TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

(WRITING AND PRESENTING YOUR TERM PAPER)

COMPILED BY ACADEMIC COMMITTEE B. ED. TESL FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITI SELANGOR DECEMBER 2012

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

PREFACE
This guideline is compiled to assist, facilitate and guide our B. Ed. TESL Degree students in documenting and presenting their proposed and term paper. It is an attempt to share some of the many ideas written by several experts in the subject and adapted to UNISEL environment and requirement, which hopefully would make the task of finishing their undergraduate degrees so much easier. The B. Ed. TESL Academic Committee believes that this guideline will serve as an important instrument for students to prepare and present quality academic documents. It also acts as an easy and mutually useful reference that provides greater convenience to supervisors, external examiners (readers) and students alike. With this in mind, read the guide thoroughly and enjoy researching as a mean to realize the philosophy of lifelong education of Unisel.

The normal, universal and standard technical terms commonly used in research are retained while other terms peculiar to the research context are the prerogatives of the researcher. However such restriction and freedom are still within the acceptable boundary of research. The entire content and context of this guideline is developed in strict compliance of the conditions stipulated by the Academic Regulations of UNISEL.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The original version of this GUIDELINE was prepared by the Centre for Post Graduate Studies, UNISEL. It was modified and further adapted to the B. Ed. TESL context. Our heartfelt appreciation to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ab. Rahim Selamat, Dean, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, UNISEL for allowing us to use the content of the Term Paper and Thesis Handbook. Thank you to all those who have contributed in one way or another until its final compilation.

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 1 INTRODUCTION UNIT 1 UNIT 2 5 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 9 UNIT 5 13 UNIT 6 UNIT 7 23 UNIT 8 UNIT 9 28 UNIT 10 APPENDIX SUMBISSION 29 31 32 BIBLIOGRAPHY EDITING YOUR FINAL DRAFT: CHECKLIST 27 EVALUATION CRITERIA GENERAL FORMAT 14 NOTE ON WRITING STYLE SOME COMMON ERRORS THE ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENT FOR PROPOSAL 6 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE TERM PAPER INTRODUCTION TO TERM PAPER 4 THE SCHEDULE 3 1

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

INTRODUCTION
a) The term paper which carries three (3) credit hours is a partial requirement for the Bachelor of Education (TESL) degree. The students are expected to write a well-articulated paper with a length of approximately 30-50 pages or 10,000 words, excluding appendix, table and other graphics. b) The student will be assigned a supervisor , who is familiar with the area chosen, by the faculty. For special cases, another internal examiner may be assigned. c) The candidate needs to fill up a form (TP001) and send in a proposal to the faculty for approval to conduct the research or write the term paper. d) Any new intellectual effort invariably has to go through the following phases i.e. Stage 1- Thinking/ Conceptualizing Stage 2- Preparing the Proposal Stage 3- Conducting Research/ Preparing the materials Stage 4- Writing the Paper Stage 5- Sharing the Research Outcomes with Others/ Piloting the materials Stage 6- Revising the Research Paper/ Materials produced Stage 7- Defensefor Thesis only c) A good term paper should have the following attributes: It should be a clear demonstration of the ability of the student undertaking a research/ term. The term paper would include writing a critical review of the literatures, applying statistical tools to analyze data/ producing or adapting materials and interpreting the results/ piloting the materials produced.

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

It makes a significant contribution to the academic literature and education policy and/ or practice. It is well edited and has been thoroughly checked for spelling, grammatical, punctuation and typographical errors. Text citations and references conform to the American Psychological Association (APA) referencing style. The language is kept simple and concise. Thought and writing are original and not plagiarized. It shows an overall coherence, has links between one chapter to the next chapter and the connections between chapters and the points made within the chapters are smooth, logical and clear.

Note This guideline is prepared specifically for students with the intention of providing specific and detailed particulars of procedures in preparing and submitting the term paper. Students are strongly advised to read and follow the procedures carefully to avoid unnecessary, costly and time-consuming revisions.

UNIT 1

INTRODUCTION TO TERM PAPER

The main part of both documents (the proposal/ the term paper) begins with an introductory statement, which normally introduces the document to the Academic Committee, for proposal as well as for final evaluation. Generally it should portray a brief overview of the research initiative, primarily its scope, objectives, hypotheses, and its significance and research methodologies that would be used (for proposal) or used (for final evaluation). The entire research effort should be clearly transmitted to and understood by the Academic Committee. The introduction is the fist impression and it is also the first entry point for the Academic Committee. Thus it can be said to be the most critical element of the research.

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

UNIT 2

THE SCHEDULE

The overall process of thinking, conceptualizing, preparing and scheduling the term paper is depicted in Appendix I. Why do you need to follow the schedule? To ensure a quality term paper will be completed on time. To get constant guidance from the supervisor. Supervisor will have enough time to go through the term paper. correction and changes can be done accordingly. Any

Checklist On the Thinking and Conceptualizing Stage Be inclusive with your thinking Write down your ideas and concepts Try and set a realistic goal Set appropriate time frame Try a preliminary study to help clarify your research

Checklist on the Preparation of the Proposal Read other proposals

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Prepare a comprehensive review of the literature Photocopy relevant articles Focus your research Summary of the first 3 chapters of the term paper Include a title for your proposal Design your research/ Decide on the skills or area to develop Choose your research methodology/ methods to present your materials

Checklist On the Writing of the Term Paper Begin writing with sections you know best Use real names/places in early drafts Print each draft on a different coloured- paper Use hand drawings of graphic/tables for early drafts Make your writing clear and unambiguous Review other thesis/ term papers before you begin to write Use similar or parallel wording whenever possible Let your Table of Contents help you improve your manuscript

UNIT 3

THE ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENT FOR PROPOSAL

1. Completing the Proposal Form (TP 001) 2. Proposal Review

1.

COMPLETING THE PROPOSAL FORM The proposal form is attached in Appendix II. HOW TO PREPARE THE PROPOSAL? Students should submit their proposal together with TP 001 Form. To ensure that the proposal is submitted in a brief but comprehensive form, the following instructions are pertinent: i) All proposals are to be typed.

ii) The name and matriculation number of the student should be typed in Bold. iv) Title of Term Paper. This is to be typed in accordance with normal rules for title, i.e. all words will begin with a capital letter except for articles, conjunctions, etc. For example: 7

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Correct: The Economic Impact of Sport in Perak Incorrect: THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF SPORT IN PERAK Incorrect: The economic impact of sport in Perak v) Research Objectives In this part, students are required to list the objectives of their proposed term paper. vi) Literature Review In this part, students should summarize what the existing and the latest academic literature reveals about the subject of their investigation. vii) Proposed Research Method/ Procedures in Designing the Materials Students are required to indicate and explain the research methods/ procedures in designing materials to be used in the proposal. Please note that the category Secondary Data refers to research studies which will utilize (i.e. use, analyze and interpret) data from secondary sources e.g. company annual reports and government statistics). If students prefer to conduct an empirical investigation, students need to discuss more on technical methodological issues such as the methods of sampling, choice of sampling frame, piloting, rationale for the collection of data, validity and reliability aspects and so on. 2. PROPOSAL REVIEW The Academic Committee will then review the term paper proposal, subsequently assessing the following matters that are crucial in determining its potential successful completion. Suitability of the topic Adequate focus of the research/ material production Manageability of the research/ term in relation to time Availability of the literature Sample selection and size 8

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Availability of supervisors area of expertise and/or research interest Significant elements of creativity and novelty

The proposal will then be evaluated and the decision will fall under three categories: Proposal is fully approved. Students whose proposals are under this category may then proceed with the research study or term under the guidance of the respective supervisors. Proposal is approved with minor corrections. Students will then have to re-submit their revised proposal forms, endorsed by the proposed supervisors, to the Academic Committee for approval. Research area and/or proposed supervisor not approved. Students will be required to either change the focus of research and/or select an alternative supervisor, as determined by the Academic Committee. The revised proposal, endorsed by the supervisor concerned, will have to be re-submitted to the Academic Committee.

Upon approval of the proposed area of research/ term, the student may proceed with the research in consultation with his/her supervisor. Students are required to attend regular meetings with the supervisor. Please note that students who wish to graduate in the Universitys annual convocation ceremony of a particular year are strongly advised to plan their research schedule such that they will be able to submit their term paper to the Academic Committee latest by 16th week of the semester (Appendix I). The overall process for submission of term paper is depicted in Table 1. TABLE 1: SUBMISSION OF THE TERM PAPER/THESIS PROPOSAL

Identify potential research /term area

Approach potential supervisor

Refine research/ term area in consultation with supervisor

Re-submit revised proposal 9

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Minor amendments required Make necessary amendments in consultation with supervisor

Complete and submit proposal together with Form TP001 Proposal approved as is Proposed area and/or supervisor not approved

Resubmit revised proposal

Proceed with research study/ term under supervisors guidance and complete PP. Notes: PP Term Paper PPP Term Paper Proposal AC Academic Committee.

Re- do proposal, resubmit

UNIT 4

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE TERM PAPER

SEQUENCE OF CHAPTERS

A typical format of the TERM PAPER will usually have the following five chapters. However, students may decide on the specific title of each chapter of the paper depending on their individual style, area of research, etc. It is always useful for the student to discuss with his/her supervisor on the structure or organization of the term paper before writing commences. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to state the research problems/issues/hypotheses that will be examined in the term paper. This should provide the background of the study and indicate to the reader in general terms what the research/term intends to study. Generally, the following sub-sections are included in writing the introduction chapter of term paper:/thesis. i. Background of the study 10

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

This section should inform the reader the problem to be dealt with, by establishing a frame of reference for the problem. ii. Objective(s) of the study, research questions and/or hypotheses This section should describe in detail, the research/ term objectives, research/ term questions, and/or hypotheses of the research/ term. Significance of the study This section should state the intended contribution of the research/ term to theory, practice and policy. Limitations of the study This section should discuss the limitations/ constraints of the study. Operational definition of terms This section provides operational definitions of all principal variables in the study. Organization of the Term Paper This section is always placed last in chapter one and informs readers on the summary of contents to be presented in each of the remaining chapters.

iii.

iv.

v.

vi.

Note:
Some researchers prefer to discuss the limitations of the study in the last chapter. Either approach is acceptable, as long as the limitations of the study are clearly presented and thoroughly discussed.

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW The main purpose of the literature review chapter is to expand upon the context and background of the study, to further define problem, and to provide and support the empirical and theoretical bases for the research/ term. In other words, this chapter needs to clarify the relationship between the proposed study and previous work conducted on the topic. Sub-headings should reflect the major variables of the literature review. It is recommended that the sub-section under each sub-heading begin with a sentence introducing the purpose, content or relevance of the literature to be reviewed in the sub-section and end with a sentence summarizing the conclusions or trends evident from the literature reviewed in that sub-section1. CHAPTER THREE 11

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

RESEARCH/ TERM DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the exact steps that will be undertaken to address the hypotheses and/or research questions or to design the term. The aim of this chapter is to provide a complete description of the specific steps to be followed in sufficient details, to allow a reader to replicate the study. The usual sub-sections in this chapter will vary, depending on whether the research is quantitative or qualitatively based. The following sub-sections may be relevant in the methodology chapter in a quantitative study: Subjects or respondents Instrumentation Validation Procedures Data analysis Summary

Qualitative studies must meet the same criteria for completeness that quantitative studies do, that is, they must be able to describe in sufficient details the methods and procedures used to permit replication of the study. However, it should be noted that the sub-headings for different term papers using a qualitative approach might vary, depending on the actual research method used. In discussing the methodology, whether for quantitative or qualitative research, it must always be linked to what has been said in the problem/hypothesis statement in the introduction and the literature review chapters. This is important to justify the choice of method used in the study2. CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS AND FINDINGS/ MATERIAL PRODUCTION For research, tables and graphs are usually essential to data analysis and findings chapter, with the text describing in words what are shown in the tables and graphs. Most data analysis and finding chapters begin with a description of the sample. Simple demographics can be presented in written or tabular format. After describing the sample, the next step is probably to address the research objectives or the hypotheses of the study. The first research objective or hypothesis may be the first sub-heading. The second research objective or hypothesis may be the next sub-heading, and so on.

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TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

The data analysis and findings chapter of a qualitative research will be slightly different; however, the main concern should still be making sense of the data. The methods of analyses may differ, the standards upon which reliability and validity are judged may not be the same, and the raw data upon which analyses is based assumes May in different forms. Nevertheless, clearly written and documented analysis, the use of tables and graphs, and a careful consideration of the order and logic of the presentation serve as the foundation of quality research, regardless of the type of research3. For term/material production, this chapter contains the modules/ materials designed. CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS This chapter is often the most difficult to write because it is the least structured. In the introduction, literature review, methodology, and data analysis and findings chapters, the details of the research dictate the content, but not in the conclusions chapter. The points raised in the introduction chapter must be responded to in the conclusions chapter. The conclusions chapter ties the results of the study to theory, practice and policy by pulling together the theoretical background, literature review, potential significance for application and results of the study. It does help however, if we understand the function of this chapter. The last chapter has the following functions: i. To conclude or summarize the findings of the study in the form of conclusions. It is useful to begin the last chapter with a summary of the main findings. This helps to orient readers to the discussion that follows. To interpret Here, this section is designed to answer the following questions: What do the findings mean? Why did the results, if any, not turn out as expected? What circumstances accounted for the unexpected outcomes, if any? What are the limitations of the study? To integrate This section attempts to tie the results together in order to achieve meaningful and convincing conclusions and generalizations.

ii.

iii.

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TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

iv.

To theorize Wherever possible, the conclusions chapter should also attempt to integrate the findings into an existing theory or generate original or new theory/theories. (In the former case, you should state in either the introduction chapter or the literature review chapter, the existing theory that is to serve as a frame of reference). To recommend or apply Since researches are replicated, this chapter should provide recommendations that can be applied in practice. To suggest extensions This chapter should be concluded with suggestions for further research, replications, or refinements, thus indicating directions for future research to take. The suggested extensions can be offered in general or more specific form4.

v.

vi.

UNIT 5

SOME COMMON ERRORS

The problem statement The problem statement is too long or trivial or not important. Problem statement is ambiguous, verbose and too long. Important definitions are omitted. Literature review Not related to the objectives of the study. 14

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Merely a list of summaries lack of connection or flow of ideas. Fails to reveal the relation between what has previously been done by others in your area of research and what you did in your research.

Methodology Research method is inappropriate. Sources of data are not identified. Tests of validity and reliability not undertaken. Inappropriate statistical procedures. Findings Incomplete findings. Discussions of major findings are not linked to the research objectives, research questions and/or hypotheses presented in the introduction chapter. Biasness in reporting. Not sufficiently supported by empirical evidences and facts. Results and analyses poorly summarized. Over- generalization

Bibliography Not citing all items listed in the bibliography in the main text.

UNIT 6

GENERAL FORMAT

Cover and Spine 1) Cover (See Appendix VI) 15

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

i) The information printed on the cover must be with gold-colored letters of 16 point font size. ii) The TITLE of the term paper appears at the top of the cover. It should include meaningful keywords descriptive of the subject and content. Formulae, symbols, superscripts, Greek letters, acronyms and abbreviated forms in general are to be spelled out. iii) The NAME of the students used on the cover must match the name that appears on the Declaration and Copyright Page. iv) For example FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION Or FACULTY OF ENGINEERING, FACULTY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY and others followed by UNIVERSITI INDUSTRI SELANGOR, appear in full upper-case letters at the bottom of the page. v) The top and bottom margins for the cover must be 2.0. All information printed on the cover must be centred. 2) Spine (See Appendix VII) i) Information printed on the spine must be with gold-colored letters of 16 points font size, and must be in the following order: Name of author Acronym of the degree (BD) Year e.g. 2003 Acronym of the name of the University i.e. UNISEL

ii) The top and bottom margins of the spine should be 2.5. 3) Binding i) Final submission of the three (3) copies of the term paper (upon approval) must be in comb binding. When requested, students will have to submit hardcover to supervisor. The cover must be maroon in colour.

Pagination 1) Preliminary pages (Roman Numbering) i) ii) iii) Title page (counted as page i, but not numbered please refer to Appendix VIII). Abstract (150-200 words). Declaration and Copyright please refer to Appendix IX. 16

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

iv) v) vi) vii)

Dedication Optional Acknowledgments Optional Table of Contents please refer to Appendix X. List of Tables. viii) List of Figures/ Illustrations. ix) List of Abbreviations, Symbols/ Specialized Nomenclature (if any- optional). 2) Text (Page 1 begins with Chapter 1) All page numbers should be centered at the bottom of the page. 3) Supplementary Pages (No Pagination) i. ii. iii. Language The language of the paper is English. Paper Size Quality Color A4 (21.0 cm x 29.7 cm) Acid- free paper of at least 80gm weight White Appendices Glossary (if any optional) Index (if any optional)

Type of printing machine Students are encouraged to use a personal computer (PC) to write their term paper. Near-letter quality impact printers or laser jet printers may be used, however, dot- matrix ink-jet printers are not acceptable. Any word processor such as Microsoft Word or Word Perfect would be suitable to write the term paper. Students may also use Microsoft Excel, Lotus 123 etc. for tables, calculations or any other applications. Font size and type TYPE Text Tables and Figures Footnotes Title Page SIZE (point-font) 12 10 10 Please refer to Appendix VIII 17

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Table of Contents

Please refer to Appendix X

Headings should be typed in bold and all upper case letters while sub-headings are to be typed in bold, upper and lower case letters. Font style Only one font style (Times New Roman) may be used through the entire paper, including the title page, approval page, acknowledgement, bibliography and appendices. Exceptions to this can only be made for tables/figures/illustrations imported from other sources. Italic variants of the same font style may be used for labels, foreign words, book titles or occasional emphasis. The usage of bold variants of the same font style and underlining in the text of heading and titles is at the students discretion. Headings Chapter headings are to be centered, written in bold and upper case letters. The font size for chapter headings is 12 point. Other sub-headings should be in upper and lower case. Underlining and boldface in sub-headings is at the students discretion. Paragraphs Spacing between two paragraphs in the basic text should be set at 4.0 spaces. A heading that appears as a last line on a page will not be accepted. There should be a minimum of two lines of a paragraph at the bottom of the page under the heading. Photocopying All photocopied material must be clear, clean and sharp. Photocopied material on any page of the text should be numbered as part of the term paper and should be within the margins required by these guidelines. Any doubt about the quality of any photocopied material should be resolved with the consultation of the Academic Committee. Line Spacing The term should be typed on one side of the page. The text should be double-spaced throughout. Single-spacing should be used for the following circumstances: 18

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

i. ii. iii. iv. v. vi. vii. viii.

Abstract Explanatory footnotes Appendixes Long headings or sub-headings Long caption to tables, figures or plates Bibliography Tables Quotations

Margins and Justification Set the justification to full and the margins to the following measurements: TOP: 1 BOTTOM: 1.5 LEFT: 1.5 RIGHT: 1 Please refer to Appendix V. Use of Footnotes Footnotes must not be used for citing references. They should be used only for useful extensions and excursions of information in the body of the text. Footnotes should be numbered consecutively with superscript numerals. Footnotes should be in single spacing using font size 10-point. Abstract An abstract is required in English. The abstract is a self-contained summary of the most important elements of the term paper. Heading The words ABSTRACT in all capital letters, centered at the top of the page. Format It should be written in block form (i.e. without indentions), double spacing and in complete sentences. Content The abstract should contain statements of the (1) research problem (2) method (3) results and (4) conclusions and implications. Write in the past tense to report specific manipulation and procedures you employed in the study and the present tense to describe conclusions based in the findings. Body 19

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

In the preparation of the body of the text, rules pertaining to margins, font type, font size, line spacing, justification, pagination, etc. must be observed at all times without exception. Text Citations Sources material must be documented in the body of the paper by citing the author(s) and date(s) of the sources. The underlying principle here is that ideas and words of others must be formally acknowledged. The reader can obtain the full source citation from the list of references that follow the body of the paper. i. When the names of the authors of a source are part of the formal structure of the sentence, the year of publication appears in parentheses following the identification of the authors. Consider the following example: Wirth and Mitchell (1994) found that although there was a reduction in insulin dosage over a period of two weeks in the treatment condition compared to the control condition, the difference was not statistically significant. [Note: and is used when multiple authors are identified as part of the formal structure of the sentence. Compare this to the example in the following section.] ii. When the authors of a source are not part of the formal structure of the sentence, both the authors and years of publication appear in parentheses, separated by semicolons. Consider the following example: Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1991; Koeng, 1990; Levin & Vanderpool, 1991; Maton & Pargament, 1987; Paloma & Pendleton, 1991; Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). [Note: & is used when multiple authors are identified in parenthetical material. Note also that when several sources are cited parenthetically, they are ordered alphabetically by first authors surnames].

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TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

iii. iv.

When a source that has two authors is cited, both authors are included every time the source is cited. When a source that has three, four, or five authors is cited, all authors are included the first time the source is cited. When that source is cited again, the first authors surname and et al. are used. Consider the following example: Reviews of research on religion and health have concluded that at least some types of religious behaviors are related to higher levels of physical and mental health (Payne, Bergin, Bielema, & Jenkins, 1991). Payne et al. (1991) showed that

v.

When a source that has six or more authors is cited, the first authors surname and et al. are used every time the source is cited (including the first name). Every effort should be made to cite only sources that you have actually read. When it is necessary to cite a source that you have not read (Grayson in the following example) that is cited in a source that you have read (Murzynski & Degelman in the following example), use the following format for the text citation and list only the source you have read in the References list: Grayson (as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996) identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.

vi.

vii.

To cite a personal communication (including letters, e-mails, and telephone interviews), include initials, surname, and as exact a date as possible. Because a personal communication is not recoverable information, it is not included in the References section. For the text citation, use the following format: B. F. Skinner (personal communication, February 12, 1978) claimed6

Quotations i. Short quotations of fewer than 40 words should be incorporated into the text and enclosed by double quotation marks (..). 21

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Long quotations. Display quotations of 40 or more words in a double-spaced block typewritten lines with no quotation marks. Do not use single-spacing. Indent five (5) to seven (7) spaces from the left margin without the usual opening paragraph indent. If the quotation is more than one paragraph, indent the first line of second and additional paragraphs five (5) to seven (7) spaces from the left margin. Exact page reference MUST be given for all quotations. A Note on Plagiarism ii. Making proper text citations and providing accurate referencing for quotations is crucial to help ensure that students do not intentionally, or otherwise, plagiarize the work of others. Plagiarism occurs when people steal the words, the ideas, and/or the work that rightfully belong to others and then present these words, ideas, and/or work as if this material were their own words, ideas, or work7. Students are advised to pay serious attention to this matter, as it is a very serious offence to plagiarize the work of others. The best way to avoid plagiarism is to make proper documentation of the sources to which referred to in the term paper. Students are strongly cautioned that if there is evidence that a part or parts of a term paper has/have been plagiarized from other sources, the Academic Committee reserves the right to fail the student concerned and to report the student to the Disciplinary Committee of the University. Bibliography I) Research work of others quoted either directly or indirectly must be listed in the bibliography. ii) The bibliography must be presented according to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association i.e. the APA Style Manual format. iii) The bibliography should be single-spaced, with a 12-points font size. iv) All references cited are listed in alphabetical order. Do not number the references. v) Pagination: The bibliography begins on new page. vi) Heading: BIBLIOGRAPHY (left, in upper-case letters, on the first line). vii) Format: The references (with hanging indent) begin on the line following the Bibliography heading. Entries are organized 22

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

alphabetically by surnames of first authors. reference entries have three components:

Most

i. Authors: are listed in the same order as specified in the sources, using surnames and initials. Commas separate all authors. When there are seven or more authors, list the first six and then use et al. for remaining authors. If no author is identified, the title of the document begins the reference. ii. Year of Publication: In parentheses following authors, with a period following the closing parenthesis. If no publication date is identified, use n.d in parentheses following the authors. iii. Sources Reference: Includes or title, city of publication, publisher (for book). Italicize titles of books, titles of periodicals, and periodical volume numbers. Examples of sources: 1. Journal article Wilkes, R. E. (1995). Household life cycle stages, transitions and product expenditure. Journal of Consumer Research, 22 (6), 27-42. 2. Book Boone, L. E. and Kurtc, R. L. (1995). Cotemporary marketing (8th ed.). Forth Worthy, TX: Dryden. 3. Web document on university program or department Web site. Ward, R. (1997). Nursing and health care resources on the net. Retrieved May 21, 2003, from Sheffield University Website: http://www.shef.ac.uk/`hhcon. 4. Stand-alone Web document (no date) Brown, M. A. (N.d.). Primary care nurse practitioners: do not blend the colors on the rainbow of advanced practice nursing. Retrieved December 9, 2002, from http://www.nursingworld/ojin/tpc/tpc_6.htm. 5. Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date) 23

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Oceans and coastal resources: a briefing book on marine pollution. (Nod.) Retrieved January 11, 2003, from http://www.cnie.org/nlelmar20/r.html. 6. Journal articles from database Hien, D. and Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug abuse material aggression link. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 503-522. Retrieved November 14, 2002, from Ebscohost database. 7. Abstract from secondary database Garrity, K. & Degelman, D. (1990). Effect of server introduction on restaurant tripping. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 20, 168-172. Abstract retrieved October 25, 2002, from proudest database.

8. Article or chapter in an edited book Shea, J. D. (1992). Religion and sexual adjustment. In J. F. Schunmaker (Ed.), Religion and Mental Health (pp. 70-84). New York: Oxford University Press. Tables and figures Use font size 10-point and single spacing. Number all tables and figures with Arabic numerals in the order in which the tables are first mentioned in the text. Title of the tables and figures must be placed on the top. Chart and graphs must be centered. Sources(s) of data must be placed at the bottom left of the tables and figures, printed in font size 10-point. Please refer to the example given below. Table 1: Breakdown of Tourist Expenditure
Expenditure Breakdown Accommodation Shopping Food & Beverage Local Transport Domestic airfares Organized sightseeing Entertainment Percentage (%) 36.7 27.5 21.8 9.2 5.7 4.6 4.6 1994 124.31 93.23 73.81 31.08 19.42 15.54 15.54

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TERM PAPER GUIDELINES Miscellaneous items Total expenditure (RM) 4.6 100 15.54 338.46

Source: Adapted from Malaysian Tourism Policy Study (1994) Appendices All appendices should be placed after the bibliography. This section is optional and will depend on the content of the individual term paper. It contains supplementary illustrative material, original data and quotations too long for inclusions and not immediately essential to an understanding of the subject. This section may be divided into sections as Appendix I, Appendix II, Appendix III, etc., with appropriate titles. Any figures or tables included in the appendix should be numbered and captioned as for all text tables and figures.

UNIT 7

NOTE ON WRITING STYLE.

Abbreviations a) At first appearances, write the words in full. Thereafter, you can use the abbreviations, for example, Malaysian Trade Union Congress (MTUC). b) An abbreviation that can be pronounced or acronym (like NAFTA, ASEAN, UNESCO, UMNO) does not generally requires the definite article: do not use the before the acronym. For example: i) NAFTA is an organization ii) ASEAN has established Other organizations, except companies, should usually be preceded by the; for example, the BBC, the KGB. c) Abbreviations that can be pronounced and are composed of bits of words rather than just initials should be spelled out in upper and lower case; Unisex, Shell, Petronas, UNISEL. d) In the text, abbreviations, whether they can be pronounced as words or not (GNP, GDP, FOB, CIF, LIFO, SDR, IOU, R & D) should be set in capitals, with no points. Capitals The general rule is to use capital letters for organizations and institutions, but not for people. a) People i) Use upper case for ranks and titles when written in conjunction with a name. Thus, Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamed, Vice-President Gore, Queen 25

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Elizabeth, Professor Zuhairi, Chairman Kam. ii) On their own, we write, Dr. Mahathir, the prime minister of Malaysia; the vice-chancellor, Professor Aziz; Mr. Raju, the chairman of ABC. b) Organizations, Departments, Ministries, Acts, Political Parties, etc. Generally take upper case when their full name is used. Thus, Ministry of Trade and Industry, Bank Negara Malaysia, High Court, Universiti Industri Selangor, Petroleum Act. c) Places Use initial capitals for definite geographical places, regions, areas of countries (The, Britain, Middle East, East Asia, the West, the Gulf, South-East Asia, Peninsular Malaysia), but use lower case to indicate direction (northern Malaysia, south-east of Sarawak). The third world (an unsatisfactory term now that the communist second world has all but disappeared) is lower case. So is Kuala Lumpur city, Samarahan district. d) Historical Periods These are in upper case: the Great Depression, Renaissance, Middle Ages, Industrial Revolution, And New Economic Policy. Currencies a) Normally, we use $ to refer to the United States Dollar (USD) as the standard international currency and in general convert currencies to $ on first mention. To avoid confusion, it is advisable to use US$. b) Other dollars are differentiated by the initials: A$ (Australian dollar), C$ (Canadian dollar), NZ$ (New Zealand dollar), S$ (Singapore dollar), etc. c) For Malaysian currencies: CORRECT RM150 RM3, 000 5,000 RM3m 5m RM3 billion 5 billion RM40.25 d) Other currencies: 26 WRONG RM 150 RM3, 000 RM5, 000 RM3m RM5m RM3 5 billion RM40 ringgit 25 sen

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I) ii) iii) iv) v) Dates

1m pesos (Philippines) 200 rupees (India) 2m rupiah (Indonesia) DM678 (German Deutschemark) 5 billion (Japanese Yen)

Stick to the conventional: day, month, and year, in that order, with no commas: 6th July 6th July 2003 August 1977 10th 12th May 2002 1st May 2nd June 2001 Monday 11th January 1990-1995 Figures a) Number 1 to 10 should be spelt out as one, two, three .ten in a sentence. CORRECT WRONG The total of nine economic The total of 9 economic subsub-sectors. sectors. b) Use figures for numerals from 11 upwards and for all numerals include a decimal point, fraction, references to pages, percentages. CORRECT The total of 10,000 jobs. WRONG The total of ten thousand jobs. Ali has 1.5 hectares of Ali has one point five hectares land. of land. Ina has acres of land. Ina has quarter acres of land. On average 7.5% of On average seven point five tourist percent of tourist c) Fractions should be hyphenated (one-third, three-quarters, twofifths) and unless they are attached to whole numbers (4 ), spelled out in words, even when the figures are higher than ten (a tenth of them, a thirtieth anniversary). 27 20th century 21st century ideas 1990s mid-1990s

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

d) Do not compare a fraction with decimal. Avoid statements such as The rate increased from 5% to 7.15. Compare decimals with decimals, and fractions with fractions. Use fractions for rough figures (e.g. 20 million population, about 1 hectares) and decimals for more exact ones (e.g.The index fell by 2.3 per cent). e) Use m for million, but spell out billion, which means 5,000 m, except in charts or tables, where bn is permissible. Thus, 4m, US$4m, 6 billion, RM5 billion. f) Use 6,000 7,000, 11-12%, 10m 11m (not 10 11m) and 22 billion 23 billion or 22bn 23bn. But in a sentence for example, Sales increase from RM25m to RM25.8m (not RM25m 25.8m) Estimated to be between 17m and 18m (not 17m 18m) They decided by five votes to three (Not 5:3) g) Where a ratio is being used adjectively, figures and hyphens may be used, but only if one of the figures is greater than ten: thus a 30-40 vote, a 16-8 vote. Otherwise, spell out the figures and use to: a three-to-two vote, a ratio of one-to-five. h) Avoid using from 1960-70 or between 1960-70. Instead, use in 1960-70 or from 1960 to 1970. i) In a full sentence, use percent (e.g., About 15 per cent of the population were.), but % can be used in tables and charts or in parentheses. Thus, 38%, 21.4%, or in a sentence: Of about, 1,200 students who sat for the examinations, nearly 300 (or 25%) failed. Always write percentage, not %age, though in most contexts proportion or share is preferable. Measurements In most contexts, go metric: prefer hectares to acres, kilometers (or km) to miles, meters to yards, liters to gallons, kilos to lb, Celsius to Fahrenheit, etc. Full stops Use plenty. They keep sentences short and simple. But do not use full stops in abbreviations or at the end of headings or rubrics. British and American English For conventional reason, preferably use British English rather than American English or any other kind. But American English, especially American spelling has been widely accepted now. The 28

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

final choice is up to the writer and supervisor, but the key rule is: be consistent. Decide early which English to use, then stick to it. For names of companies, places and titles, keep to the original spelling8.

UNIT 8

EDITING YOUR FINAL DRAFT: CHECKLIST

Review the entire term paper, checking for the following: Is the content properly located in the appropriate chapter (Introduction/ Literature Review, Methodology, Data Analysis and Findings, Conclusions and Recommendations)? Is your Introduction/ Literature Review a coherent presentation of the theory and research from which you have drawn your hypothesis/as? Is/are your hypothesis/as clearly stated? Have you divided long or complex chapters with subheadings? Are the subheadings grammatically parallel? Does each chapter begin with a clear overview? Is the essential information/ data in the body of your paper? Have you placed tables and charts where they will be the most helpful to your readers? Have you assigned less essential or more detailed data or information to appendices? 29 helpful

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Is your language clear and precise throughout the term paper? Is the base tense of your term paper consistent? Are all sources properly documented? Did you double-check the evidence in your report against your note cards to be sure material from the sources you have used is accurate? Is your bibliography complete and in the correct form? Is the main idea in each paragraph clear? Are the relationships clear among ideas in each paragraph?

UNIT 9

EVALUATION CRITERIA

The term paper will be submitted to the supervisor and one (1) examiner, appointed by the Academic Committee for evaluation and grading. The evaluation criteria used for evaluation and grading is as follows: a. Significance of Study Does the study contribute to a better understanding of the area of research? Does it have policy implications? Does the study lead to recommendations? b. Rigor of Analysis Can the student demonstrate the application of the relevant analytical tools and techniques to focus on the critical issues? Are observations and conclusions based on sound arguments? c. Cohesiveness of the Study Is there focus? Is there a flow from one chapter to another? Do the conclusions relate to the introduction and research objectives or hypotheses? d. Conciseness of the Term Paper Is the style of writing concise and to the point? 30

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

e. Clarity of Concepts and Presentation Is there clarity in concepts, evidence and data in the pursuit of the purpose of the study? Are presentation tools (i.e. statistical analysis) well utilized? Is there logic and rationale in the study? f. Language, Grammar and Style Are the numerous errors in spelling, grammar, punctuation, and sentence construction and general use of English as a language that distract the reader? Is the use of footnotes necessary and appropriate? Are the references consistent with APA referencing style? The evaluation form is attached in Appendix IV.

UNIT 10 SUMBISSION
The following procedure shall be observed in sequence for the submission of the term paper: a) The corrected draft should be printed and must be in hard cover binding. The student shall submit three (3) copies of the hardcover term paper to: The Supervisor (one copy) Academic Committee (two copies) together with Form TP 002 b) The supervisor and the examiner (if required) will then i) Assess the term paper and; ii) Submit the evaluation report (Appendix IV) and copy(ies) of the Term Paper to the B. Ed. TESL Academic Committee. c) The examiner will be appointed by the Academic Committee. The Academic Committee shall require the supervisor and the examiner to assign specific numerical marks to the term paper in the evaluation report. 31

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

The submission form (TP 002) is attached in Appendix V. f) The Academic Committee shall retain one hardcover copy; send one copy to the supervisor and one copy to the library. g) The overall process for submission of term paper is depicted in Table 2.

TABLE 2: SUBMISSION OF THE TERM PAPER

Do research/term under supervisors guidance. Write-up and complete PP.

Submit one (1) copy of hardcover binding to supervisor and two (2) copies to AC together with PT 002 Form.

Evaluation of term paper by supervisor.

Submission of evaluation form and term paper to AC by supervisor and examiner.

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END NOTES
See Tuckman (1998) pg. 323. See Rudestam & Newton (1992) pg. 74. 3 See Rudestam & Newton (1992) pg. 118. 4 See Tuckman (1998) pg. 343-351. 5 See UNIMAS CMBA Guidelines pg. 27. 6 See APA Style Essentials. http:// www. Vanguard. edu/faculty/ ddgelman/index. 7 See Hubbuch (1992) pg. 162. 8 See UNIMAS CMBA Guidelines p. 29. 9 See Hubbuch (1992).
1 2

BIBLIOGRAPHY
Getting started. (N.d.). Retrieved September 5, 2002, from http://finalyear-terms.com/References.htm. Hassan, O. S. & Alavi, R. (2001). Guidelines for CMBA research paper. Sarawak: UNIMAS. 33

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Hubbuch, S. M. (1992). Writing research paper across the curriculum (3rd ed.). Florida: Hartcourt Brace Jovanovich. Levine, S. Joseph. (2003). Writing and Presenting Your Thesis or Dissertation. Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA. Mauch, J. E. & Birch, J. W. (1983). Guide to the successful thesis and dissertation. New York: Marcel Dekker. Rudestam, K. E. & Newton, R. R. (1992). California: SAGE Publications. Surviving your dissertation.

Tuckman, B. W (1998). Conducting educational research (3rd ed.). Florida: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Writing report. (N.d.). Retrieved February 2, 2002, from http://.cnjcbsa.org/eagle/report.html. Please contact the Academic Committee for Bachelor of Education (TESL) Faculty of Education and Social Sciences Universiti Selangor for further clarification 03-32805126

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITI INDUSTRI SELANGOR TERM PAPER PROPOSAL FORM Name Matriculation Number Contact Number (H/P) : _____________________________________________ : ______________________________________________ : ______________________________________________

Program and Semester : ______________________________________________ Title of the Term Paper : ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 34

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Research Objectives

______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________

Proposed research method(s) : Please specify data collection and analysis techniques (submit as appendix). A short Literature Review should be included (submit as appendix).

Name and Signature of Supervisor ____________________________ Certified by, ______________________________ Term Paper Coordinator

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES SUPERVISION PROGRESS FORM FULL-TIME STUDENTS Name & Matric Number: _________________________ No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Topic Date Remark Super.s initial Stud.s initial

35

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Supervisors Signature __________________ Date: Supervisees Signature __________________ Date:

FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCE UNIVERSITI SELANGOR TERM PAPER SUBMISSION FORM Name Matriculation Number Contact Number (H/P) : : ______________________________________________ : ______________________________________________

______________________________________________ Program and Semester : ______________________________________________ Title of the Term Paper : ______________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 36

TERM PAPER GUIDELINES

Date of Submission

______________________________________________ I hereby declare that I have made all the necessary correction. Name and Signature of Student ------------------------------------The student has corrected his/her work. Name and Signature of Supervisor -------------------------------------

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