Sp.27 pp.803-811 I. The Home Front i. WWII was even more of a total war than WWI.

There was economic + people mobilization, even women. Many civilians died too. B. The Mobilization of Peoples (varied country to country) i. Great Britain a) Did a great job mobilizing their resources. the civilians were doing war work or in the army. They especially used women in civil service positions and as land girls in agriculture. b) The gvmt enc'd the Dig for Victoryto increase food production, and Grow your own Food. There was still food rationing, and diets were heavy in bread and potatoes. c) Planned economy as well: a ministry formed for fuel and power to control coal. The controls were unpopular, bud the Brits did manufacture many goods. ii. The Soviet Union a) 2/5 citizens killed in WWI were Soviet citizens. b) Administration change: supercentralization, so Stalin controlled all military and political affairs. (+ the Communist Party and the Soviet police). c) Initial losses==> emergency mobilization and famine for the people. d) There was widespread military, industrial, and economic mobilization created another Ind. Rev. for the Soviet Union. e) Women played a large role by working in the industrial factories. They even dug trenches, snipers, and were known as Night Witches when female pilots helped beat the Germans at Stalingrad. f) Soviet peasants met tremendous hardship: many were fighters, and they were supposed to feed the armies despite shortages of labor and equipment. g) Stalin realized that people wouldn't fight for a communist Russia, so played on nationalism/patriotism. iii. The United States a) The home front was quite different here because there wasn't the threat of war on its territory. It eventually mobilized and produced the military equipment the Allies needed. It shaped later social and economic development. b) However, the economy was never completely mobilized. They thought too much production would lead to another depression after the war. There was actually unemployment, so most women stayed at home. c) Even this partial mobilization==> social probs. Shortages of houses , health fascilities, and schools near the factories. Small to large towns quickly broke down morals, and teenage prostitution rose. Many people moved . Blacks moved from South to North for jobs, racial tensions were raised. Japanese Americans were taken to internment camps and forced to swear loyalty for security, even though this didn't happen to German/Italian Americans shows the racism. iv. Germany a) Unlike in 1914, many Germans weren't that excited/sensed disaster in 1939 as

soldiers marched off. b) Hitler thought that the defeat of the Home Front had cost Germany its first WWI, so he adopted economic policies that might have lsot the war. To keep up morale, Hitler waited until Blitzkrieg took resources, than used them for war industries. There was never a total mobilization of resources (not at home, just abroad) b/c Hitler didn't want to lower civilian morale. Not until 1944, when it was too late. c) Reversed attitudes toward women: they were needed in factories. Now just just eternal mother, but also as working and fighting comrade of women. But many women (esp. m-class) didn';t want to work, and even evade labor conscription. v. Japan a) a highly mobilized society. Gvmt controlled all national resources by controlling prices, wages, labor, and resource allocation. b) Traditional hierarchy and imperial divinity were emphasized for the national cause, esp. the code of bushido, the way of the warrior and loyalty and service. The kamikaze (divine wind) were examples of this selfless sacrifice. c) Women's rights were sacrificed. They were supposed to bear more children, but Japan was hesitant to employ women b/c they thought it would weakening the family structure would be weakening the nation. Female employment increased only in traditional industries like textile and farming. d) The gvmt brought in Korean and Chinese laborers instead. C. Frontline Civilans: The Bombing of Cities a) Bombs were used against objects (like radio towers), enemy troops, and civilians. Italian General Giulio Douhet said that bombing civilians could force countries into peace, so the Euro air forces started developing long-range bombs in the 1930s. ii. Luftwaffe Attacks a) These attacks contradicted Douhet's theory. They bombed London and other British towns nightly in Blitzes. But they refused to panic, keeping civilian moral high. iii. The Bombing of Germany a) The British bombed German cities too, hoping to break civilian morale for victory. b) Bombing strategy changed when the Americans entered the war. There was a new Allied Strategic Bombing Survey. The Americans wanted to hit transportation and war industries, while the British Bomber Command continued getting big cities. High death tolls and made shortages of food, clothing, and fuel worse as many buildings were destroyed. c) The horror of Dresden's bombing disgusted even Allied leaders. The Nazis in 1943 vacated. But the Germans kept high morale. Industrial work continued and even increased, but it was tough getting the supplies o the army. d) The loss of this war couldn't be blamed on the war of the home front. iv. The Bombing of Japan: The Atomic Bomb a) The Americans and British worked under J. Rovert Oppenheimer at a secret lab in New Mexico to beat the Germans to an atomic bomb. b) Japan was esp. susceptible to air raids b/c its air force had been destroyed and the cities were flimsy and crowded.

c) After the Japanese gvmt declared the people's volunteer corps, Truman thought there would be many American deaths, so he had the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima on August 6th and on Nagasaki on the 9th. Many buildings collapsed, many people died, and others died from radiation. II. The Aftermath of the War: the Cold War a) The total victory of the Allies were followed by a new conflict that stemmed from military, political, and ideological differences esp. b/t the Soviet Union and the United States. Everyone had different concepts of postwar Europe. It lasted for ~ 40 years. B. The Conference at Tehran (capital of Iran) i. The leaders of the Big Thre of the Grand Alliance (Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill) met in November 1943 to discuss the future course of the war. ii. They discussed the final assault on Germany. Stalin and Roosevelt agreed on D-day. The consequence of it was that Soviet and British-American troops in Germany, and would decide how to split it. C. The Yalta Conference (in the Ukraine) i. The Western powers had to deal with a strong Soviet Union (they had thought that they were weak) that could take control of a lot of Eastern and Central Europe. ii. Stalin still operated with the spheres of influence. Stalin was suspcious of the West and wanted a buffer, but it wanted resources for the economy and good military positions. iii. Roosevelt believed in self-determination and the declaration on Liberated Europe. It was a pledge to help liberated countries get democracies. iv. At Yalta, Roosevelt sought Soviet help against Japan, and agreed to Stalin's price of Sakhalin and the Kurile Islands and ind. Control of Manchuria. v. The United Nations were formed and Roosevelt got Stalin and Chruchill to join. vi. The issues of Germany and E.Europe weren't as well decided. D. Intensifying Differences i. Western relations with the Soviet Union were turning sour. After the only common aim of the defeat of Nazism was achieved, the allies had little to work with. ii. To the Soviets, America's premature termination of the Lend-LEase aid and not giving a loan exposed U.S.'s desire for a weak Soviet Union. iii. To the Americans, the Soviets didn't keep their pledge to the Declaration on the Liberated Europe. Started puppet Communist regimes a) It helped a Romanian coup to put a communist in power. E. The Potsdam Conference i. So the July 1945 conference started with mistrust. Roosevelt had died, replaced by Truman. He demanded free elections across E. Europe. Stalin said they would then be anti-Soviet, which he couldn;t allow b/c he wanted absolute military authority thru other Communist states. ii. Only a Western invasion could undo the developments in E.Europe, which people didn't want right after a war.

F. Emergence of the Cold War i. The Soviets saw their legit security measures, not dangerous expansion. They supported this by the West had supported the East and they hadn't offered Stalin helped initially after Hitler turned on him. ii. American secretary James Byrne offered 25 year disarmament of Germany, but Soviets rejected this. In the West this was seen as foreshadowing Stalin's wish to control C. Europe and create a Communist East German State. iii. The Americans said troops would be needed for an independent West Germany, the Soviets saw this as a threat to their security. iv. The Soviets saw Americans as insatiable imperialist who wanted colonies. Churchill said that an iron curtain has descended across the contient, dividing Germany and Europe into 2 hostile camps. Stalin saw this as a call to war with the Soviet Union. Conclusion Between 1933 and 1939, Hitler rebuilt Germany's military might for a German racial empire. This Nazi New Order would have had him as authoritarian control, racial extermination, oppression, and the end of freedom so cherished by Western civilization. The destruction of civilization was new to the Europeans were used to being very powerful. As soon as WWII ended, the Soviet Union and especially the U.S. Decided on two different ideas of postwar Europe, leading to the Cold War.