SATKHIRA AND ADJACENT AREA

SUBMITTED BY
K. M. Ferdous Mahmud (568) Md. Sohel Rana (573) Md. Taufick Imam (574) Mohammad Rubaiat Islam (581) Md. Nor Ali (585)

SUBMISSION ON 11th March, 2012

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

FIELD REPORT on

Topic
PHYSIOGRAPHY NATURAL RESOURCES FOREST RESOURCE WATER RESOURCE LAND RESOURCE FOOD RESOURCE ENERGY RESOURCE MINERAL RESOURCE BIODIVERSITY FLORA FAUNA ECOSYSTEM AND ITS SERVICE POLLUTION SOCIAL ASPECTS COMMUNITY AND KEY COMMUNITY POVERTY SANITATION EDUCATION DRINKING WATER SUPPLY CONCLUSION APPENDIX - 1 ( SALINITY READING) APPENDIX 2 (QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY)

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FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

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The study area lies in the South-western part of Bangladesh which is a part of the Khulna Division. Geologically this area is part of the overall Quaternary geology of the Bengal Basin. Sediments from early Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna river systems were deposited over the northern and eastern parts of the basin during Pleistocene period. For this reason, the study area represents a tidal and fluvial delta formation. Sediments of the area are of mainly silt and clay in nature. Only a very small portion of land represents sandy soil.

Figure 1: - Fine silt and clay sediment Land morphology is mainly plain and there is no depressed or uplifted land types were observed. Physiography of the adjacent area can be easily visualized by the following figures. This photograph was taken near Barakupot area.

Figure 2: - Deltaic plain land of the study area

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Shyamnagar Upazila is full of many significant amounts of resources. These resources are used in various ways for the growth and development of our society in various ways. The Natural resources of different areas of Shyamnagar Upazila differ with each other. The areas under study were Shyamnagar union, Padma Pukur union, Gabura union, Buri Goalini union and Munshiganj union. Different resources of these unions can be categorized as followes: Forest Resource Water Resource Land Resource FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA Food Resource Energy Resource Mineral Resource FOREST RESOURCE: -

Figure 3: - Forest resource of the study area As the forest is the important portion of every area, they provide different resources to the local inhabitants. Both Sundarban and different social forest are utilized in different ways by the local people of different union. A comparison is made among the utilization pattern of forest resource in different unions.

Union

Villages

Utilization pattern The effect of salinity is not so intense. The social forests are dominating. Provide oxygen. Provide fruits to people. Trees and shrubs used as fuel wood. Building material for construction and furniture. Medicinal products. Gums and resins.

Shyamnagar Sadar

The amount of forest is moderate, mainly social forest. Provide fruits to people. Used as fuel wood. Building huts and houses. Provide oxygen. Grass for grazing. Medicinal products processed into drugs. FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA Nawabeki Shyamnagar

Mainly social forest. Heterogeneous mixture of plants is observed. Barakupot Grass for grazing and small feeding livestock. Small timber for building huts and houses. Provide oxygen. Used as fuel wood. Medicinal plants. Provide fruits to people.

Relatively small amount of forest present. Padma Pukur Pakhimara Maddham Gabura Kalishabunia Provide fruits to people. Firewood. Construction and furniture. Provide oxygen.

Trees are very rare to found. Most of them are destroyed in Aila. Mangrove forest present. Provide fruits to people.

Firewood. Construction purpose. Provide oxygen.

Small amount is observed, still developing. Mangrove forest Chockbara observed. Provide fruits to people. Firewood. Construction purpose.

Developing Social forest and Mangrove forest. Dumuria FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA Provide fruits to people. Firewood Used for construction purpose.

Well-developed social forest and mangrove forest were observed. Buri Goalini Nildumur Provide oxygen. Provide fruits to people. Trees and shrubs used as fuel wood. Building material for construction and furniture. Medicinal products. Gums and resins.

Social forest is present as well as Mangrove forest. Munshiganj Munshiganj Sadar Provide fruits to people. Used as fuel wood. Building huts and houses. Provide oxygen. Grass for grazing. Medicinal products processed into drugs.

WATER RESOURCE: -

Figure 4: - Water resource of the study area Water resource is an important resource of the area. Water of this area is used in different ways for making our life easy and more comfortable. The local people use a huge volume of water in different ways. Cultivation of fish is the historical form of the use of water resource in the area. But recently the water use pattern has been changed a lot. The utilization pattern of water resources of different study areas are compared and given in order of importance bellow: Union Villages Shyamnagar Sader Shyamnagar Nawabeki Barakupot Utilization pattern Washing and cleaning Drinking purpose Fish culture Rain water harvesting Used for drinking purpose Fish culture Washing and cleaning Rain water harvesting Irrigation Used for drinking purpose Costal Aquaculture Fish culture Irrigation FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

 Padma Pukur Pakhimara Maddham Kalishabunia FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA Chockbara Gabura Dumuria Buri Goalini Nildumur Munshiganj Munshiganj

Culture of Crabs, Shrimp, Chiring etc. Transportation medium Drinking purpose Fish culture River fishing Irrigation Crab and Shrimp culture Transportation medium Used for drinking purpose Rain water harvesting River fishing Fish, Crab and Shrimp culture River fishing Used for drinking purpose Rain water harvesting Irrigation Transportation medium Drinking purpose Fish culture River fishing Used for drinking purpose Fish culture Washing and cleaning Rain water harvesting Irrigation Used for drinking purpose Crab and Shrimp culture Fish culture Washing and cleaning Irrigation

LAND RESOURCE: -

Figure 5: - Land resource of the study area Landforms formed from the huge amount of alluvial sediments play important role in the development of the local social and economic conditions. This area is basically agricultural and Aqua cultural land. Some of them are used for construction medium. The overall utilization patterns are compared in the following table: Union Villages Shyamnagar Sader Shyamnagar Nawabeki Barakupot Utilization pattern House construction Commercial land utilization Brick production Roads and communication Fish culture land Agricultural land Aqua cultural land Sand extraction House construction Commercial land utilization Brick production Roads and communication Aqua cultural land Agricultural land House construction Brick production Roads and communication FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

 Padma Pukur Pakhimara Maddham Kalishabunia Chockbara FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA Gabura Dumuria Buri Goalini Nildumur Munshiganj Munshiganj

Aqua cultural land House construction Roads and communication Agricultural land Aqua cultural land House construction Roads and communication Construction medium House construction Aqua cultural land Roads and communication Construction medium Agricultural land House construction Aqua cultural land Roads and communication Fish culture land House construction Commercial land utilization Roads and communication Fish culture land House construction Commercial land utilization Brick production Roads and communication Fish culture land

FOOD RESOURCE: -

Figure 6: - Food resource This area provides us with valuable food resources from various sources. Among these sources, forest, FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery are important. The main food resources of the overall area are as follows: Union Villages Shyamnagar Sader Major food Resources Rice, Hen, Pigeon, Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits etc. Goat, Cow, Ram, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits, Rice, Vegetables, etc. Cow, Ram, Goat, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits, Rice, Vegetables, etc. Crab, Shrimp, Other river fishes, Fruits, Cow, Vegetables etc. Crab, Shrimp, Chiring, Other river fishes, Goat, Cow, Ram, Fruits etc. Gabura Dumuria Chockbara Crab, Shrimp, Chiring, Other river fishes, Goat, Cow, Ram, Vegetables etc. Rice, Hen, Pigeon, Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits etc. Buri Goalini Munshiganj Nildumur Munshiganj Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Rice, Hen, Pigeon etc. Rice, Hen, Pigeon, Goat, Cow, Vegetables, Crab, Shrimp, Fruits etc.

Shyamnagar

Nawabeki

Barakupot

Padma Pukur

Pakhimara Maddham Kalishabunia

ENERGY RESOURCE: -

Figure 7: - Energy resource of the study area FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA The area is highly potential in terms of energy resource. A large number of people are directly and indirectly dependent of the collection of fuel wood and their business. By this way, they earn a significant amount of money. The utilization of solar energy is also significant. Union Utilization pattern Mainly Electricity and also includes Fuel wood, Solar energy, Petroleum products. Mainly Solar energy and also includes Fuel wood, Petroleum products, coal etc. Mainly Solar energy and also includes Fuel wood, coal, Petroleum products etc. Mainly Electricity and also includes Fuel wood, Solar energy, Petroleum products. Mainly Electricity and also includes Fuel wood, Solar energy, Petroleum products, coal etc.

Shyamnagar

Padma Pukur

Gabura

Buri Goalini

Munshiganj

MINERAL RESOURCE: The presence and extraction of mineral resource is very limited in the Shyamnagar area. There is hardly any mineral resource to be found in the area. The presences of petroleum ad crude hydrocarbons are yet

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not discovered. This is mainly because of the nature of the sedimentation and stratigraphic succession pattern. This area is an example of recent alluvial sedimentation and its sedimentation stage is not

matured yet. That is why the presence of any hydrocarbon or petroleum resource is not discovered so far.

Figure 8: - Mineral resources of the area under study FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

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FLORA: -

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Figure 9: - Some floral species of the area Both Mangrove and non-mangrove vegetation are observed. Major plant species found in this area are as follows: Major Types of Plants Union Local name Scientific name

Mango Date palm( Khejur) Sil Koroi

Shyamnagar

Mangifera indica Phoenix dactylifera Albizia lucida Eucalyptus spp. Helianthus annuus Syzygium cumini
Artocarpous heterophyllus

Sofeda Sun flower Blackberry

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Jackfruite

Simul Raintry kory Kadam Mahagani

Barai

Bombax ceiba Samanea saman Anthrocephalus chinensis Swietenia mahagoni

Zizyphys manuritiana

Coconut Paddy
Palm Palm

Cocos nucifera Oryza sativa

Borassus fiabillifer Borassus fiabillifer

Gewa Goran Keora Passur

Padma Pukur

E agallocha Ceriops decandra Sonneratia apetala Xylocarpus mekongensis X. granatum Phoenix dactylifera Cocos nucifera Diploglottis cunninghamii Blossfeldia liliputiana Cocos nucifera Phoenix dactylifera Oryza sativa
Borassus fiabillifer

Dhundul Date palm( Khejur) Coconut Tamarind Tree (Tentul) Cactus Coconut Date palm( Khejur) Paddy
Palm Gabura

Gewa Goran Keora Brinjal

E agallocha Ceriops decandra Sonneratia apetala

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Solanum melongena

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Bean Raintry koroi Babla Nim Cactus Mahagani Date palm( Khejur) Joba
FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA Barai Eucalyptus Banana

Phaseolus vulgaris Samanea saman Alstonia nilotica Azadirachta indica Blossfeldia liliputiana Swietenia mahagoni Phoenix dactylifera Habiscus rosa sinensis
Zizyphys manuritiana Eucalyptus globulus Lagerstroemia_speciosa

Coconut Paddy
Buri Goalini Palm

Cocos nucifera Oryza sativa

Borassus fiabillifer

Gewa Goran Keora Passur Dhundul Mango Blackberry Jackfruite Gewa Goran
Munshiganj

E agallocha Ceriops decandra Sonneratia apetala Xylocarpus mekongensis Xylocarpus granatum Mangifera indica Syzygium cumini
Artocarpous heterophyllus

E agallocha Ceriops decandra Phoenix dactylifera Sonneratia apetala

Date palm( Khejur)

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Keora

Passur Dhundul Paddy

Palm

Xylocarpus mekongensis X. granatum Oryza sativa

Borassus fiabillifer

Mahagani Date palm( Khejur)

Barai

Swietenia mahagoni Phoenix dactylifera

Zizyphys manuritiana

Coconut Cactus Paddy Mango Date palm( Khejur) Sil Koroi Sofeda Sun flower Blackberry Jackfruite
Shyamnagar

Cocos nucifera Blossfeldia liliputiana Oryza sativa Mangifera indica Phoenix dactylifera Albizia lucida Eucalyptus spp. Hibiscus spp. Syzygium cumini
Artocarpous heterophyllus FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Simul Raintry kory Kadam Mahagani

Barai

Bombax ceiba Samanea saman Anthrocephalus chinensis Swietenia mahagoni

Zizyphys manuritiana

Coconut Paddy
Palm Padma Pukur Palm

Cocos nucifera Oryza sativa

Borassus fiabillifer Borassus fiabillifer

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Gewa Goran Keora Passur Dhundul Date palm( Khejur) Coconut Tentul
FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

E agallocha Ceriops decandra Sonneratia apetala Xylocarpus mekongensis X. granatum Phoenix dactylifera Cocos nucifera Sonneratia spp. Blossfeldia liliputiana Cocos nucifera Phoenix dactylifera Oryza sativa
Borassus fiabillifer

Cactus Coconut Date palm( Khejur) Paddy

Palm

Gewa Goran
Gabura

E agallocha Ceriops decandra Sonneratia apetala Solanum melongena Phaseolus vulgaris Samanea saman

Keora Brinjal Bean Raintry koroi Nim Cactus Mahagani Date palm( Khejur)
Buri Goalini

Blossfeldia liliputiana Swietenia mahagoni Phoenix dactylifera Habiscus rosa sinensis

Zizyphys manuritiana Eucalyptus agallocha

Joba
Barai Eucalyptus

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Banana

Coconut Paddy
Palm

Cocos nucifera Oryza sativa

Borassus fiabillifer

Gewa Goran Keora Passur Dhundul Mango Blackberry Jackfruite Gewa Goran Date palm( Khejur) Keora Passur Dhundul Paddy
Munshiganj Palm

E agallocha Ceriops decandra Sonneratia apetala Xylocarpus mekongensis X. granatum Mangifera indica Syzygium cumini
Artocarpous heterophyllus FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

E agallocha Ceriops decandra Phoenix dactylifera Sonneratia apetala Xylocarpus mekongensis X. granatum Oryza sativa
Borassus fiabillifer

Mahagani Date palm( Khejur)

Barai

Swietenia mahagoni Phoenix dactylifera

Zizyphys manuritiana

Coconut Cactus Paddy

Cocos nucifera Blossfeldia liliputiana

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Oryza sativa

FAUNA: -

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Figure 10: - Major faunal species of the area Among various household and wild animal species, these followings are significantMajor Types of Plants Union Local name Local name Local name

Cow Hen Goat Ram

Shyamnagar

Dog Crow Pegion Swan Snail Monkey Rat Nilotica

Shrimp

King fisher Mosquito

Salik Spider

Duck Squirrel Cat Snake

Crab Butterfly
Fly Chorwi Silver carp

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Heron Grass carp

Kholshe

Punti

Duck Squirrel Cat

Padma Pukur

Snail Swan Rat King fisher Mosquito Hen Goat Chiring Shrimp King fisher Mosquito Crow Dog Spider Grasshopper Cow Hen Pegion
Snake Silver carp Grass carp

Crab Butterfly Nilotica

Shrimp Butterfly

Snake Heron Crab Ram Duck Crab Snake Heron

Crow Pegion Butterfly Snail Cat Snake

Ram FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Gabura

Goat Butterfly Swan Rat Ram Swan Goat

Cat

Duck Chiring King fisher Dog Crow

Salik Crow Kholshe Punti

Buri Goalini

Nilotica
Shrimp

Kholshe Deer Monkey Silver carp Punti

Munshiganj

Bee Butterfly Cow Hen Goat Butterfly

Bee Ram

Fly Mosquito Duck Squirrel Cat Snake Duck King fisher

Kholshe
Shrimp Deer

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Organisms and environment are two non-separable factors. Organisms interact with each other and Also with the physical conditions that are present in their habitats. "The organisms and the physical Features of the habitat form an ecological complex or more briefly an ecosystem." MAJOR TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS OF THE AREA: Mainly two types of ecosystems were found in the area. Aquatic ecosystem Terrestrial ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem: Two types of aquatic ecosystems were observed. FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA Fresh water ecosystem Saline water ecosystem

Terrestrial ecosystem: We found two types of terrestrial ecosystem. Crop vegetation Social forest

Ecosystem

Aquatic

Terrestrial

Fresh water

Saline water

Crop vegetation

Social forest

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Union

Ecosystem Social forest

Services Provide food for local people Provide food for household animals Provide food & shelter for birds and insects Provide huge amount of Oxygen Protects the coastal area from the destruction of natural hazards Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Provide food for fish and other aquatic organisms FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA Many fresh water fish species are cultivated Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth and development Great contribution in coastal aquaculture or shrimp culture This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture Provide food for local people Provide food for household animals Provide food & shelter for birds and insects Provide huge amount of Oxygen Protects the coastal area from the destruction of natural hazards Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth and

Crop Vegetation Terrestrial Ecosystem

Shyamnagar

Fresh water Ecosystem

Aquatic Ecosystem Saline water Ecosystem

Crop Vegetation Terrestrial Ecosystem Padma Pukur Social forest

Fresh water Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem Saline water Ecosystem

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development Crop Vegetation Terrestrial Ecosystem Social forest Gabura Fresh water Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA Saline water Ecosystem Social forest Buri Goalini Fresh water Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem Saline water Ecosystem This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture Provide food for local people Provide food & shelter for birds and insects Provide huge amount of Oxygen Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide firewood as a source of energy Many fresh water fish species are cultivated Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose Habitat for many halophytic plant species Cultivation of saline tolerant fish This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture Provide food for local people Provide food for household animals Provide food & shelter for birds and insects Provide huge amount of Oxygen Protects the coastal area from the destruction of natural hazards Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Provide food for fish and other aquatic organisms Many fresh water fish species are cultivated Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth and development Great contribution in coastal aquaculture or shrimp culture

Crop Vegetation Terrestrial Ecosystem

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This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture

Crop Vegetation Terrestrial Ecosystem Social forest Munshiganj

Provide food for local people Provide food for household animals Provide food & shelter for birds and insects Provide huge amount of Oxygen Protects the coastal area from the destruction of natural hazards Provide firewood as a source of energy Provide habitat for fresh water fish species Used for drinking purpose Used for irrigation purpose Habitat for many halophytic plant species Habitat for many fish and aquatic organism that requires saline environment for their growth and development FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Fresh water Ecosystem Aquatic Ecosystem Saline water Ecosystem

This ecosystem can also be used for crab culture

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Pollution is the effects of undesirable changes in our surroundings that have a harmful impact on plants, animals and human beings. Pollutants are substances that are mainly responsible for the pollution to occur. Since the dawn of civilization, the humans are modifying the natural environment and ecosystem. This is resulting nothing but the harmful consequences that is causing a significant amount of loss in the present age and immense amount of harm for the day to come. The major pollutions that are observed in field tour is given bellow: Union Villages Pollution Observed Sources of pollution Burning fossil fuel Burning fuel wood Particulate matters due to brick production Dust particles Oil seepage Turbidity Solid waste dumping Sewage discharge Discharge of soap and detergent Medical residues Salinity Sea water intrusion Solid waste disposal Sewage discharge Fertilizer and pesticide Salinity Medical residues Salinity Sea water intrusion Oil seepage Turbidity

Air Pollution FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Shyamnagar Sader

Water Pollution

Land Pollution Shyamnagar

Water Pollution

Nawabeki

Land Pollution

Solid waste disposal Fertilizer and pesticide Salinity Dust particles Burning fossil fuel Burning fuel wood Particulate matters due to brick production

Air Pollution

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Barakupot

Air Pollution

Burning fuel wood Particulate matters Dust particles

Land Pollution

Solid waste disposal Fertilizer and pesticide Salinity Oil seepage Turbidity Solid waste dumping Salinity Sea water intrusion

Water Pollution Padma Pukur Pakhimara Land Pollution

Solid waste disposal Fertilizer and pesticide Salinity Oil seepage Turbidity Solid waste dumping Burning fossil fuel Burning fuel wood Particulate matters Dust particles FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Water Pollution

Maddham Kalishabunia

Air Pollution

Land Pollution Gabura Chockbara Water Pollution

Solid waste disposal Salinity Fertilizer and pesticide Oil seepage from water vehicles Turbidity Solid waste dumping Salinity

Land Pollution Water Pollution Land Pollution

Solid waste disposal Salinity Oil seepage from water vehicles Salinity Fertilizer and pesticide Solid waste dumping Solid waste disposal Sewage discharge Fertilizer and pesticide Salinity Medical residues Oil seepage Turbidity Solid waste dumping Sewage discharge Discharge of soap and detergent Salinity Sea water intrusion

Dumuria

Land Pollution

Buri Goalini

Nildumur Water Pollution

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Air Pollution

Burning fossil fuel Burning fuel wood Particulate matters due to brick production Dust particles Solid waste disposal Fertilizer and pesticide Salinity Oil seepage Turbidity Solid waste dumping Salinity Sea water intrusion

Land Pollution

Munshiganj

Munshiganj Water Pollution

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Figure 11: - Pollution in the area

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KEY COMMUNITY

RELIEF AND REHABILITATION

EDUCATION

POVERTY

DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

SANITATION

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FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

According to Banglapedia, main occupations of the local people can be represented in the following pie chart. Among them, Agriculture 36.9%, agricultural laborers 26.74%, commerce 13.32%, service 4.37%, wage laborers 3.72%, transport 2.46% , fishing 1.86% and others 8.13% etc. According to literature, one can find three major types of communities in the area under consideration. They are 1. Aqua farmer community 2. Crop farmer community 3. Natural resource collectors community

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

pisiculture 1% 2% 2% 2% 37% 4% Industry 4% 8% 13% 27% Fishing Transport Wage laborers Service Others Business Agricultural labour Agriculture

Figure 12: - Major occupations of the region (After Banglapedia) Major types of community and key communities along with the union are provided in the following table. SERIAL UNION KEY COMMUNITY Aqua farmer Crop farmer Natural resource collector Day labor Aqua farmer Crop farmer Natural resource collector Businessman

1.

SHYAMNAGAR

2.

PADMAPUKUR

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3.

GABURA

Aqua farmer Crop farmer Day labor Businessman Natural resource collector Aqua farmer Day labor Businessman Natural resource collector Transport labor Day labor Businessman Natural resource collector Transport labor FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

4.

BURI GOALINI

5.

MUNSHIGANJ

Figure 13: - Fish is an important source of livelihood for the local people By considering the literature and field observation, it was found that the key communities of the area under consideration are Aqua farmer Crop farmer Natural resource collector Day labor Businessman Transport labor

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Most of the people of the area are poor. Their per capita income is also very small. As a result, standard of living in the area is not satisfactory. After the impact of AILA, many people lost their house, crops and household animals. This resulted in a great miseries for them. Moreover, salinity of the area increased in an alarming rate. As a result, those highly fertile lands became unfit to cultivate paddy. In some areas, people tried to grow rice but they failed. Recently a new variety of halotolarent paddy variety has been isolated and some farmers started growing them. But still its really hard for them to restore their luck what the AILA taken from them. FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Figure 14: - A local house made of bamboo, mud and straw As we can see from the communities and key communities, a large number of people are day labors. They dont have any land and they work on the land of the others or in a brick kiln. But recently unemployment problem turned into a great social problem for the people of the area. As people are moving towards aquaculture, this problem is becoming more and more serious day by day. Because, aquaculture needs only a little amount of workers than that of traditional agriculture. For this reason, the rich community of the area are becoming richer and the poor community are becoming poorer and may

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be poorest. To avoid such problems, setup of industry and mills in the area can provide a huge number of job opportunity that will help to reduce the unemployment problem.

Status of sanitation is getting improved day by day. Various NGOs and volunteer organizations are working very actively in improving the condition of health and sanitation of the surrounding area especially after the impact of AILA. Most of the latrines of the area as we visited were of sanitary in nature. They were mostly made of ring-slab. A typical ring-slab latrine is shown in the following figure: -

Figure 15: - A typical sanitary latrine In some parts of the area, we observed some of highly efficient modern latrines. These latrines are the representative of highly efficient technology in which urine, feces and all other parts can be reused. Organic manures can also be produce from such technology bearing latrine.

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Figure 16: - Modern sanitary latrine of the area (Funded by OXFAM)

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

The rate of literacy of the area is very low compared to the northern part of the country. According to Banglapedia, the rate of average literacy in the area under study was found about 28.1%. The rate of literacy in female is significantly lower than that of male in these areas. Literacy rate among the male of the area can be as much as 38% while literacy in female of the area is not more than only 17.4%.

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Figure 17: - Huge gathering in the local schools During our field investigation, we got a chance to visit 4 primary schools of the area.3 of them are used as a cyclone center. These visits revealed some untold truth. We found the existence of biscuit distribution of biscuits under the finance of USAID. Almost all the students of primary school are eligible for these biscuits. As a result, biscuits play a significant role in the number of school coming children of the area. As a result, we found a large number of students are present I these schools but bench, classroom and other facilities of these schools are extremely limited. A very significant observation was the increase in the number of female students and the rapid increase in the literacy for the females of the area. We found a close relationship of stipend of female students and other facilities provided by the government and their increase in educational status. Though it is not that much focused to be published in the literature but if this pattern is continued, surely we will see the

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visual change in the overall education scenario.

Figure 18: - Extreme scarcity of bench, chair and other educational instruments For these financial aids, recently girls are being allowed to go to school. On the other hands, boys are not much encouraged to go to school as there is no such economic gain for them. Instead they go to river and collect fish or work in a brick kiln. In reply it provides a source of income for the boy as well as the family.

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FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Surface and subsurface water of the area under consideration is highly affected with salinity. For this reason, scarcity for pure drinkable water is very acute here. People of the area mainly drink surface water and pond water is the major source of water for the people of the area. In the western part of the study area, we observed water supply for the use of drinking and cooking foods. In the Barakupot area, we observed a water treatment plant and storage system that is used to supply drinkable water for the villagers. The Satkhira Jubo Unnayan Porishad is the volunteer organization that maintains its operation while this whole project was funded by MuslimAid, UK. This plant doesnt aim at FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA complex type of treatment. Screening and physical treatment is the only process by which collected pond water is treated before it is supplied for the public use. About 600 families are directly dependent on this supply water. In the Gabura union area, similar water supply system was observed. Oxfam played the key role and financed the whole water supply system.

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Figure 19: - Water treatment and supply system in Barakupot area

By considering literature review into account we can conclude that Pure and drinkable freshwater is very rare in the area. Due to an acute scarcity of drinking water, local people have no other way but to drink the water of some freshwater ponds. But drinking water from such sources is not safe and hygienic at all. By drinking such water, many waterborne disease may result. We interviewed many local people who told us that they frequently suffer from gastro-intestinal disorders and problems. In some parts of the study area we observed water supply for drinking and cooking purpose but this facility is not capable of providing safe drinking water for all those local peoples. Most of these water supply systems are funded and maintained by either an NGO or a volunteer organization. But if local government realize the need of sufficient water supply system, it will definitely reduce the sufferings of the local villagers. Poverty is a serious social issue of the study area. More specifically after the impact of AILA, many people became homeless, jobless ad shelter less. Standing of this fact, it is easy to understand that the poor condition of law and order is nothing but the result of poverty in the area. If people have sufficient food and shelter, we strongly believe that the incident of crime will definitely reduce. In some parts of the area, coastal aquaculture practice is common and most farmers are moving towards shrimp and crab culture. But saline water is required for the cultivation of these aqua species. For this reason, aqua farmers created a large number of channels through the river. This practice is highly responsible for the gradual weakness of the dam that aims at the protection of the nearby road and locality from the devastation of flood and cyclone. Sluice gates of the areas are constructed under the data of 1962. These data should be reviewed and corrected where necessary to determine the appropriate sluice gate construction of the area. Enforcement of law should be strict to avoid further damage of the dams by the construction of channels form the rivers. Natural resource collectors should be trained well before they are permitted to collect nature resource to avoid further damage of biodiversity and natural resource of the Sundarbans. FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

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Location name

GPS Position 222034N 890619E 12.4ppt 222034N

Salinity

1.Base Camp

2.Kholpetua River

1.4ppt (Tube well water)

3.Noabeki 891206E 222024N 891207E 1.1ppt (Both pond and tube well water 4.3ppt (Pond water)

4.Borokupot

5.Borokupot (Gazibari) 6.Nildumur

222052N 2.1ppt (Burigualini) 891238E

221501N 7.Chakbara (Gabura) 891430E 221528N 891507E 221462N 8.Dumuria 891500E 221405N 0.0ppt(pond water) 891500E 221531N 891510E 1.6ppt(Irrigation water) 14.9ppt (Kholpetua River)

1.1ppt (Rupantor supplied water)

3.4(Paddy field)

7.4ppt(Gher)

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

 INTERVIEW 01: Name of Respondent: - MD. Shahabuddin Occupation: - Hawker Age: - About 70 years
FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Address: - Pratapnagar village under Padamapur union.

Question: - How much damage did Aila cause in your area? Answer: - Aila caused a great damage in our area. Most of the places of our area were submerged in the water. It severely damaged our house, crop field, cattle etc. Question: -How long the area was submerged? Answer: - Almost two years. Question: - We can see a dam there. Why it was constructed and when? Answer: - This dam was basically constructed to protect the surrounding area and roads from riverbank erosion. The dam was constructed after the Aila impact. Question: - What are the major occupations of the area? Answer: - Many people are involved in business while most of the people are dependent on agriculture. Among them some are dependent on crab culture and some grow paddy. Many of them are forced to do this. Question: - How many children do you have? Answer: - 4 Sons and 3 Daughters. Question: -Tell us about their educational status. Answer: - They all completed primary education. Question: - What are they doing now? Answer: - Some of them are working in garments and others working in the brick field.

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 INTERVIEW 02: Name of Respondent: - Brojendronath Mistri Occupation: - Teacher Age: - About 50 years Address: - Pratapnagar village under Padamapur union.

Question: - Is there any problem in drinking water due to salinity? Answer: - Yes, the ground water became saline. Question: - The numbers of trees are very low in here, what is the cause do you think? Answer: - Due to saline water the trees are dying after plantation. Even crops are not growing.
FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Question: - What are the main occupations of the people around here? Answer: - Most of the people are involved in shrimp culture but the profit is decreasing and people are getting interested in agriculture. Question: - Where do people find juvenile fishes or srimp? Answer: - Most of them are collected from Cox- Bazar. Question: - How many children do you have? Answer: - 1 Son and 1 Daughter. Question: -Tell us about the educational situation of your area. Answer: - The children are very interested, but the reality is not letting them near the school.

INTERVIEW 03: Name of Respondent: - Anima Rani Paul Occupation: - Day labour Age: - About 32 years Address: - Nawabeki, Shymnagar.

Question: - What do you do? Answer: - I work in the road construction site. Question: -How much do you earn every day? Answer: - Per day 120Tk. Question: - Which fruits trees are found in this area? Answer: - Coconut, Date palm, Palm, Sofeda etc. No other fruits grow in here. Question: - What is the weather condition of this area during winter?

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Answer: - The cold was as usual but severe cold observed about 5-7 days. Question: - What kind of latrine does your family use? Answer: - We use sanitary latrine. Question: -What other jobs do you have except road construction? Answer: - Sometime I cell sands to the construction manager. . Question: - How many children do you have? Answer: - 2 Sons and they are married.

INTERVIEW 04: Name of Respondent: - Haradhan Mandal

FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Occupation: - Businessman Age: - About 60 years Address: - Barakupat, Shymnagar.

Question: - What do you do? Answer: - I am businessman and I sell shrimp. Question: -Do you cultivate them yourself? Answer: - Yes and some other laborers help me. Question: - How much land do you use in shrimp culture? Answer: - About 2 Acer land. Question: - What kind of problem do you face during cultivation? Answer: - Recently the disease of shrimp is increasing and we are not getting the proper benefit. Question: - How many children do you have? Answer: - 2 Sons and 1 Daughter. Question: -Tell us about their educational status. Answer: - They all completed primary education. Question: - What are the main occupations in your area? Answer: - Some are day labor others work in the brick field, Garments and in transportation sectors.

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 INTERVIEW 05: Name of Respondent: - Devdas Kumar Mandal Occupation: - Aqua farmer Age: - About 25 years Address: - Barakupat, Shymnagar.

Question: - What do you do? Answer: - I am an Aqua farmer work in shrimp gher. Question: -How many workers work with you? Answer: - About 10-15 workers.
FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

Question: - What are the major problems in this area? Answer: - The people are suffering very hard. Due to salinity agricultural practice is affected that is why most of the people are forced to do shrimp culture. Question: - What about the production of Shrimp? Answer: - The production is reduced recently. Before now the production was 20,000 Tk per bigha but now it is reduced to 10-12,000Tk. Question: - What do you think the cause of productivity loss? Answer: - I think the Juveniles collected from outside cannot tolerate or cope with the environment here. Question: -Are you married? Answer: - Yes. Question: - Do you have any children? Answer: - No.

INTERVIEW 06: Name of Respondent: - Mir Abdur Razzeq Occupation: - Ex- Union Parisad member Age: - About 65 years Address: - Maddam Kalisha bunia.

Question: - As an Ex- member what types of problem do you and your people feel? Answer: - Mainly poverty, unemployment, un-developed communication system, lower budget in constructive fields are the main problems.

Question: -What is the condition of drinking water and sanitation system in this area? Answer: - The condition was worsed before but due to the activity of NGOs and Volunteer organizations we improved the condition. Question: - From where the people collect Drinking water? Answer: - The water scarcity is the main problem. Rainwater harvesting is used for collection of drinking water some drink the pond water directly. Question: - What is the choice of local people among Agriculture and Shrimp culture? Answer: - The salinity is a common problem and growing crop is hard task as cyclone and storm surges always hit this area. So the people think the shrimp culture is more profitable. Question: - What are the main occupations of the local people? Answer: - Mainly natural resource collectors, day labors, businessman, Fisherman, aquaculture
FIELD REPORT ON SHYAMNAGAR AND ADJACENT AREA

labor are common.

INTERVIEW 07: Name of Respondent: - Sahadat Hossain Torofdar. Occupation: - Businessman Age: - About 60 years Address: - 7 No Dumuria, Gabura.

Question: - Tell us about the educational condition of your area. Answer: - The children are interested in studying and their presence is very present. But their economic condition is not letting them to continue in higher study. Question: -How many educational institutions are present in this area? Answer: - There are 7 Primary Schools, 2 High Schools and 2 Madrasas are present. There is no College so the students have to travel in far areas. Question: - What are the impacts of Sundarban in the lifestyle of local people? Answer: - The Sundarban is providing many resources so it is the main source of employment. Question: - What is the condition of Medical systems in this area? Answer: - The medical condition is very bad. There is no doctor available so in emergency case people have to go in Stkhira and Khulna.

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Question: - How many children do you have? Answer: - 3 Sons and 2 Daughters. Question: - What are they doing now?

Answer: - Sons works in the forest two daughters are married.

INTERVIEW 08: Name of Respondent: - Israfil Hossain. Occupation: - Headmaster of 52 No Dumuria Primary School. Age: - 40 years Address: - Nildumur, Shamnagar

Question: - How many teachers and student do you have in this school? Answer: - About 542 students among them 60% girls 40% boys. Four teachers are present now; two of them are under PTI training. Question: -What social problems are seen in this area? Answer: - Early marriage is the important problem, the law and order is also hard to found. Question: - What is the average age of early married children? Answer: - The boys at the age of 15-17 get married with the girls age of 11-13 years. Question: - What kinds of diseases are seen in this area? Answer: - Mainly Different Gastrointestinal diseases are observed as they drink pond water and other common diseases also happen. Question: - What is the main occupation in this area? Answer: - Mainly crop farmer, aqua farmer, Natural resources collector and day labors Question: - Do the students continue their study? Answer: - The boys are strongly influenced in working section and they have to work for their family. So they cannot continue. Although some of them return after a long time. Very few are going for higher study.
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