Jordan Hendy 10/20/11 Chemistry I Honors Pg. 122 #34-57 34.

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical reaction. 35. Democritus believed that atoms were indivisible and indestructible. However, his experiment didnt have much support since it was not based on the scientific method. 36a. Yes he would agree because he states that it is indivisible. b. He would agree on this also because his second law/theory states so. c. Dalton would agree because his second law states that each atom of the element is identical. d. Dalton would agree with this because he states that compounds can be chemically combined. 37. Chemical reactions occur when atoms are separated, joined, or rearranged. Atoms of one element, however, are never changed into atoms of another element as a result of a chemical reaction. 38a. The Cathode Ray proved the electric charge of the electrons. b. Thomson found that the ratio of the charge of an electron to its mass was constant. In addition, the charge-to-mass ratio of electrons did not depend on the kind of gas in the cathode-ray tube or the type of metal used for the electrodes. 39. I would expect two electrons to repel each other because they have the same charges. 40. Protons are positively charged and have a mass about 180 times that of an electron. Although neutrons are neutrally charged, they have a mass nearly equal to that of a proton. 41. In a normal state, atoms have the same amount of positive charges as negative charges. Thus, if one negative charge is lost, then there will be more positive charges, making the atom positively charged. 42. The electrons (or the raisins) are on the outside of the plum pudding model. 43. Rutherford thought that the alpha particles would go straight through the gold foil. However, as a result of the experiment, it turns out that the great majority of the alpha particles passed straight through. However, there was a small fraction of the alpha particles that bounced off the gold foil at very large angles. 44. The nucleus has a positive charge. 45. According to Rutherford, the nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons.

46. It is electrically neutral because the number of protons (positive charge) and electrons (negative charge) are the same. 47. The atomic number represents the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of that element. 48 a. phosphorus has 15 protons. b. Molybdenum has 42 protons. c. Aluminum has 13 protons. d. Cadmium has 48 protons. e. Chromium has 24 protons. f. Lead has 82 protons. 49. The mass number tells you the total number of protons and neutrons while the atomic number tells you the number of protons. 50. Atomic number 9 14 22 25 Mass number 19 24 47 55 Number of protons 9 14 22 25 Number of neutrons 10 15 25 30 Symbol of element F Si Ti Mn

51. Isotopes have different numbers of neutrons, and different mass numbers. 52. There can be many different types of elements due to isotopes. Thus, the number of atoms is increase greatly. 53. To calculate the atomic mass of an element, you must know the different isotopes, percent abundance of the isotope, and you have to know the mass. 54. An average mass involves adding the numbers and dividing regardless of the percent abundance of the element. The weighted average mass however, takes into account the percent abundance. 55. The atomic mass of an element is the weighted average of the masses of all the isotopes. 56. Reading from left to right, the elements in a periodic table are arranged in increasing atomic number.

57. Periodic means appearing or occurring at intervals. The periodic table is arranged in intervals which explains the name.