
/L
c
) with respect to the beams
(EI
b
/L
b
)
However, if column buckling were to occur in the

inelastic range (
c
< 1.5), then the flexural rigidity
of the column will be reduced because I
c
will be
the moment of inertia of only the elastic core of
the entire cross-section.
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rc
= 10 ksi
rt
= 5 ksi
rt
= 5 ksi
rt
= 5 ksi
rc
= 10 ksi
(a) Initial state residual stress (b) Partially yielded state at buckling
Yielded zone
Elastic core, I
c
rc
= 10 ksi
rt
= 5 ksi
rt
= 5 ksi
rt
= 5 ksi
rc
= 10 ksi
rc
= 10 ksi
rt
= 5 ksi
rt
= 5 ksi
rt
= 5 ksi
rc
= 10 ksi
(a) Initial state residual stress (b) Partially yielded state at buckling
Yielded zone
Elastic core, I
c
Yielded zone
Elastic core, I
c
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Inelastic stiffness
The beams will have greater flexural rigidity

when compared with the reduced rigidity
(EI
c
) of the inelastic columns. As a result,
the beams will be able to restrain the
columns better, which is good for column
design.
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Inelastic Stiffness
The ratio Fcr/ Fe is called
Stiffness reduction factor
( )
2
2
658 . 0
877 . 0
877 . 0
) 658 . 0 (
,
,
2
2
c
c
c
Fy
c
Fy
elastic Fcr
inelastic Fcr

,
_
1
]
1
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Procedure for Column Design
1. Design Load
2. Assume Fcr
P
n
= A
g
F
cr
= Pu
Find Ag
Select a section
3. Find
1. Find
c
=
E
F
r
L K
y
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Column Design
For
c
1.5 F
cr
= F
y
For
c
> 1.5 F
cr
= F
y

1. Fcr Calculated > Fcr Assumed
2. P > Pu. Check
3. If P > Pu, Design is OK Else Repeat
Steps 2 to 6
( )
2
c
658 . 0

1
1
]
1
2
c
877 . 0
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Column Design Using Design Aid
LRFD manual contains variety of Design aids,

helpful in making original trial section.
1. Design load
2. Find section for Corresponding P & KL using
Column Tables in the Manual
3. Calculate an equivalent (KL)eq =
if strong axis buckling needs
checking
1. Use the calculated (KL)eq value to find (c Pn)
the column strength from column tables
y x
x x
r / r
L K
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Problem 4-11-1
Solution
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Steel Structures Details - Column Problems

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KL is called effective length of column and K

So far, we have looked at the buckling strength of

The effective length factor K for the buckling of an

However, when these individual columns

These frames are sometimes braced and

A Braced frame is one in which a sideway

A UnBraced does not have any bracing

Critical loads for a column depends on

its stiffness relative to that of beams

Presence or absence of restraint to

Effective length coefficient increases with

Similarly you can analyze

Subjected to vertical loads only

All columns become unstable

All joint rotations at floor are equal

Restraining moment distributed in

First, you have to determine whether the

Then, you have to determine the relative

G is defined as the ratio of the summation

It must be calculated for both ends of the

Then, you can determine the effective length

There are two alignment charts provided by the

One is for columns in braced (sidesway inhibited)

The second is for columns in unbraced (sidesway

G is a measure of the relative flexural rigidity of

However, if column buckling were to occur in the

The beams will have greater flexural rigidity

LRFD manual contains variety of Design aids,

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