Leisure and sport in Britain In the 19th and 20th centuries lecture 19.02.2011 1.

. Play, recreation, leisure: theoretical interpretations Play - From Anglo-Saxon plega (a game or sport, skirmish, fight or battle), related to Latin plaga (a blow, stroke or thrust) - an essential element in healthy human development - involves basic drives - makes contribution to psychological well-being Leisure - From Latin licere (to be permitted or to be free) and French loisir (free time) - non-work time - a series of freedom and independent choice - the individuals opportunity for selfrealization Recreation - a pleasurable and relaxing activity - serves to restore and refresh individuals and renew their energy - encompasses many types of experiences that are not playlike

Play anything that we do for fun. Its a some kind of rapid movement; it has the sense of trickery (pretending to be someone else like in theatre). An activity that is self-motivated, its suppose to be pleasurable and contains elements of competitive. Leisure a non-work time, its defined as time devoted to activity; its connected with freedom from obligation, independent choice; its linked with the quest for self-fulfilment - we are motivated with external factors, we build a sense of our identity. Recreation it serves to renew energy spent at work, it doesnt overlap play; recreation can be also reading. THEORIES OF PLAY: 1) Surplus Energy Theory People accumulate energy and they are prevented from loosing this energy; play allows people to burn up the excess of energy /George Herbert/. Surplus energy theory, as the name suggests eliminates surplus energy. Play was seen as aimless behaviour that was using up the extra energy that was left after our basic survival needs were met. 2) Recreation Theory Play may be working to restore energy, not to burn it up; it distinguishes between mental and physical energy. Recreation theory is directly opposite to the surplus energy theory. Play was seen as the opportunity to revitalize lost energy which had been expended while working. 3) Instinct Practice Theory It links human play with animals play, animals play with one another, its the same with human. By playing with one another children acquire skills that will be useful in their adult life. This theory suggests that play allows children to practice and enhance skills that may be required in adult life. 4) Catharsis Theory Play serves as about safety vent. We are full of negative emotions, play gives us forms of relieving our negative energies we have, unless we take them to the society; to relieve the emotions and works as safety vent for the society. 5) Recapitulation Theory Recapitulation theory is about rehearsing activities of the child ancestors (fishing, hunting). This type of play allows children to eliminate primitive instincts that are no longer needed in modern life. 6) Self-Expression Theory Play results from a need of self-expression, to tell others what we are; we engage in specific types of activity in which our personality is best expressed. It offers many more choices to express what you are than any other activities. 7) Play as a Social Necessity Play is essential in childs development of life, without play children wouldnt become adults, a community life finds it essential. It prepares children for adult life, without play the couldnt reach it (the organized forms of play that unite the societies); it expresses values which are needed in the society. THE PLAY ELEMENT IN CULTURE (Johan Huizinga Homo Ludous) Play: - pervades all of life - a voluntary activity marked by freedom - never imposed by physical necessity or moral duty - separate from ordinary life - controlled by special sets of rule - demands absolute order - reveals itself in contests and representations

- an important civilizing influence in human society A legal trial is a form of contest, without it law wouldnt exist. THE MEANING OF LEISURE: 1) The Classical View of Leisure An activity that is the source of good life, it includes music, art, physical fitness- things which are good for you and for the society; moderation and peace are important, peace is what leisure should give you. Leisure is not instinctive, you have to learn it; a spiritual attitude; only people who spend their free time show that they are gentlemen. 2) Leisure as a Symbol of Social Class Thorstein Veblen He looked at the ways leisure functions in the life of American bourgeoisie. He used the term conspicuous consumption - the waste of money and/or resources by people to display a higher status than others (e.g. the use of silver utensils at meals); rich people give presents to impress the society, to show what they are like through the leisure. Working class had very little free time in the past; leisure is used as symbol of the social class. 3) Leisure as Unobligated Time The time that is not bound by any obligation or duty, freedom from other activities. Sleep is not leisure because you are forced to it by your organism; in leisure no compulsion is pushed, its the time we can choose, make a free choice. Semi-leisure some choices are free and some are not. LEISURE AS ACTIVITY Leisure is not only free time, there are some activities are called leisure, specific activities that we do in our free time, things which add to your knowledge, like reading an academic book in your free time. 1) Leisure as a State of Being Free Its a state in which you gain certain fulfilment, how you feel about your life. It helps you in self-realization (spending time with your family). 2) Leisure as Spiritual Expression The way in which leisure serves expression of religious values, free time is only on the day of Sabbath (free day) like Sunday. Leisure was associated with spiritual expression on Sunday when you should worship God. Leisure: - time not directly devoted to work - implies freedom and choice - used to meet personal needs for reflection, self-enrichment, relaxation or pleasure - usually involves participation in a voluntarily chosen activity - may be regarded as a holistic state of being or a spiritual experience Recreation: - human activities that occur in leisure time - usually voluntarily chosen and pleasurable - may involve compulsion, extrinsic purpose and discomfort - the emotional state resulting from participation - should be socially constructive and morally acceptable 2. Work and Leisure in Victorian Britain Work and recreation in preindustrial/rural England: - annual cycle of life - (heavy) work (partial) recreation - no leisure - recreation part of work cycle: - e.g. harvest feast, poaching, storytelling, singing, gossip - time away from hard work: periods after church on Sundays and on holy days Work dependent on weather condition, recreations are given to you, they are part of work cycles. They fill up the time to make the work easier (like singing); free days were Sundays and holy days. Recreation is always communal, theres no individual recreation; other occasions that offer possibilities of taking time off: WAKES (feasts, revels) : ^ annual parish feasts, major recreational events ^ the name derives from the custom of sitting up and watching (or waking)

^ processions led by images of the saint ^ stalls in the churchyard ^ profane and pleasurable atmosphere ^ sports, games and feasting Wakes as a petty carnival: - drinking - dancing - sports: wrestling, boxing, cudgelling, donkey racing, a wheelbarrow race, a smock dress race - contests: hasty pudding eating, running in sacks, chasing a greased pig, smoking pipes of tobacco - blood sports: bull-baiting DANCING RITUALS: 1) Morris Dance a form of English folk dance usually accompanied by music. It is based on rhythmic stepping and the execution of choreographed figures by a group of dancers; a performance by professional artists, a Robin Hood dancing; an unusual type of performance 2) Maypole Dancing dancers dance in a circle each holding a coloured ribbon attached to a much smaller pole; the ribbons are intertwined and plaited either on to the pole itself or into a web around the pole; this dance may show a desire for freedom FAIRS: - a weekly market - annual fairs - mop fairs - strolling players, jugglers, acrobats and wild-beast shows People travelled from different countries to a particular town to sell their goods. TAVERN RECREATIONS a provision for recreation; they provided food and drink for travellers but also recreation for the locals. SPORTS: - running, jumping, fencing, archery - pugilism (boxing, wrestling, cudgels) - football BLOOD SPORTS: - cock - fighting - bear baiting - bull fighting - dog fighting - cock throwing EXECUTION AND TORTURE: - hanging, drawing - quartering - sawing - pillory FUNCTIONS OF POPULAR RECREATIONS: + needed in the agricultural cycle of work + helped to cope with sustained labour + provided pleasure and release of tension + gave freedom for personal indulgence, excitement, spectacle + temporarily suspended social constraints + expressed and celebrated cultural values + represented social organization POPULAR RECREATIONS: INTERPRETATIONS 1) Hegemonic functions

Recreations point to tensions in society and the ways in which the dominant classes sought to maintain social leadership. 2) No boundary existed between high and popular culture (theatre as an example). No separate recreation for rich people, theres no way to distance themselves from the lower classes. POPULAR RECREATIONS: - with many different versions but based on similar practices - area of tension but also a safety vent - challenged but reinforced social ideas - always an object of intense controversy and criticism POPULAR RECREATIONS UNDER THE PURITAN ATTACK ^ Church festivals and recreations, 1640-1660 - communion tables removed from churches - prohibition of Sunday dancing and sports - campaign against holy days - introduction of political calendar (fest days and the anniversary of the Gunpowder plot) - effect: gradual shrinking of seasonal festivities - disappearance of Whitsun ales, Londons Lord Major Show Sunday was the day only to pray, not for sport, devoted to worship. Those 20 years of Puritan attack were important in the British culture. The Puritan Revolution: ^ theatres closed ^ 1644: travel, labour and recreations on Sabbath day prohibited ^ 1645: Sunday declared the only holy day ^ Christmas banned ^ fest days and days of thanksgiving introduced ^ 1647: Christmas and Easter officially ceased to exist ^ repression of popular recreations ^ decline of summer revels and May Day celebrations The Battle Over Christmas: - churches to be closed - some churches remain open, decored with ivy and holly - shops to be open - riots by apprentices THE RESTORATION COMPROMISE: 1660 - holy days neither banned nor enforced 1661 re-establishment of the traditional liturgy and church calendar Results: - ceremony restored to the church - attack on festivities stopped But: - link between recreations and church broken - civic ritual detached from religious ritual DECLINE OF POPULAR RECREATIONS 1750-1850: 1) Concern over effective labour discipline - continuous influence of Puritan ideas - idleness regarded as social vice - work as a method of social discipline - state regulation of all means of diversion - elimination of unnecessary festivities 2) the evangelical movement - moral reform

- social and self-discipline - suspicion of worldly pleasures - sabbatarianism INDUSTRAILISATION: ^ inventions ^ growth of manufacturing ^ England the war ... INDUSTRIALISATION AND NEW PATTERNS OF WORK - industrialisation, urbanisation and democratisation - changes in the pattern of work In the old rural community life people had some work which was connected with the natural flow of time and agriculture. It was also an occasion for recreation (talking, singing). Work was diversified people did different things. In factory theres a work time and non-work time; people work doing the same things every day, no recreation (talks). Community is no longer organized around the same work. WORK: NEW PATTERNS Work no longer linked to community and family - growing specialization - wage labour - womens and childrens work - fluctuations of employment - changes in time patterns: * the working day/ the working week * traditional agrarian holidays limited, emergence of the week end - 1871 Bank Holiday introduced (always on Mondays) You can be easily fired from work. WORK: SOME CUSTOMS AND PRACTICES ^ The truck system * in the 1800s, payment in kind: goods were given in the lieu of wages ^ Wage bill - workers paid in the form of a wage bill given to the head of the department - a changing at a public house; publican changes the bill on certain conditions (buying something at the house) THE WORKING CLASS - a new class situation, a new class identity (they hate work) - work separated from the family and the home - trends to reject the new cult of work - perpetuation of traditional values and patterns of behaviour of rural origin - the growth of education and democracy, rising living standards, working conditions, housing, food and dress - exclusion from public life (open only to middle class and upper class), more free time CONSUMER SOCIETY AND THE LEISURE REVOLUTION - Mass production - Rising prosperity - Literacy - Mass media and communications - Advertising - Leisure Leisure appears freedom, lack of obligation, ability to choosing. Many working class had free time and they could decide what to do with that, they make identical choices (they adopt football for instance). Its an area in which social values can be expressed; more free will. THE LEISURE REVOLUTION Phase 1: 1780-1850 Continuation of ritualised, preindustrial forms of public life

- recreations as compensations for the strains of a coercive industrial society - wakes, drink and the pub, bowling, quoiting, glee clubs, amateur and professional dramatics, fruit and vegetable shows, flower shows, sweepstake clubs (singing), and meetings of trades and friendly societies CONFLICT OVER LEISURE * Continuity in cultural traditions: - bull-fighting, cock-fighting, duck hunting - dancing forms - prize-fighting - pedestrianism (walking competitions) - fairs * New forms of popular culture: - popular drama - melodrama - theatre - circus LEISURE REVOLUTION Phase 2 1850-1900 - conflict of traditional recreations with industrial labour - the limits on space - new leisure activities: the middle class attempt to reform itself out the working class - the practice of leisure as response to fears of political instability - the issue of public health - rational leisure and recreation - transformation of traditional recreations (e.g. football) - the concept of the spectator THE LEISURE REVOLUTION Rational Leisure and Recreation ^ new athleticism: team sports, rambling and hiking ^ seaside trips and holidays ^ working mens clubs ^ grounds and buildings for leisure activities ^ golf, cricket, rugby and tennis clubs

SPORT AND BRITISH NATIONAL IDENTITIES 2.04.2011 British nationalism and sports The British-considered to be the sporting nationalism

Nation 'an imagined political community (that is) imagined as both inherently limited and sovereign'- Benedict Arnold myth making the 'invention of a tradition'

Language in Britain is used to express different identities, but not regional identities Nation needs territory (geography)- an essential element Religion- another element Common tradition- common to a group of people (institutional tradition, folk tale) also shared experience

Civic and ethnic nationalism- associated with... Ethnic nationalism is a form of nationalism wherein the "nation" is defined in terms of ethnicity. Whatever specific ethnicity is involved, ethnic nationalism always includes some element of descent from previous generations and the implied claim of ethnic essentialism, i.e. the understanding of ethnicity as an essence that remains unchanged over time. Ethnic nationalism bases membership of the nation on descent or heredity Civic nationalism, is the form of nationalism in which the state derives political legitimacy from the active participation of its citizenry from the degree to which it represents the "general will". Membership of the civic nation is considered voluntary and is based on political participation.

Do definicji tego Arnolda: nation as a community is much different than other communities (community is formed real through the interaction; family, neighborhood they exist in the real sense of interaction). In nation its difficult to be in touch with all the people.

Nation is a huge group- the sense of community is imagined. A process of myth making is a product of what people say. National stories on which our social belonging is built; they should work to make us a nation; a myth that join us together. Choose element of history to build the sense of belonging. Political rituals, holidays, national emblem, flag- join us together as long it gives us sense of belonging. Nation is limited by this imaginary process. It is also self-governing. Nations also create themselves.

Sport: an arena where a supposed superiority of one country is celebrated- e.g. Polish women are the most beautiful, we can't beat England in football but in ski jumping (superiority). myth reinforcement audience media institutions current political and social attitudes recycled and reinforced

Nation(al) sport a sport in which you cant be beaten. Only sporting event can attract audiences (people are not interested e.g. in football) but it is a national obligation to watch the match. In contemporary world the audiences are mainly media audiences usefulness of media. Media institutions- broadcasting the sporting event. Reinterpretation of vision of a nation change in time but very slowly because it took time to define the nation.

Semiotic power of sport: symbols winning competition partisan fans team games= collective struggle national characteristics

Painting bodies in national colours, dressing in national colours. Sport in most cases is about winning. Nations are based on difference. Sporting competitions provide the way to confront your national identity with the others. National holidays- young people do not celebrate it with much enthusiasm and are not attracted by them. During the sporting events you can identify with the nation. Team games provide collective struggle. National characteristics are attached to the national teams and all those characteristics are applied to all the nation (Germans are ordered, disciplined etc.) 'official nationalism' supported by the government

SPORT -enhances prestige -secures legitimacy -compensates for other aspects of life -pursues international rivalries by peaceful means

Sport success is sweet, you share a moment of happiness when your team wins. Politics is about rivalry, competition. Success in sport can give a validity of one government to another. Sport can be used to discredit national....

'ETHNIC nationalism' Sport often expresses alternative visions of the nation questions the official nationalisms (often reject them)

Media sports and national identity mediation transmission construction invention

Britain: THE NEWSPAPER/TELEVISON Sporting events exist only if they are presented by TV or other media. Sports which are broadcasted need good look (clothes). Mass circulation of newspaper- large section with sporting news. (separate section) in quality and popular papers. No sport newspapers in Britain because much of the news in a newspaper is about sport. Mass sports in Britain appeared in the 1880s. Tabloid form for the people. At that time people much interested in sport, British sport and regional communities. On TV- much more sport on British television than on Polish.

British national identities:

Nation state vs. state nation Britishness vs. Englishness Scottish identity Welsh identity Irish identity ways of expressing identity

The nation-state is a state that self-identifies as deriving its political legitimacy from serving as a sovereign entity for a country as a sovereign territorial unit.[1] The state is a political and geopolitical entity; the nation is a cultural and/or ethnic entity. The term "nation-state" implies that the two geographically coincide, and this distinguishes the nation-state from the other types of state, which historically preceded it. /pastwo jednonarodowociowe/

The notion of Britishness is closely bound with Englishness. In many cases dual identities- both Welsh and British but some reject British and say that they are only Scottish, have only 1 identity. Possibilities of identity in Britain are numerous. Sport as one of the ways that comes easily and nationally. The longest modern sporting tradition in Europe British has. National identity is defined by sport.

UK sporting tensions and national identity Sport: an arena for articulation of various UK collective identities media: legitimization of particular articulations of identity team sports and Olympics

Sport is important for creating local communities- it creates a sense of belonging. Through football people feel they belong to a certain community. Football and national identity football: a sign of society an extension of society a simulacrum(podobizna) of society

the society- very much male dominated, that of football Football is a representation of a society- a picture, image of a society which is never complete; its imperfect. Football stands for society on the other hand it outstands the society. It is an extension of society. It becomes a sign that is recycled all the time like advertising (football players can advertise everything) and that can assume many different aspects. The meaning of football can be modified and can stand for many things. Independent of social pressures- football. Can advertise many things.

Chariots of Fire (1981) written by Collin Welland directed by Hugh Hudson. Story of two athletes in 1924 Olympics. Eric Liddell, a Scottish Christian. Harold Abrahams, an English Jew. He wants to prove through sport that he is truly English. The film reminds of the process for which the Olympic Games are used. In the Olympic Games different types of identity are expressed. The film discusses tensions in British sport. There are very few national emblems. Ethos of British people are best expressed through sports.

Discourses of sport and national success- the World Cup 1966 England vs. West Germany 30.06.1966 in 1966 England superpower. They won only once. The sense of identity expressed by the World Cup. People treated the World Cup as a formal occasion (smart dress).The audience, people dressed formally, some national emblems. It is a formal occasion. Union Jack- a flag not St. George's. The British flag represented England. The match went to overtime because after two halves it was 2:2. Sport is an equivalent for competition.

UK national football teams and Britishness Home nations 4 different teams (English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Irish) the foundations for FIFA Great Britain and Northern Ireland team for the 2012 Olympics. England is going to represent Britain (only English players). Olympic Games always problematic as only England had the representational team. Rugby union and Welsh national identity 'As long as we beat the English we don't care' We need to beat the English

Irish identities and sport all Ireland Hurling Final, Croke Park, April 1919 The game of hurling( irlandzki hokej na trawie). Still popular today as an alternative; its a game that celebrates the Catholic tradition.

Scotland as a nation emerged as a nation in wars with England a stateless nation after 1707 political autonomy- educational system, separate church, kirk. A separate Scottish culture Scottishness vs. Britishness regional and cultural diversity Lowlands vs. Highlands Gael, Shetlander, Glaswegian etc.- reference to locality Scotland is a divided country the Celtic heritage and the Anglo-Saxon heritage Gaelic still some people speak it.

Scottishness and sport Sport: the most popular manifestation of Scottishness distinct assertion of nationality compared with the concept of Englishness or Britishness sport maintained a sense of Scottishness when political structures were absent 'ninety-minute patriots' Jim Sillars, 1992- patriots only during football games, people after the game forget about their identity. They are only involved through 90 minutes match. Anti-Englishness but: sport a source of nationalist tensions- Scottish nationalism is anti-English representing UK: Olympic Games- some of them represented UK in the Olympic Games separate Scottish national teams in team sports measuring up to England national sports (?): shinty, golf, rugby, soccer it gives meaning to Scottishness, myth in the representation of sport in British culture

SHINTY- 3000 players, an old traditional game. It has also a Gaelic name camanachd. Its something in between hokey and Irish hurling. They use hockey sticks. Its the traditional game of the Highlands; Western Highlands- it is played there. Its a Scottish national sport because it is invented and played in Scotland but only by people who live in certain regions like Highlands and a part of in particular Scottish culture. It doesnt unify the national identity. Highland Games Olympic Games for Scottish Highlands

GOLF- related to some myth of Scottish national identity. It was established in Scotland by the 15th century. St. Andrews - 1st Scottish golf club opened also in Highlands. Golf is historically Scottish. It is believed to be egalitarian sport that can be played by everyone, a classless sport. Golf can unite people (different vision in other counties).

Rugby- it has always been played in Scottland, since the adoption of the song 'The Flower of Scotland' people started to invest more national feelings to rugby; in rugby Scotland can beat England.'The Flower of Scotland'- the anthem of RUGBY and people started to feel more for Scotland. Problems: gender- an exclusively male sport associated with middle class as a way of educating their children; its not for working-class boys rugby is played only in some regions- Edinburgh and Glasgow, not in the whole country rugby and soccer do not attract Scottish ethnic minorities

Scotland and SOCCER dominant participant sport and spectator sport Scotland's promotion of soccer in England soccer's coverage in Scottish media the national team:

international presence winning and losing William McGregor the founder of soccer the national team- representation important as it signals that a small country has its own national team Scotland is a small but ambitious nation and wants to be known internationally.

Soccer as Scottish national sport

THE TARTAN ARMY- supporters of soccer. A group of traditional team supporters. They drink a lot but try to behave. No violence. The Scottish fans are not hooligans like English.

Scottish soccer: source of divisions gender class localism ethnicity sectarianism

Sport in Scotland divides the society according to the class: middle-class- rugby, working-class football. masculine tradition, no much space for women. Some games- localism of them. Local rivalry can be more dangerous than thinking about Scotland as a nation. In Glasgow soccer is the cause of huge divisions based on deep religious divisions.

Soccer and the sectarian conflict.

Sectarianism in Glasgow takes the form of religious and political sectarian rivalry between Roman Catholics and Protestants. It is reinforced by the fierce rivalry between the two Old Firm football clubs: Rangers F.C. and Celtic F.C. The Celtic Football Club- Irish immigrants and Scots of Irish descent, mainly catholic; it was founded by an Irish catholic priest Rangers Football Club- the protestant immigrants from Northern Ireland and Scottish protestants BOXING, MASCULINITY AND SOCIAL ORDER IN VICTORIAN ENGLAND 16.04.2011 The development of boxing as a sport was interpreted as a development of civilizing element. CIVILIZING PROCESS (Norbert Elias) a long term decline in peoples propensity for obtaining pleasure from violence SPORTIZATION a shift towards the competitive, regularized, rationalized physical exertion (regulating violence, developing rules and governing bodies). BOXING IN ANCIENT GREECE: the military wake (?) of human- connected with military contest toe-to-toe the boxer stand motionless, toe-to-toe bandaged hands exchange of blows

It was suppose to show how much you can withstand pain and suffering. SPORTS IN MEDIEVAL AND EARLY MODERN ENGLAND:

folk tradition associated with folk calendar (available time) Sundays, holidays, and festivals pugilism (boxing, wrestling, cudgels)

BARE KNUCKLE BOXING/PRIZEFIGHTING Violence & Brutality: no general rules no no specified number of rounds wrestling holds leaping onto the fallen adversary eye-gouging, hair pulling blows to testicles

Bare knuckle would continue parallel to boxing proper we know today. Knuckle boxing still existed at the end of the 19th century. JAMES FIGG (1695-1734) a school of Arms taught only rich people, different types of fighting publiciting and advertising taught boxing and fencing teacher exhibitor demand for training in the arts of attack and self-defense

He didnt have many public fights they were extremely dangerous. The 1st who answered the demand of attack and self-defense. The demand came from the end of a cycle of violence and boxing. THE END OF A CYCLE OF VIOLENCE AND BOXING nobility and gentry needed a civilized way of settling disputes- they were still aggressive, had quarrels gentility: gentlemen risk social degradation by taking part in violent sports boxing appropriate for settling private grudges changes needed: skills, gloves excitement from prize fighting, betting boxing develops alongside prize-fighting watching the fights: less direct participation, more civilized

It was more civilized to watch other people boxing, fighting than fighting yourself. JACK BROUGHTONS RULES, 1747 Haymarket Amphitheatre, London the first code of written rules gloves to be used by gentlemen to secure them from the inconveniency of black eyes, broken jaws and bloody noses 30 seconds to stand up after the knock out Broughtons rules: introduced to protect gambling interests (their health and the need of sponsors of boxing at those time). Boxing is part of the entertaining industry.

GEORGE BYRON AND BOXING:

1806- Byron took up boxing (exercise and dieting) 17 March 1814 He wanted to build a special identity despite his body (he had health problems from childhood). SCHOOL BOY BOXERS Rugby school: Thomas Arnold muscular Christianity mens sana in corpore sano - a healthy mind in a healthy body

educating of sport a civilized way of fighting- Thomas Hughes Tom Brown's Schooldays (1857) Schools used boxing the physical
active participation is important EXHIBITION BOXING: champions (e.g. David Mendoza a Jew and a champion) exhibiting skills at schools theatre circuit easier to charge for admission safer for fighters relatively predictable potentially boring for spectators show business unsuitable for gambling

It has a lot in common with American wrestling its like a theatre; fighting for collecting money. Boxing as a show business is not associated with gambling; it wasnt a proper vehicle for gambling. THE BOXING VENUES urban boxing theatres: offending public sensitivities control of magistrates and the police pressure from religious societies it wasnt moral

RESULT: prize-fighting forced into rural areas control of the less respectable members of aristocracy and gentry

They moved boxing from cities to rural areas less control of the authorities and help by the noblemen to organize the fights. Boxing became an excursion fight travelling by railway. The longest fight 300 rounds. PRIZE -FIGHTING IN THE RURAL SETTINGS urban moteles and shows predictable controlled by the pugilists or entrepreneurs boxing shows unsuitable for gambling

in the country the prize-fighting as a vehicle for gambling could develop as a genuine sport

Boxing developed as a civilizing and brutal sport but attractive and evoking excitement. Powerful, aggressive masculinity expressed through boxing. TOM CRIBB (6 fights only) 1st national champion in Britain

a professional pugilist 1810 awarded the British title 1810, 1811 fought Thomas Molineux 1812 retired to become a coal merchant and boxing trainer became a publican (he beat up a Black man)

Many of the famous champions become owners of pubs the centers in which the boxing fight took place because they had the place to fight (venue). THE PUB & BOXING Publicans: prize money bet-talking the ring refreshments publicity

London: 26 Sporting Houses in 1821 and 29 in 1829 England, 1820s: 114 prize-fighting pubs Boxing was part of the offer in most pubs, especially in London. Gloves are good for gentlemen; no gloves in bare-knuckles for prize-fighting. THE SPORTIZATION OF BOXING: boxing has to appear at least more civilized for the authorities in order to survive. 1838 the scratch line 1839 The London Prize Ring Rules o o the size of the ring, ropes for safety biting, kicking, gauging, head butting and blows below the belt forbidden (1839) Not all fights took place according to those rules. THE SPORTIZATION OF BOXING scientific approach to sport David Mendoza, Memoirs (1816) the 1st sporting autobiography the left jab the balance and footwork over stationary fighting John Gentleman Jackson: movement and advance retreat Introduction of rules is making boxing into an art a set of rules that had to be learnt. THE SPORTIZATION OF BOXING the concept of sport as organized competition winners and losers Protestant moral teaching it helped boxing to develop as a sport normalinity : set of rules to govern play fair play gambling (rules needed) Gradually Rules and guidelines

muscular Christianity and the sports of the working class

In the 19th century all is normalized the .. of control over the people is important. Crisis of gentlemanly ideas; the role of a good fight fair play is more important than winning. Gambling- it makes boxing for the upper classes for these new rules but it was also attractive for the working class people. THE MOST IMPORTANT FIGHT OF THE 19TH CENTURY the popularity of prize-fighting Thomas Sayers vs. John C. Heenans, 1860 It took place outside London and was attended by hundreds of people; it lasted 30 rounds; riots and police intervention after the fight it brought a new discussion for boxing.

MARQUIS OF QUEENSBURY RULES 1861 Anti-Prize Fighting Act 1867 the Marquis of Queensbury rules Contests: tests of endurance, two men fought until one could no longer continue Competitions: sparing (among gentlemen) it was an exchange of blows; it was unsporting to try to score a knockout Later gloves were introduced in contests. The use of gloves helped people to protect their hands; they didnt make boxing a safer place. Knockouts became more widespread after the introduction of gloves and other training methods. BOXING INSTITUTIONS 1880 the Amateur Boxing Association was not formed until 1880 when boxing became a sport THE CIVILIZING OF BOXING IN THE 19TH CENTURY: formal written rules penalties on boxers who infringe rules

weight divisions (in the 20th century)

BUT: civilized boxing could be more harmful appearance of civilizing process restrictions on length of contests physical protection national b...?

Boxing was not supposed to look as brutal, dangerous fight but it could be. SPORT FANS, FANDOM AND MASCULINITY Fandom the phenomenon of being a fan SPORT AND IDENTIFYING FANDOM the masculinized ritual of sport (people became men) football as communal masculine culture make sporting prowess masculine superiority social reproduction of masculine values football and masculine emotions

Sport requires of you to be physically strong, its easier for men due to biological reasons. Boxing and football were designed to show the masculine and men women cant beat men. Men dont play sport in which they can be beaten by women. Sport reproduces masculine values. Today thats not just masculinity, when you look at sport they show masculine features; sport had to be adapted for women. Women are better at showing emotions.

Football a field, a vent of the masculine emotions TV FANDOM armchair supporters: a social dysfunction? TV sport as a male soap opera fans as an interpretative community interrelationship among gender, genre and fandom

Soap operas and romances help women become women, recycle ideas about family, womanhood; they become subject of conversations. Fans interpretative community by exchanging views and emotions. MEN VIEWING BOXING: TV SPORT AS A MASCULINE DOMAIN excitement of brutality a cathartic outlet of male aggression a legitimate field of violent confrontation dramatic intensity raw excitement voyeuristic pleasures

Team sports dominant hegemonic masculinities. Boxing breaks up routinizing of life. Emotional reward for watching boxing. TV sport is a masculine domain in case of life spectacles. FOOTBALL SPECTATORSHIP FOOTBALL MATCH AS A SPECTACLE: actors audience narratives venues: stadium as a ritual space

Ritual behavior, repetitive; repeated set of gestures combining movement and gestures we expect to follow; the audience should behave in a particular way; we read certain narratives, theres so much narratives that youll never be bored, like who will win?, who will score the goal? A lot of stories a football match develops; we should have knowledge of those facts, awareness. THE CLUB AS A IMAGINED COMMUNITY: regional identity masculine values ritual consumption a sense of stability and continuity

The clubs can express many different identities, they started with regional identities. The club may be contacted by buying season tickets, chat at their website. Clubs give people the stability and continuity that may other people will not given them today [its a joke]. Family wont give you that stability. A fan community seems to be more stable than a family. MANCHESTER UNITED venue: Old Trafford the Theatre of Dreams traditions: the Busby Babes, 1958 (sir Matt Busby- one of the managers, later the coach; a mythical figure in MU) narratives:

^ Championship races the competition for titles ^ club rivalry (with Liverpool) ^ international competition

^ heroes and stars the club strives of stars like Ryan Giggs he represents loyalty to the club NEW MASCULINITES AND FOOTBALL o LADDISM a fashion of masculinity traditional and conservative; working class

- drinking, watching football and sex - reaction to second-wave feminism - loaded NEW MEN CULTURE (products of feminism) pro-feminist partnership in relationships narcissistic take care of their appearance

SPORT IN LITERATURE FOOTBALL FAN FICTION (book on football fandom) Nick Hornby Fever Pitch (1992) a football autobiography John King Football Factory (1996), Headhunters (1997), England Away (1998) about football hooligans Kevin Sampson Awaydays(1999) - football hooligans Fever Pitch a book about Arsenal London, a football autobiography FOOTBALL HOOLIGANS AS FANDOM spectatorship tribal instincts violence anti-authoritarian and subversive against the government and institutions firms, meets raw excitement criminality working-class masculinities

Football hooliganism an opposition to the dominant culture presenting their masculinity Football Factory a film based on John Kings novel FANDOM IN THE POST-HILLSBOROUGH ERA all seated stadia you cant stand in stadia any longer large TV screens, replays more affluent fans women and children as fans pre-designated seated, CCTV and policing youre shown how to behave Hooliganism mostly take place outside the stadia. GLOBAL FOOTBALL COMMUNITIES TV and global spectatorship football myths consumerism buying the colours, emblems, showing that you belong to that community merchandise