-

-1

s4
For Znd Year Mechonicol Section

ffi,ffi
@ W,W'',,:*$
,
-ffi@

,@

Theory of mochines

: m"t"Fa

Energy Stored in a Flywheel

A flywheel is shown in the Figure. We have
discussed that when a flywheel absorbs energy,

its .speed increases dnd when it gives u p

energy, its speed decreases.
Let:

mkI_

Mass of the flywheel in kg ,

Radius of gyration of the flywheel in meters, Mass moment of inertia of the flywheel about its axis of rotation in kg-m2

I-m* l*
/V*u* and Nmin
/V

= Maximum and minimum speeds during the cycle in r.p,m.,

Mean speed during the cycle in r.p.m.

N *non =

N*u*

* N*tn
2

o)max

;tnd ttrmin= Maximum and minimum angular speeds during the cycle in radr's,

co

= Mean speed during the cycle in radlsec.

@*u*
@

* O*in
2

*"on =

Ks

Coefficient of fluctuation of speed,

Nr* - N*in
N

0*u* - 0*in
@*"on

^"o,

Theory of mqchines

-t*fltliEEl

We know that the mean kinetic energy of the flywheel,

[, -l* I*af
2

in N.m

or Joule

As the speed of the flywheel changes from <rl*u,

to

o)min,

the maximum fluctuation of

energy, AE = Maximum K.E.

Minimum K.E.

AE AE

-1* I * 0)'** 2

* I * al2 *in

-1* I * (al'^u* 2
[,

'(t) 2 min

AE =^f*

0^u* * O^in '-[

@*u*

")

O^in

0 *"on

LE - m*

k2

tr

Au^"on

*K,

k=R fordisc ; &rti/^ ol_yA,,rfi.-

,-- RorC->,

LE-m{<R'*a)'*"on*K,

LE-m*vz*K,

v ; is the velocity

ruf f lyNiteo( wwss in Kl

Theory of rnqchines

I
L.'Work done per cycle =
Tmean

Ffuuhee.l

Work done
The work done per cycle (in N-m or joules) may be obtained by using the following two relations: Xe

Where:
T^"rn = Mean torque,

T^""n= Pmear/ O)^"rn

And

Angle turned (in radians), in one revolution.

,@ 0

= 2o, in case of steam engine and two stroke internal combustion enginesj

0 -

4n, in case of four strbke internal combubtion engines.

2. The work done per cycle may also be obtained by using the following relatlor1

work done per cycle Where:

rr

P * 60
n

Number of working strokes per minute,

= N, in case of steam engines and two stroke internal combustion engdnes,

- N 12, in case of four stroke internal combustion

engines.

Theory of mochines

Flywheel

Examplel. The turning moment diagram for a petror engine is drawn to the fotlowing scales: iurning moment, r mm = s N-m; crank angle, 7 mm ro. The =
turning moment diagram repeats itsetf at every half revolution of the engine and the.areas above and below the mean turning moment line taken in order are 295, 685, 40, 340, 960, 270 mm2. The rotating parts are equivarent to a mass of 36 kg at a radius of gYration of 150 mm. Determine the coefficient of fluctuation of speed when the engine runs at 1800 r.p.m.

Crank aftgle

The turnirig firrlrneirt diagfaur

Let the total energy at A = E, then referring to the shown diagram:
Energy Energy

at8:E+
atC=E+

29s
295

... (Maximum energy)

- 6Bs - E - 390 Energy atD-E- 390 + 40 = E- 350 Energy atE- E- 350 - 340 - E - 690 Energy atF- E- 690 + 960-E+270 -sEnergy atG=E+ 270 - 270-E=EnergyatA
e AE = Maximum energy

...(Minimum energy)

ion

of

- Minimum energy AE = (E + 295) - (E - 690) = 985 mm2 - The given scale is lmm2 - 5* l* Qf llg0; - 0.0g73 So, AE = 985 * 0.0873 = 86 Joule
Since, AE:[*r'*.**Ks

N.m

: 36 * (0.150)' * (2+ r *1g00/60)' * K, Therefore, Ks : 0.003 : 0.3

86
o/o

Theory of mqchines

Fb'wheel

Example 2- The mass of flywheet of an engine is 6.s tones and the radius of gyration is 7-8 meters. It is found from the turning moment diagram that the fluctuation of energy is s6 kN.m. If the mean speed of the engine is 720 r.p.m.,
-find the maximum and minimum speeds. Givens:

m = 6.5t = 6500k9 ; R = 1.8m ; AE= 56kN.m = 56

Let
/Vmax

103N.m ; /V= 120 r.p.m.

and /V-in = Maximum and minimum speeds respectively.

We know that fluctuation of energy (AE),

LE - I * o' *"or* K, - I * @*ron* (@*u*- @*in) 56 x 103 = m x R2 x N^"u, (ff.u* - /Vmin).x $Tt/$01 6Q))
IUrnu*

Iy'min

- zr.p.m.' -......... (r)

We also know that rnean spee d (N*uun),

L2O-(N*u**Nrnin)/2

or

N.ur*Nm.n= L20xZ=240
From equations (r) and
/Umax =

r.p.m

.(ii)

(ii),

LZL I.P.ffi.,

and
ffnrin

= 119 r.p.m.

Theory of machines

Flythu)

Example 3. A shaft fitted with a ftywheel rotates at 250 r.p.m. and drives a machine. The torque of machine varies in a cyctic manner over a period of 3 revolutions. The torque rises from 7so N-m to 3000 N-m uniformty during 1/2 revolution and remains constant for the foilowing revolution. It then falts uniformly to 750 N-m during the next 1/2 revotution and remains constant for
one revolution, the cycle being repeated thereafter. Determine the power required to drive the machine and percentage fluctuation in speed, if the driving torque applied to the shaft is constant and the mass of the

flywheel is 500 kg with radius of gyration of 600 mm.

Given:

N-250

r.p.m.

or -z

x250lG0:26.2radls ;nx:500kg;
;

k:600mm:0.6m
;

The turning moment $iagrary tbr the comSilete cycle is shown'in the Figure:

3000
1125
1

o E o
E

875

s F
I

.g

Ct

750

it

Inru.

[*r

2x
Re-v.

3n

---*l |n*o k-r

Crank

4n

5n
FIev.

6n

-*l

angle

The turninq nto{nent rliagra,m

-+

Theory of rnochines

Ftyrlrce.l

we know that the torque required for one complete cycle = Area of figure
OA

BCDEF
ArCA BCHG

= ArEA OAEF + ArCA ABG +

+ ArCA CDH

=oFxoA+ x(0.5) xAGxBG+GHxcH* x(0.5) xHDxCH

= 6n x 750 + (0.5) x
zc

(3000

- 750) + 2n( 3000 - 750 )

...

tt

250

N-m

(r)

If Tmean is the mean torque in N-m, then torque required for one complete cycle
=
From equations
Tmean

x 6 zu N-m

...(ii) N-m

(f) and (ii),

Tmean=11

250nfGn-1875

'Power required'to drive the machine:

we know that power required to drive the machine,
P

T*"un X

(Dmean

= 1875 x 26.2 = 49 IZS W - 4g.L25

kW

Ans,

Coefficient of fluctuation of soeed:

Let K5

= Coefficient of fluctuation of speed.

First of all, let us find the varues of LM and /vp. From similar triangles ABG and BLM,

LM

AG =_BG

BM

OT

OV LI'7=--":TC)

or LH =0,$ A-

Now, from similar triangles CHD and CNp,

NP HI}

Ctr
CH

of

NP 3m0 - 187s Tt, 30m - 75{) = 0.5 or

CN = 3000

AIP

- 0,.5 lr

From the turning moment diagram, we find that: BM

1975 = 1125 N_m

since the area above the mean torque line represents the maximum fluctuation of energy, therefore, maximum fluctuation of energy,

Theory of mochines

FFirneel

AE = Area LBCP = Area LBM + Area MBCN + ArCA PNC

= (0.5) x LM x BM + MN x BM + (0.5) x NP x
= (0.50)

CN

x (0.5) zu x LI25*

2n

x LL25 + (0.5) x (0.5) n x1t25

= BB37 N-m
We know that maximum fluctuation of energy (AE),
BB37

- rn.l?.a'.K, = 500 x (0.6)2 x Q6.2)'X K5 = 123 559 Ks Ks - 0.071 Ans,