Energy Management Strategy for Lab Microgrid

Ling Su,Jianhua Zhang

Electrical Engineering Department North China Electric Power University Beijing, China Ling0su@163.com
AbstractThe functions, tasks and operation flow of energy management system are planned for the supervisory control platform sited in lab microgrid. The mathematical formulation on economical dispatching and optimal operation is presented in detail. The control strategy combined central control and local control is put forword for microgrid operation and validated through the microgrid PSCAD model. The results show that the proposed control method can accomplish optimal management, coordination control and seamless switch in microgrid. Keywords-lab microgrid; distributed generation(DG); microgrid energy management system(MEMS);operation control; economical dispatch

Ziping Wu
Power System Simulation Center China Electric Power Research Institute Beijing, China

DG, storage facility and load in the microgrid to maintain the voltage and frequency at the normal range [7]. In this paper, the components, tasks and operation flow of MEMS are proposed based on the microgrid lab monitor and control platform. On the premise of satisfying the load demand and ensuring the power equality, MEMS includes the function of economic dispatch and operation optimization in the case of microgrid working under different conditions with certain restrictions. Control schemes combined central controller and local controllers are put forward for lab microgrid .And control methods for local DG controllers are expounded when microgrid operates in different modes. By the simulation model of lab microgrid, the presented control methods can be validated II. STRUCTURE OF MICROGRID

I.

INTRODUCTION

With the integration of distributed generations into the traditional grid, it is an advisable approach to adopt the microgrid in managing the DGs systematically and efficiently so as to improve the energy utilization efficiency, improve the reliability for power supply as well as enhance the power quality [1-2]. Additionally, microgrid is capable of feeding the energy to its interior loads while it serves as a controllable modulate unit in terms of the main distribution network. To fulfill these advantages, microgrid is supposed to have the well-behaved energy management system and flexible control schemes. DGs have little common characteristics with traditional power sources. Wind generation and photovoltaic generation are easily affected by weather and microturbine is affected by cold and heat load. The inverter interfaced DGs have an adverse impact on the voltage and frequency quality since they are inertia-less. As the penetration of DGs increase, microgrid energy management system (MEMS) tends to make a difference from the present one, which collects real-time information from the grid by SCADA system in order to execute the dispatch, regulation and control[3-4]. In contrast, the chief functions for MEMS will also include the renewable power forecasting, the real-time power balance and reliable power supply toward the critical load in addition to the basic functions mentioned above[5]. Due to the dynamic performance and energy management of microgrid, the control methods used in utility are applicable to microgrid[6]. Therefore, a set of perfect control strategies is necessarily demanded to support the benign operation of MEMS. When some changes occur in the load or network structure, MEMS is able to coordinate and manage individual

The structure of the lab microgrid is shown in the Fig. 1. DGs consist of 65kW microturbine generation (MT), 10kW photovoltaic generation (PV), 40kW fuel cell (FC), 20kW wind turbine generation (WT). The bank of super capacitor with the capacitor of 0.5F is selected as storage equipment supplying the maximum energy of 25 kJ. L1 is critical load, L2 is common load and L3 is non-critical load.
Main Distribution Network PCC

10/0.4kV

Microturbine
AC/DC

L1
DC/AC

L2
AC/DC

L3 Fuel Cell
DC/DC DC/AC

DC/DC

DC/AC

AC/DC

PV

Supercapacitor

Wind Turbine

Figure 1. Schematic diagram of microgrid

III.

MICROGRID ENERGY MANAGEMENT

Base on the power grid information collected from the realtime monitor system, DGs information, Load information and

Project Supported by National Hi-Tech Research Development Program 2008AA05Z216&2007AA05Z249

978-1-4244-6255-1/11/$26.00 2011 IEEE

so forth, MEMS optimally dispatch power flow among the main grid, multiple DGs, storage units and Loads, carry out the flexible plug-in or out of various DGs and realize seamless transition of microgrid between islanded and grid-connected mode. A. The functions and tasks of MEMS The function and operation flow of MEMS is illustrated in Fig2. The task can be divided into short-term power balance and long-term energy management in terms of time.
WT and PV Generation Prediciton Load Forecasting electric heatcool Market Price

Production Plan WT and PV Available Generation Exchanged Power with Main Grid Energy Storage Availability Prescribe output of DG

Production Adjustment

Management of Load

Figure2. Functions and flowchart of the energy management system for microgrid

1) Short-term power balance a) Based on the DG capacity, technical specification and storage power, the DG output and load can be regulated to follow the dynamic variation of load and achieve the voltage regulation and frequency control. b) Dynamic performance of microgrid should accord with IEEE1547 standard and also meet the power quality requirement of sensitive load. c) Provided failure or undesirable power quality occurs on the main distribution network, microgrid will disconnected with main grid. After the recovery of main grid from outage, microgrid can be reconnected in synchronous phase. 2) Long-term energy management a) According to the type of DGs, variation of primary source, generation cost, environmental factor and maintenance period, output of DGs can be predicted. b) In accordance with economic dispatch and optimal operation, the output of DGs can be assigned. Moreover, the appropriate backup power should be provided based on the load forecast and power market. c) To regulate the load demand, to switch on\off the noncritical load B. Economic dispatch and optimal operation of microgrid One of main objectives for MEMS is to fulfill economic dispatch and optimal operation. The main duty of microgrid is to ensure the reliable power supply of the critical load when operating in islanded mode. Therefore, the paper mainly focuses on the economic dispatch and optimal operation of microgrid working in the grid-connected mode.

Compared with the optimal operation of utility grid, there are quite a few differences for economic operation which needs to consider the combined cooling and heating power supply from the DG, effective utilization of renewable energy sources, environment factor, fuel fee and so on. Meanwhile the power trade between microgrid and main grid is taken into account as well. Based on the above causes, this paper put forward the MEMS from the perspective of the system security and stability, which involve the following elements such as the market price, individual DG technical specification and the environment factors. Moreover, MEMS can achieve the economic dispatching purposes of DGs, power flow between DGs and the main distribution network as well as the load demand management in order to minimize microgrid operation cost. Strategy for Economic dispatch as follows: 1)WT and PV can run as the renewable power resources without consuming fuel and with less environment pollution as well as the priority option for the output from their power generators unit. 2) The output of the MT depends on the cooling and heating load. 3) If the total amount of power generated by the WT, PV and MT exceeds the load demand, the rest power can be delivered to main grid. 4) If the total amount of power generated by the WT, PV and MT fails to meet the demand of the electrical energy, the rest of load can be fed by means of the economic dispatch and power purchase from the main grid. The detailed mathematical formulation can be described in the following. Objective function: the minimal economic cost for the operation
min C ( P ) = ( ( Fi ( P (t )) + OM i ( P (t )) + k Eki ( P (t ))))
t =1 i =1 k =1 T 2 M

+ ( C b ( t ) Pbuy ( t ) C s ( t ) Psell ( t ))
t =1

P(t) is output of MT or FC during the period of time t; Fj is fuel cost of MT or FC; OMi is the operation and maintenance expense of MT or FC; k is the external cost of the emission type k; M is the emission type (NOX SO2 or CO 2)C b(t) and C s (t) represents the electrical energy purchase price and its selling price at the period t; Pbuy(t) is the total amount of power purchased; Psell(t) is the total amount of power sold; T is the total number of cycle time. Constrain condition :

P = P
i i =1

PPV PWT Pbuy + Psell

Pi min Pi Pi max Pi min is the minimal output of MT or FC Pi max is the

maximal output of MT or FC. IV. CONTROL STRATEGY FOR MICROGRID After the text edit has been completed, the paper is ready for the template. Duplicate the template file by using the Save

As command, and use the naming convention prescribed by your conference for the name of your paper. In this newly created file, highlight all of the contents and import your prepared text file. You are now ready to style your paper; use the scroll down window on the left of the MS Word Formatting toolbar. A. Microgrid operation control The control strategy which combined central controller and local controller (DG and load) is applied in lab microgrid.Local controller is in charge of collecting the operation data, giving control order transfer as well as maintaining stability of voltage and frequency. When gridconnected operation, all DGs employ PQ control. And the real power and reactive power output can be assigned by central controller. When islanded opertion, master MT can quickly switch into Vf control that follow the load and keep frequency and voltage stable. Local load controller installed at the customer side can manage the load in accordance with the orders from the central controller. The central controller can receive the control information from the energy control center and manage DGs, the storage units and multiple loads so as to control the power flow in microgrid.. Energy manage system is the key unit which can receive the DGs and loads information delivered by central controller. It possess the capacity to make a comprehensive arrangement on the power dispatch and the trade plan on the basis of the system security and the operation stability. B. DG control strategy There are two types of operation modes for microgrid including grid-connected and islanded. 1)The control method for grid-connected operation When the microgrid operated in the connection mode, the shortage of power in microgrid can be balanced with the power from the main distribution network. The frequency control and voltage regulation can also be achieved by the main distribution grid. DG can adopt the PQ control with the P ref and Qref prescribed by the central controller. The control block diagram is shown in Fig3.
i
+ Qref

+ ilref il
+ vref
vc

viref

vi

Lf

il

vc Lc

io vc

Figrue4. Control structure of Vf

3) Transition of operation mode. Considering some problems such as the main distribution failure or the power quality, it is of great necessity for microgrid to disconnect from the main grid quickly. To exactly detect the states of islanded operation, the voltage and frequency at the Point of the Common Coupling (PCC) should be tested. If the voltage and frequency surpass the permitted range during a certain detecting period, microgrid can disconnect with the main grid and then operate in the islanded mode with the master MT taking the Vf control. When the islanded mode is activated, non-critical load need to be shed if the frequency is out of the required range. Once the main grid returns back to normal operation, microgrid needs to be reconnected with main distribution. To avoid the tremendous transient during the interconnection, it is necessary to carry out the DG synchronization in phase so as to limit the voltage, frequency and phase error within the permissible range. Once the synchronization is available, the microgrid is able to connect with the main grid and controllable DG can adopt the PQ method again. And in the meanwhile the non-critical load can be reconnected. The control of microgrid operation is shown in Fig5. C. simulation case The loads shown in Fig.1: L1=50kW+12kVar, L2=40kW+12kVar, L3=24kW+4.8kVar. According to the strategy of economical dispatching presented in section 2.2, the reference output power of each DG is shown in table.
TABLE I. PRESCRIBED POWER OUTPUT OF DG
Reference reactive powerkVar

DG
MT PV FC WT

Reference active power kW

+ lref

viref

vi

Lf r
C

il

vc Lc io
vc io

vf

35 10 40 20

25 0 0 0

+ Pref

P
Figure3. Control structure of PQ

From t=0 to 5s, microgrid is gird-connected and the PQ control is applied to each inverter of the DG. The output power of each DG is equivalent to those of given outputs in tabele1. The main distributed network fed 9.5kW active power and 3.8kVar reactive power into microgrid. The main distributed network is in the event of failure at t=5s. By mean of the detection that voltage and (or) frequency is out of limits, central control unit of microgrid ordered the protection action and microgrid is islanded after 120ms. Microturbine, as the master DG, converted from PQ control to Vf control and the active and reactive outputs were 44.6kW and 28.8kVar respectively. The control strategies and the output power of WT, PV and FC have no change. From t=8 s to 11s, the active load is added with 9 kW. The master MT which adopted Vf control can follow the loads and the frequency and voltage stability of microgrid is maintained.

2)The control method for the islanded operation When microgrid operated in islanded mode, due to the loss of the power balance from the main network as well as the frequency and voltage support, the master MT takes advantage of the voltage and frequency (V/f) control in order to ensure the reliable power supply toward the ctritical load. Through this method, the effective voltage and frequency support can be achieved and the dynamic load following can also be fulfilled in the event of the microgrid islanded operation. The control block diagram can be demonstrated in Fig. 4.

0.8pu V 1.1pu and

49.3H f 50.5H z z

f < f min

f f max

0.8pu V 1.1pu

and

49.3Hz f 50.5Hz

f min < f f max

Figure5 Control diagram of microgrid operation

The main grid cut out fault at t=15s. By mean of the detection that voltage and (or) frequency is within the limits, central control unit ordered microgrid is grid-conneceted after 120ms and the main grid feeds power into microgrid again. MT converted from Vf to PQ control and each electrical variable returned to the previous value.
70 60 active pow output(kW er ) 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 t/s 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 M T P V FC WT m grid ain

m icrogrid

m grid ain

50.20 frequency (H z) t/s 50.10 50.00 49.90 49.80 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0

Fig6. Operation results of main grid and microgrid

The simulation results of above process are prsented in Fig.6. The seamlessly transition from gird-connected to islanded and load following is shown in the first two, the last three show that the voltage and frequency of microgrid and the difference of phase angle conform to the terms. REFERENCES
[1] Huang Wei, Sun Changhui, Wu Zhiping, et al. A review on microgrid technology containing distributed generation system[J].Power System Technology, 2009,33 (9):14-18(in Chinese) [2] Su Ling, Zhang Jianhua, Miao Weishi, et al. Control strategy of microturbine microgrid. High Voltage Engineering, 2010,36(2):513-518(in Chinese). [3] Qiu Xiaoyan, Xia Lili, Li Xingyuan. Planning of distributed generation in construction of smart grid[J].Power System Technology, 2010,34 (4):7-10 (in Chinese) [4] Farid Katiraei, Reza Iravani,Nikos Hatziargyriou,et al. Microgrid management[J]. Power and Energy Magazine, IEEE,2008, 6 (3):55-65. [5] C.M. Colson, M.H. Nehrir. A review of challenges to real-Time power management of microgrids[C].IEEE Power & Energy Society, Alberta, Canada,2009:1-8 [6] Wang fengping, Fan chunyan, Wang Lan. A discussion on some problems in applying EMS to regional power network[J]Power System Technology 200226(1)76-79(in Chinese) [7] D. Lu, B. Franois. Strategic framework of an energy management of a microgrid with a photovoltaic-Based active generator[C]. Advanced Electromechanical Motion System&Electric Drive Joint Sympposium, Lille, France,2009:1-6.

40.0 re c e p w r o tp t k a a tiv o e u u V r) 35.0 30.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 -5.0 t/s 0.0

M T

P V

FC

W T

m ain grid

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

m grid ain 0.340 0.330 m agnitude (kV ) 0.320 0.310 0.300 0.290 0.280 0.270 0.260 0.250 t/s 0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0

m icrogrid

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0

12.0 phase angle difference () 10.0 8.0 6.0 4.0 2.0 0.0 -2.0 t/s 0.0

betw een m icrogird and m grid ain

2.5

5.0

7.5

10.0

12.5

15.0

17.5

20.0