200 Chapter Five TRANSFORMATIONSOF FUNCTIONSAND THEIRGRAPHS

ExercisesandProblemsfor Section5.1
Exercises

1. Using Table 5.1, complete the tables for g, h, k, m, 8. Match the graphs in (a)-(f) with the formula 11(i)-(vi).
where:
(i) y = Ixl (ii) y = Ixl- 1.2
(a) g(x) = f(x - 1) (b) h(x) = f(x + 1) (iii) y = Ix- 1.21 (iv) y = Ixl+ 2.5
(c) k(x) = f(x) + 3 (d) m(x)=f(x-l)+3 (v) y = Ix+ 3.41 (vi) y = Ix - 31+ 2.7
Explain how the graph of each function relates to the y y
(a) (b)
graph of f(x).
Table5.1

~ x x
~
~ (c) y (d) y
~
~ x x
~
~
~ (e) y (I) y
~
~
x x
In Exercises 2-5, graph the transformations of f(x) in Fig-
ure 5.7.

9. The graph of f(x) contains the point (3, -4). What point
must be on the graph of
(a) f(x) + 5? (b) f(x + 5)?

~lkx
0
1 2 3 4 5 6
(c) f(x - 3) - 2?
10. The domain of the function g(x) is -2 < x < 7. What
is the domain of g(x - 2)?
Figure5.7
11. The range of the function R( s) is 100 ::;;R( s) ::;;200,
Whatis therangeof R( s) - 150?
2. y = f(x + 2) 3. y = f(x) + 2
Write a formula and graph the transformations of m( n) =
4. y = f(x - 1) - 5 5. y = f(x + 6) - 4 ~n2 in Exercises 12-19.
6. Let f(x) = 4x, g(x) = 4x + 2, and h(x) = 4x - 3.
What is the relationship between the graph of f(x) and 12. y = m(n) + 1 13. y = m(n + 1)
thegraphsofh(x)andg(x)? 14. y -- m (n ) - 3.7
X+4 X-2 15. y = m(n - 3.7)
I X
I I
7. Letf(x) = ("3) ,g(x) ="3( ) ,andh(x) ="3 () 16. y = m(n) + vIf3 17. y = m(n + 2v12)
4 How do the graphs of g(x) and h(x) compare to the
graph of f(x)? 18. y = m(n + 3) + 7 19. y=m(n-17)-159
 5.1 VERTICALAND HORIZONTALSHIFTS 201

Write a formula and graph the transformations of k (w) = 3w 22. y=k(w)+1.8 23. y = k(w + vg)
in Exercises 20-25.
24. y = k(w + 2.1) - 1.3 25. y = k(w - 1.5) - 0.9
-----
20. y=k(w)-3 21. y = k( w - 3)

Problems
y
26. (a) Using Table5.2,evaluate
f(x)
(i) f(x) for x = 6.
(ii) f(5) - 3.
(iii) f(5 - 3). x
(iv) g(x) + 6 for x = 2.
(v) g(x + 6) for x = 2.
(vi) 3g(x)forx=0.
-rn=t~
LJ-1jo
(vii) f(3x) for x = 2.
(viii) f(x) - f(2) for x = 8. Figure5.8
(ix) g(x + 1) - g(x) for x = 1.
(b) Solve 29. Thefunction pet) gives the number of people in a certain
(i) g(x) = 6. (ii) f(x) = 574. population in year t. Interpret in terms of population:
(iii) g(x) = 281. (a) pet) + 100 (b) pet + 100)
(c) The values in the table were obtained using the for-
30. Describe a series of shifts which translates the graph of
mulas f(x) = X3 + X2 + x - 10 and g(x) =
7X2 - 8x - 6. Use the table to find two solutions y = (x + 3)3 -1 onto the graph ofy = X3.
to theequationX3+ X2+ x - 10 = 7;2 - 8x - 6. 31. Graph f(x) = In(lx - 31) and g(x) = In(lxl). Find the
vertical asymptotes of both functions.
32. Graph y = log x, y = 10g(lOx), and y = 10g(1O0x).
Table5.2
How do the graphs compare? Use a property of logs to
x 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 show that the graphs are vertical shifts of one another.
f(x) -10 -7 4 29 74 145 248 389 574 809
Explain in words the effects of the transformations in Exer-
g(x) -6 -7 6 33 74 129 198 281 378 489
cises 33-38 on the graph of q(z). Assume a, b are positive
constants.

33. q(z) + 3 34. q(z)-a

27. The graph of g(x) contains the point (-2,5). Write a
formula for a translation of 9 whose graph contains the 35. q(z + 4) 36. q(z - a)
point
37. q(z + b) - a 38. q(z - 2b) + ab
(a) (-2,8) (b) (0,5)

39. Suppose Sed) gives the height of high tide in Seattle on

28. (a) Let f(x) = Gr
+ 2. Calculate f( -6). a specific day, d, of the year. Use shifts of the function
(b) Solvef(x) = -6. Sed) to find formulas for each of the following functions:
(c) Find points that correspond to parts (a) and (b) on
(a) T(d), the height of high tide in Tacoma on day d,
the graph of f(x) in Figure 5.8.
given that high tide in Tacoma is always one foot
(d) Calculatef( 4) - f(2). Drawa verticallinesegment
higher than high tide in Seattle.
on the y-axis that illustrates this calculation.
(b) P(d), the height of high tide in Portland on day d,
(e) If a = -2, compute f(a + 4) and f(a) + 4.
given that high tide in Portland is the same height as
it) In part (e), what x-value corresponds to f(a + 4)?
the previous day's high tide in Seattle.
To f(a) + 4?
202 Chapter Five TRANSFORMATIONSOF FUNCTIONSAND THEIRGRAPHS

40. Table 5.3 contains values of f(x). Each function in parts 42. At a jazz club, the cost of an evening is based on a cover
(a)-(c) is a translation of f(x). Find a possible for- charge of $20 plus a beverage charge of $7 per drink.
mula for each of these functions in terms of f. For ex-
ample, given the data in Table 5.4, you could say that (a) Find a formula for t(x), the total cost for an evening
in which x drinks are consumed.
k(x) = f(x) + 1.
(b) If the price of the cover charge is raised by $5, ex-
Table5.3 press the new total cost function, n(x), as a transfor-
mation of tex).
x 7 (c) The -~ement increases the cover charge to $30,
I(x) 24.5 leaves the price of a drink at $7, but includes the first
two drinks for free. For x 2':2, expressp(x), the new
total cost, as a transformation oft(x).
Table5.4
x 7 43. A hot brick is removed from a kiln and set on the floor
25.5 to cool. Let t be time in minutes after the brick was re-
k(x)
moved. The difference, D(t), between the brick's tem-
perature, initially 350°F, and room temperature, 70°F,
(a) decays exponentially over time at a rate of 3% per
-x 7
minute. The brick's temperature, H(t), is a transforma-
hex) 22.5 tion of D(t). Find a formula for H(t). Compare the
graphs of D(t) and H(t), paying attention to the asymp-
(b) --x 7
totes.

g(x) 32
44. Suppose T(d) gives the average temperature in your
hometown on the dth day of last year (where d = 1 is
(c) --x 7 January 1st, and so on).

i(xl 30 (a) Graph T(d) for 1 ::; d ::; 365.

41. For t 2': 0, let H(t) = 68 + 93(0.91)t give the temper-
ature of a cup of coffee in degrees Fahrenheit t minutes
after it is brought to class.
(a) Find formulas for H(t + 15) and H(t) + 15.
(b) Graph H(t), H(t + 15), and H(t) + 15.
(c) Describe in practical terms a situation modeled by
the function H(t + 15). What about H(t) + 15?
(d) Which function, H(t+15) or H(t)+15, approaches
the same final temperature as the function H (t)?
45. Let f(x)
What is that temperature?
(b) Give a possible value for each of the following:
T(6); T(100); T(215); T(371).
(c) What is the relationship between T(d) and T(d +
365)? Explain.
(d) If you were to graph wed) = T(d + 365) on the
same axes as T(d), how would the two graphs com-
pare?
(e) Do you think the function T (d) + 365 has any prac-
tical significance? Explain.
= eXand g(x) = 5ex. If g(x) = f(x - h),
find h.

5.2 REFLECTIONS
ANDSYMMETRY
...

In Section 5.1 we saw that a horizontal shift of the gtaph of a function results from a change to the
input of the function. (Specifically, adding or subtracting a constant inside the function's parenthe-
ses.) A vertical shift corresponds to an outside change.
In this section we consider the effect of reflecting a function's graph about the x or y-axis. A
reflection about the x-axis corresponds to an outside change to the function's formula; a reflection
about the y-axis and corresponds to an inside change.
 5.2 REFLECTIONSAND SYMMETRY 209

ExercisesandProblemsfor Section5.2
Exercises
1. The graph of y = f(x) contains the point (2, -3). What 8. Graphy = f(x) = 4x and y = f( -x) on the sameset
point must lie on the reflected graph if the graph is re- of axes.Howare thesegraphsrelated?Givean explicit
flected formulafory = f( -x).
(a) About the y-axis? (b) About the x-axis?
9. Graphy = g(x) = at and y = -g(x) on the same
2. The graph of P = get) contains the point (-1, -5). set of axes. How are these graphs related? Give an ex-
plicit formula for y = - 9(x).
(a) If the graph has even symmetry, which other point
must lie on the graph?
Give a formula and graph for each of the transformations of
(b) What point must lie on the graph of -get)?
men) = n2 - 4n + 5 in Exercises 10-13.
3. The graph of H (x) is symmetric about the origin. If
H( -3) = 7, what is H(3)? 10. Y = m(-n) 11. y = -men)
4. The range of Q(x) is -2 S Q(x) S 12. What is the
range of -Q(x)? 12. y = -me -n) 13. y = -me -n) + 3
5. If the graph of y = eX is reflected about the x-axis, what
is the formula for the resulting graph? Check by graphing
both functions together.
Give a formula and graph for each of the transformations of
6. If the graph of y = eX is reflectedabout the y-axis, what k(w) = 3w in Exercises 14-19.
is the formula for the resulting graph? Check by graphing
both functions together.
14. y = k(-w) 15. y = -k(w)
7. Complete the following tables using f(p) = p2 +2p-3,
and g(p) = f( -p), and h(p) = - f(p). Graph the three 16. y=-k(-w) 17. y = -k(w - 2)
functions. Explain how the graphs of 9 and h are related
to the graph of f. .
18. y = k( -w) + 4 19. y=-k(-w)-l

p 3
f(p)
In Exercises 20-23, show that the function is even, odd, or
neither.
p 3
g(p)
20. f(x) = 7X2 - 2x + 1 21. f(x) = 4X7 - 3X5

E-
h(p) 22. f(x) = 8x6 + 12x2 23. f (x) = X5 + 3x3 - 2

Problems

24. (a) Graph the function obtained from f(x) = x3 by
first reflecting about the x-axis, then translating up
two units. Write a formula for the resulting function.
(b) Graph the function obtained from f by first trans-
lating up two units, then reflecting about the x-axis.
Write a formula for the resulting function.
(c) Are the functions in parts (a) and (b) the same?
25. (a) Graph thefunction obtained from g(x) = 2x by first
reflecting about the y-axis, then translating down
tp-ee units. Write a formula for the resulting func-
tion.
(b) Graph the function obtained from 9 by first trans-
lating down three units, then reflecting about the y-
axis. Write a formula for the resulting function.
(c) Are the functions in parts (a) and (b) the same?
./
26. If the graph of a line y = b + mx is reflected about the
y-axis, what are the slope and intercepts of the resulting
line?
27. Graph y = log(l/x) and y = log x on the same axes.
How are the two graphs related? Use the properties of
logarithms to explain the relationship algebraically.
210 Chapter Five TRANSFORMATIONSOF FUNCTIONSAND THEIRGRAPHS

28. The function d(t) graphed in Figure 5.21 gives the winter 30. In Table 5.8, fill in as many y-values as you can if you
temperature in of at a high school, t hours after midnight. know that f is
(a) Describe in words the heating schedule for this (a) An even function (b) An odd function.
building during the winter months.
(b) Graph c(t) = 142 - d(t).
(c) Explain why c might describe the cooling schedule
for summer months. Table5.8

temperature
(OF) x 3
d(t)
68° Y

60° -

I
31. Figure 5.23 shows the graph of a function f in the sec-
l t (hours) ond quadrant. In each of the following cases, sketch
4 8 12 16 20 24 y = f(x), given that f is symmetric about
Figure5.21 (a) The y-axis. (b) The origin. (c) The line y = x.
29. Using Figure 5.22, match the formulas (i)-(vi) with a
graph from (a)-(f). Y
(i) y = f(-x) (ii) y =- f(x)
(iii) y = f(-x)
(v) y = -f(-x)
+3 (iv) y
(vi) y
= -f(x
= -2 -
- 1)
f(x)

f(x) ~
Figure5.23

-¥ f~X)
32. For each table, decide whether the function could be
Figure 5.22
symmetric about the y-axis, about the origin, or neither.
(a) y y
(a) x 3

(c)
*-X
Y
~I
(d)
~ y
x

(b) x
g(x)
f(x) 6

8.1
3

(c) - x
4-x -~_x
f(x) + g(x)
(e) Y m Y

(d)
3
13
f-x n~x
216 Chapter Five TRANSFORMATIONSOF FUNCTIONSAND THEIRGRAPHS

Solution To combine several transformations, always work from inside the parentheses outward as in Fig-
ure 5.29. The graphs corresponding to each step are shown in Figure 5.30. Note that we did not
need a formula for f to graph g.
y
Step 1: horizontal Step1:y = f(x + 3) I
'15
shifllett 3 units
~ I

/"
I
\
Step 2: vE\rtical
compression Step2:
1
\ I Original

~ j Y = 2 f(x + 3) -+\\ /
/ y=f(x)
\
/
/
x
g(x) = -~f(x + 3) - 1 4
Step3:
1
y = -- 2 f(x + 3)
""" 3,",1., "",,",,0 1
across the x-axis -4
Step 4: vertical
shift down 1 unit

Figure 5.30: The graph of y = f (x) transformed in four steps into

Figure5.29
g(x) = -(1/2)f(x + 3) - 1

ExercisesandProblemsfor Section5.3
Exercises

1. Let y = f(x). Write a formula for the transformation 9. Using Table 5.14, create a table of values for
which both increases the y-value by a factor of 10 and
(a) f( -x) (b) - f(x) (c) 3f(x)
shifts the graph to the right by 2 units.
2. Thegraph of the function g(x) contains the point (5, ~). (d) Which of these tables framparts (a), (b), and (c) rep-
resents an even function?
What point must be on the graph of y = 3g( x) + I?
3. The range of the function C (x) is -1 S; C (x) S; 1. Table5.14
What is the range of O.25C(x)?
x 4

In Exercises 4-7, graph and label f(x), 4f(x), -~f(x), and J{x) 13
-5f(x) on the same axes.
10. Figure 5.31 is a graph of y = x3/2. Match the following
4. f(x) = v'x 5. f(x) = -x2 + 7x functions with the graphs in Figure 5.32.
6. f(x) = eX 7. f(x) = lnx (a) y=x3/2-1 (b) y=(x-1)3/2
(c) y = 1 - x3/2 (d) y = ~X3/2

8. Using Table 5.13, make tables for the following transfor- y y (I) (II) (III)

:v
mations of f on an appropriate domain. 2

(a) ~f(x) (b) -2f(x + 1) (c) f(x) + 5

1
(d) f(x - 2) (e) f( -x) (f) - f(x)
t t- x t- x
2 3 3
Table5.13
x
I i
Figure 5.31 Figure 5.32
J(x)
 5.3 VERTICALSTRETCHESAND COMPRESSIONS 217
y (b) y
Without a calculator, graph the transfonnations in Exer- (a)
cises 11-16. Label at least three points.

11. y
12. y
= f(x + 3) if f(x) = Ix I
= f(x) + 3 if f(x) = Ixl (c)
~" y (d)
~" y
13. y = -g(x) if g(x) = x2
= g(-x) = x2 ~x
14. y
15. y = 3h(x)
if g(x)
if h(x)
16. y = 0.5h(x) if h(x) = 2'"
= 2'"
(e)
1
y (I)
~" y

17. Using Figure 5.33, match the functions (i)-(v) with a

graph (a)-(i).
(i) y = 2f(x) (ii) y=~f(x)
+" ~"
(iii) y = -f(x) + 1 (iv) y = f(x + 2) + 1 (g) y (h) y

(v) Y = f(-x)

y <VL (i) y
~"
,/\ I ,/ y=f(x)

-r r--V--+-
-, x ¥"
Figure 5.33

Problems

18. Describe the effect of the transfonnation 2f(x + 1) - 3 26. The US population in millions is P(t) today and t is in
on the graph of y = f(x). years. Match each statement (I)-(IV) with one of the for-
19. The function s(t) gives the distance (miles) in tenns of mulas (a)-(h).
time (hours). If the average rate of change of s(t) on
0 S t S 4 is 70 mph, what is the average rate of change I. The population 10 years before today.
of ~s( t) on this interval?
II. Today's population plus 10 million immigrants.
In Problems 20-24, let f(t) = 1/(1 +X2). Graph the function
III. Ten percent of the population we have today.
given, labeling intercepts and asymptotes.
N. The population after 100,000 people have emigrated.
20. y = f(t) 21. y = f(t - 3)
22. y = 0.5f(t) 23. y = -f(t)
(a) P(t) - 10 (b) P(t - 10) (c) O.lP(t)
24. y = f(t + 5) - 5
25. The number of gallons of paint, n = f (A), needed to (d) P(t) + 10 (e) P(t + 10) (f) P(t)/O.l
cover a house is a function of the surface area, in ft2. (g) P(t) + 0.1 (h) P(t) - 0.1
Match each story to one expression.
(a) I figured out how many gallons I needed and then
bought two extra gallonsjust in case. 27. Let R = P( t) be the number of rabbits living in the na-
(b) I bought enough paint to cover my house twice. tional park in month t. (See Example 5 on page 5.) What
(c) I bought enough paint to cover my house and my do the following expressions represent?
welcome sign, which measures 2 square feet.
(a) P(t + 1) (b) 2P(t)
(i) 2f(A) (ii) f(A + 2) (iii) f(A) + 2
218 ChapterFive TRANSFORMATIONSOF FUNCTIONSANDTHEIRGRAPHS

y
28. Without a calculator, match each formula (a)-(e) with a
5
graph in Figure 5.34. There may be no answer or several
answers.

(a) y=3.2x (b) y=5-x (c) y=-5x 3

(d) y = 2-Tx (e) y = I-or

1
r
I I I I
y y 3 5 7
-3 -1-t1
x
Figure5.36

$ x
(a) y (b) y

r
2
y y

-1
h(x)
x x
(c) y

Figure5.34

Graph the transformations of f in Problems 29-33 using Fig- -3

ure 5.35. Label the points corresponding to A and B.
35. Using Figure 5.37, find formulas, in terms of f, for the
transformations of f in parts (a)-(c).
y y
10 3 B
B
6

10
x 0-"
I 2
-4
Figure5.37
Figure 5.35 (a) y y

(b),~
29. y = f(x
31. y=f(-x)/3
- 3) 30. y=f(x)-3

32. y = -2f(x)
-61V
h-~ x 21~
33. y = 5 - f(x + 5)
(c) y
34. Using Figure 5.36, find formulas, in terms of f, for the
horizontal and vertical shifts of the graph of f in parts
(a)--::(c).
What is the equation of each asymptote?

l~x
 5.4 HORIZONTALSTRETCHESAND COMPRESSIONS 223

ExercisesandProblemsforSection5.4
Exercises

1. The point (2,3) lies on the graph of g(x). What point 10. Using Figure 5.47, match each function to a graph (if
must lie on the graph of g(2x)? any) that represents it:

2. Describe the effect of the transformation 10f(fox) on (i) y=f(2x) (ii) y=2f(2x) (iii) Y=f(!x)
the graph of f(x).

v
3. Using Table 5.18, make a table of values for f( !x) for y
y = f(x)
an appropriate domain.
x

Table5.18
x
Figure 5.47
f(x)

(a) Y (b) Y

4. Fill in all the blanks in Table 5.19 for which you have
sufficient information.

(c) Y
, (d)
,,
Y
Table5.19
,
f(x)
f(
x

x)
-3
-4
-2
-1
-1
2 3
0
0
1 2
-3
3
-6
(e)
¥' Y (f) Y
f(2x)

I tV "
,
(g) Y (h) Y
5. Graph m(x) = eX,n(x) = e2x,andp(x) = 2ex on the
same axes and describe how the graphs of n (x) and p (x)
compare with that of m(x).
,0/1, ,
6. Graph y = h(3x) if hex) = 2x.
Y
(i)
In Exercises 7-9, graph and label f(x), f(!x), and f( -3x)
on the same axes between x = - 2 and x = 2.

7. f(x) = eX + X3 -
8. f(x)
4X2

= eX+7 + (x - 4)3 - (x + 2? -, LV +x

9. f(x) = In(x4 + 3x2 + 4)

Problems

11. For the function f (p) an input of 2 yields an output value 13. The point (a, b) lies on the graph of y = f(x). If the
of 4. What value ofp would you use to have f(3p) = 4? graph is stretched away from the y-axis by a factor of d
12. The domain of lex) is -12 :s; x :s; 12 and its range is (where d > 1), and then translated upward by c units,
0 :s; l (x) :s; 3. What are the domain and range of what are the new coordinates for the point (a, b)?

(a) l(2;)? (b) l(!x)?

224 Chapter Five TRANSFORMATIONSOF FUNCTIONSAND THEIRGRAPHS

In Problems 14-15, graph the transformation of f, the func- 19. 20. III
tion in Figure 5.48.

y x
21 I ::
I(x) IV
--I x
-2 -1 I
1 2
-1
-2

Figure5.48 21. Find a formula for the function in Figure 5.50 as a trans-
formation of the function f in Figure 5.49.
y
3 B

~~
14. y = -2f(x - 1) 15. y = f(x/2) - 1

x
16. Every day I take the same taxi over the same route from
home to the train station. The trip is x miles, so the cost
Figure 5.49
for the trip is f(x). Match each story in (a)-(d) to a func-
tion in (i)-(iv) representing the amount paid to the driver.
(a) I received a raise yesterday, so today I gave my
driver a five dollar tip.
(b) I had a new driver today and he got lost. He drove ~x -3
five extra miles and charged me for it.
(c) I haven't paid my driver all week. Today is Friday Figure5.50
and I'll pay what I owe for the week.
(d) The meter in the taxi went crazy and showed five 22. This problem investigates the effect of a horizontaI
times the number of miles I actually traveled. stretch on the zeros of a function.
(a) Graph f(x) = 4 - X2. Mark the zeros of f on the
(i) 5f(x) (ii) f(x) + 5 graph.
(iii) f(5x) (iv) f(x + 5) (b) Graph and find a formula forg(x) = f(0.5x). What
are the zeros of g(x)?
17. A companyprojectsa totalprofit,pet) dollars,in year (c) Graph and find a formula for hex) = f(2x). What
t. Explain the economic meaning of r(t) = 0.5P(t) and are the zeros of hex)?
set) = P(0.5t). (d) Without graphing, what are the zeros of f(1Ox)?
18. Let A = f (r) be the area of a circle of radius r. 23. In Figure 5.51, the point e is labeled on the x-axis. On
the y-axis, locate and label output values:
(a) Write a formula for fer).
(b) Which expression represents the area of a circle (a) gee) (b) 2g(e) (c) g(2e)
whose radius is increased by 1O%?Explain. y
(i) O.IOf(r) (ii) f(r+O.IO) (iii) f(O.IOr)
(iv) f(Ur) (v) f(r)+O.IO
(c) By what percent does the area increase if the radius
is increased by 10%?
lL x~,(x)
In Problems 19-20, state which graph represents
c
(a) f(x) (b) f(-2x) (c) f(-~x) (d) f(2x) Figure 5.51
 5.5 THE FAMILYOF QUADRATICFUNCTIONS 231

ExercisesandProblemsfor Section5.5
Exercises

For the quadratic functions in Exercises 1-2, state the coor- 11. y 12. y
dinates of the vertex, the axis of symmetry, and whether the
parabola opens upward or downward. 2~
x
1. f(x) = 3(x -1)2 + 2
2. g(x) = -(x + 3? - 4
-5
3. Sketch the quadratic functions given in standard form.
Identify the values of the parameters a, b, and c. Label
the zeros, axis of symmetry, vertex, and y-intercept.
(a) g(x)=x2+3 (b) f(x) = -2x2+4x+16 13. y 14.
y (2,36)
4. Find the vertex and axis of symmetry of the graph of
v(t) = t2 + lIt - 4.
5. Find the vertex and axis of symmetry of the graph of
w(x) = -3X2 - 30x + 31.
6. Show that the function y = _X2 + 7x - 13 has no real
zeros.
7. Find the value of k so that the graph of y= (x - 3)2 + k
passes through the point (6, 13).
8. The parabola y = ax2 + k has vertex (0, -2) and passes
through the point (3,4). Find its equation.
For Exercises 15-18, convert the quadratic functions to ver-
In Exercises 9-14, find a formula for the parabola. - tex form by completing the square. Identify the vertex and the
axis of symmetry.
9. y 10. y
(4,7) 15. f(x) = X2 + 8x + 3
16. g(x) = -2X2 + 12x + 4

x
17. Using the vertex form, find a formula for the parabola
with vertex (2,5) which passes through the point (1,2).

x 18. Using the factored form, find the formula for the parabola
whose zeros are x = -1 and x = 5, and which passes
through the point (-2,6).

Problems

In Problems 19-24, find a formula for the quadratic function 26. (a) Graph h(x) = -2x2 - 8x - 8.
whose graph has the given properties. (b) Comparethe graphsof h(x) and f (x) = X2. How
are these two graphs related? Be specific.
= 6.
19. A vertex at (4,2) and a y-intercept of y
20. A vertexat (4,2) anda y-interceptof y = -4.
27. Let f be a quadratic function whose graph is a concave
21. A vertexat (4,2) andzerosat x = -3,11. up parabola with a vertex at (1, -1), and a zero at the
22. A y-intercept of y = 7 and x-intercepts at x = 1,4. origin.
23. A y-intercept of y = 7 and one zero at x = -2.
24. A vertex at (-7, -3) and contains the point (-3, -7). (a) Graph y = f(x).

(b) Determine a formula for f(x).

25. Graph y = X2 - lOx + 25 and y = X2. Use a shift
(c) Determine the range of f.
tr'l!1sformationto explain the relationship between the
(d) Find any other zeros.
two graphs.
232 Chapter Five TRANSFORMATIONSOF FUNCTIONSAND THEIRGRAPHS
28. Let J(x) = X2 andlet g(x) = (x - 3)2+ 2.
(a) Give the formula for 9 in terms of J, and describe
the relationship between J and 9 in words.
(b) Is 9 a quadratic function? If so, find its standardform
and the parameters a, b, and c.
(c) Graph g, labeling all important features.
29. If we know a quadratic function J has a zero at x = -1
and vertex at (1,4), do we have enough information to
find a formula for this function? If your answer is yes,
find it; if not, give your reasons.
30. Gwendolyn, a pleasant parabola, was taking a peaceful
nap when her dream turned into a nightmare: she dreamt
that a low-flying pterodactyl was swooping toward her.
Startled, she flipped over the horizontal axis, darted up
(vertically) by three units, and to the left (horizontally)
by two units. Finally she woke up and realized that her
equation was y = (x - 1? + 3. What was her equation
before she had the bad dream?
31. A tomato is thrown vertically into the air at time t = O.
Its height, d(t) (in feet), above the ground at time t (in
seconds) is given by
d(t) = -16t2 + 48t.
(a) Graph d(t).
(b) Find t when d(t) = O. What is happening to the
tomato the first time d(t) = O? The second time?
(c) When does the tomato reach its maximum height?
(d) What is the maximum height that the tomato
reaches?
32. An espressostandfindsthat its weeklyprofitis a func-
tion of the price, x, it charges per cup. If x is in dollars,
the weekly profit is P(x) = -2900X2 + 7250x - 2900
dollars.
(a) Approximate the maximum profit and the price per
cup that produces that profit.
(b) Whichfunction,P(x-2) or P(x) -2, givesafunc-
tion that has the same maximum profit? What price
per cup produces that maximum profit?
3Adapted from R. Halliday, D. Resnick, and K. Krane, Physics. (New York: Wiley, 1992), p.58.
4K. Laws, The Physics afDance. (Schinner, 1984).
(c) Which function, P(x + 50) or P(x) + 50, gives a
function where the price per cup that producesthe
maximum profit remains unchanged? What is the
maximum profit?
33. If you have a string of length 50 cm, what are the di-
mensions of the rectangle of maximum area that you can
enclose with your string? Explain your reasoning. What
abouta stringof lengthk cm?
34. A footballplayerkicksaballatan angleof 37°abovethe
groundwith an initial speed of 20 meters/second.The
height, h, as a function of the horizontal distance trav-
eled, d, is given by:
h = 0.75d - 0.0192d2.
(a) Graph the path the ball follows.
(b) When the ball hits the ground, how far is it from the
spot where the football player kicked it?
(c) What is the maximum height the ball reaches during
its flight?
(d) What is the horizontal distance the ball has traveled
when it reaches its maximum height?3
35. A ballet dancerjumps in the air. The height, h( t), in feet,
of the dancer at time t, in seconds since the start of the
jump, is given by4
h(t) = -16t2 + 16Tt,
where T is the total time in seconds that the ballet dancer
is in the air.
(a) Why does this model apply only for 0 ::;t ::;T?
(b) When, in terms of T, does the maximum height of
the jump occur?
(c) Show that the time, T, that the dancer is in the air is
related to H, the maximum height of the jump, by
the equation
H = 4T2.
 8.3 COMBINATIONSOF FUNCTIONS 379

ExercisesandProblemsforSection8.3
Exercises

In Exercises 1-6, find the following functions. 12. k(x) = m(x) - n(x) - o(x)
(a) f(x)+g(x) (b) f(x) - g(x)
(e) f(x)g(x) (d) f(x)/g(x) In Exercises 13-16, let u( x) = eX and v (x) = 2x + 1. Find
a simplified formula for the function.
1. f(x) = x + 1 g(x) = 3X2
2. f(x) = X2+ 4 g(x) = x + 2 13. f(x) = u(x)v(x) 14. g(x) = U(X)2+V(X)2
3. f(x) = x + 5 g(x) = x - 5
15. h(x) = (v(U(X)))2 16. k(x) = v(u(x?)
4. f(X)=X2+4 g(x)=x2+2
5. f(X)=X3 g(X)=X2
6. f (x) = -IX g (x) = X2 + 2 Find formulas for the functions in Exercises 17-22. Let
f(x) = sinx and g(x) = x2.
In Exercises 7-12, find a simplified formula for the function.
Let m(x) = 3X2 - x, n(x) = 2x, and o(x) = VX + 2.
17. f(x) + g(x) 18. g(x)f(x)
7. f(x) = m(x) + n(x) 8. g(x) = (O(X))2
19. f(x)/g(x) 20. f(g(x))
9. h(x) = n(x)o(x) 10. i(x) = m(o(x))n(x)
21. g(f(x)) 22. 1 - (f(X))2
11. j(x) = (m(x))/n(x)

Problems

23. (a) Onthesamesetofaxes,graphf(x) = (X-4)2_2 weight from the ceiling, d, as a function of time, t?
and g(x) = -(x - 2)2 + 8. (i) d = 2 + cas t (ii) d = 2 + e-t cas t
(b) Make a table of values for f and g for x = (iii) d = 2 + cos(et) (iv) d = 2 + ecost
0,1,2, ,.,,6.
(e) Make a table of values for y = f(x) - g(x) for
x=0,1,2,...,6.
(d) On your graph, sketch the vertical line segment of
length f (x) - g (x) for each integer value of x from
0 to 6. Check that the segment lengths agree with the
values from part (c).
(e) Plot the values from your table for the function
y = f(x) - g(x) on your graph.
(f) Simplify theformulas for f(x) and g(x) in part (a).
Find a formula for y = f(x) - g(x).
(g) Use part (f) to graph y = f(x) - g(x) on the same Figure8.26
axes as f and g. Does the graph pass through the
points you plotted in part (e)? 25. Table 8.25 gives the upper household income limits for
24. Figure 8.26 shows a weight attached to the end of a spring the tenth and ninety-fifth percentiles t years after 1993.4
which is hanging from the ceiling. The weight is pulled For instance, Ho(5) = 9,700 tells us that in 1998 the
maximum income for a household in the poorest 10% of
down from the ceiling and then released. The weight os-
cillates up and down, but over time, friction decreases all households was $9,700. Let f(t) = P95(t) - PlO(t)
the magnitude of the vertical oscillations. Which of the andg(t) = P95(t)/Ho(t).
following functions could describe the distance of the (a) Maketablesof valuesfor f andg.
4US Census Bureau, The Changing Shape of the Nation's Income Distribution, accessed December 29, 2005, at
www.census.gov/prod/2000pubs/p60-204.pdf.
380 ChapterEight COMPOSITIONS, INVERSES, ANDCOMBINATIONSOF FUNCTIONS

(b) Describe in words what f and 9 tell you about 29. Use Figure 8.29 to graph hex) = g(x) - f(x). On the
household income. graph of hex), label the points whose x-coordinates are
x = a, x = b, and x = c. Label the y-intercept.
Table8.25

t (yrs) 0 1 2
PlO(t)($) 8670 8830 9279
P95(t)($) 118,036 120,788 120,860
t (yrs) 3 4 5
PlO(t) ($) 9256 9359 9700 g(x)
P95(t) ($) 124,187 128,521 132,199 x

26. Use Table 8.26 to make tables of values for x = -1, 0, Figure8.29
1, 2, 3, 4 for the following functions.
(a) hex) = f(x)
+ g(x) (b) j(x) = 2f(x)
(c) k(x) = (g(x)? (d) m(x) = g(x)/f(x)
30. (a) Find possible formulas for the functions in Fig-
Table8.26 ure 8.30.
(b) Let hex) = f(x). g(x). Graph f(x), g(x) and hex)
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 on the same set of axes.
I(x) -4 -1 2 5 8 11
g(x) 4 1 0 1 4 9

27. Use Figure 8.27 to graph the following functions.

(a) y = g(x) - 3 (b) y = g(x) + x g(x)
X

Y g(x)
1
Figure 8.30

31. Use Figure 8.31 to graph c(x) = a(x) .b(x). [Hint: There
is not enough information to determine formulas for a
and b but you can use the method of Problem 30.]
Figure8.27

Y
a(x)
28. Graph hex) = f(x) + g(x) usingFigure8.28.

I b(x)

~
8
x

1 9
x
Figure8.31
Figure8.28
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