Chapter 3 : Conventional Radio System (SISO) : Conventional systems use one transmit and one receive antenna.

In MIMO terminology, this is called Single Input, Single Output (SISO) (Figure 1).

Figure 1: SISO antenna configuration

Shannon-Hartley theorem : According to Shannon, the capacity C of a radio channel is dependent on bandwidth B and the signal-to-noise ratio S/N. The following applies to a SISO system, Shannon-Hartley theorem for SISO[1] : C = B log 2 (1 + S/N ) Multiple Antenna Systems : A MIMO system typically consists of m transmit and n receive antennas (Figure 2). By using the same channel, every antenna receives not only the direct components intended for it, but also the indirect components intended for the other antennas. A time-independent, narrowband channel is assumed. The direct connection from antenna 1 to 1 is specified with h11, etc., while the indirect connection from antenna 1 to 2 is identified as cross component h21, etc. From this is obtained transmission matrix H with the dimensions n x m.

Figure 2: General MIMO

The following transmission formula results from receive vector y, transmit vector x, and noise n: Y = Hx + n

Data to be transmitted is divided into independent data streams. The number of streams M is always less than or equal to the number of antennas .

Capacity for MIMO : and the capacity C increases linearly with the number of streams M . Shannon-Hartley theorem for MIMO[2] ,

C = M B log 2 ( 1+ S/N)

Basic building blocks : the basic building blocks that comprise a MIMO communication system. The information bits to be transmitted are encoded (using, for instance, a convolutional encoder) and interleaved. The interleaved codeword is mapped to data symbols (such as quadrature amplitude modulation or QAM symbols) by the symbol mapper. These data symbols are input to a spacetime encoder that outputs one or more spatial data streams. The spatial data streams are mapped to the transmit antennas by the spacetime precoding block. The signals launched from the transmit antennas propagate through the channel and arrive at the receive antenna array. The receiver collects the signals at the output of each receive antenna element and reverses the transmitter operations in order to decode the data: receive spacetime processing, followed by spacetime decoding, symbol demapping, deinterleaving and decoding.

Figure 1, shows the Basic building blocks for mimo system

MIMO transceiver design : Transceiver algorithms for MIMO systems may be broadly classified into two categories, i.e., those designed to increase the transmission rate and those designed to increase reliability. The former are often collectively referred to as spatial multiplexing and the latter as transmit diversity. Spatial multiplexing and transmit diversity techniques achieve either one of the two extremities in the diversitymultiplexing trade-off

curve. Spatial multiplexing provides maximum multiplexing gain , while transmit diversity techniques provide maximum diversity gain for fixed transmission rate.
MIMO Gain Mechanisms :

In general , the gain of MIMO can be traced from four gain mechanisms, i.e. , array gain, diversity gain, interference rejection gain, and spatial multiplexing gain. The first three gain mechanisms can be obtained already with MISO or SIMO, while the last gain mechanism must have multiple antennas at both ends. These gains may sometimes be mutually conflicting.

MIMO in wireless networks : Wireless networks may be broadly classified as cellular or ad hoc networks. A cellular network is characterized by centralized communication multiple users within a cell communicate with a basestation that controls all transmission/reception and forwards data to the users. On the contrary, such as LTE (long term evolution ) . In an ad hoc network, all terminals are on an equal footing any terminal can act as a sender or receiver of data or as a relay for other transmissions. MIMO in cellular networks : In a cellular wireless communication network, multiple users may communicate at the same time and/or frequency. The more aggressive the reuse of time and frequency resources, the higher the network capacity will be, provided that transmitted signals can be detected reliably. Multiple users may be separated in time (time-division) or frequency (frequency-division) or code (code-division). The spatial dimension in MIMO channels, provides an extra dimension to separate users, allowing more aggressive reuse of time and frequency resources, thereby increasing the network capacity.

Referencecs : [1],[2]: Schindler, Schulz

Application Note , Introduction to MIMO , Rohde & Schwarz .