Describe Ayub Khan's foreign policy.

(4) Ayub Khan articulated his foreign policy on several occasions, particularly in his autobiography, Friends not Masters. His objectives were the security and development of Pakistan and the preservation of its ideology as he saw it. Toward these ends, he sought to improve, or normalize, relations with Pakistan's immediate and looming neighbors--India, China, and the Soviet Union. While retaining and renewing the alliance with the United States, Ayub Khan emphasized his preference for friendship, not subordination, and bargained hard for higher returns to Pakistan.

Read the source below carefully to answer question (a) Since 1947 relations between India and Pakistan have been very poor. India resented partition and the creation of Pakistan. Pakistan feared Indias intentions towards the new state. Above all the question of Kashmir has dominated the relationship. Two wars were fought between 1965 and 1971 but there was one glimmer of hope the Simla Agreement. Q.1a) What was the Simla Agreement? {4} Ans. This agreement on Bilateral Relations between India and Pakistan was signed after the 1971 India-Pakistan War, in which Pakistan was defeated conclusively and which resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. India refrained from attacking or finishing off Pakistan and signed this agreement with the hope that henceforth the countries in the region would be able to live in peace with each other. On July 1972 Bhutto signed the Simla Agreement with the Prime minister of India Indira Gandhi. India agreed to return the prisoners of war to Pakistan, in return for a promise that the Kashmir problem would be discussed directly with India, instead of seeking refuge from the UNO. Q.1b) Why did Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto come to power in 1971? {7} Ans. Due to the 1971 war with India and Pakistans defeat disgrace was brought for Yahya Khan and the Pakistan army. This was a shock defeat for the army. East Pakistan had seceded and the country was still under Martial Law. In the 1970 elections Mujib ur Rehman and his party Awami league won majority of seats in both east and west Pakistan. Bhutto and the PPP however were the party left with the most seats after EP became Bangladesh. Bhuttos campaign catered to public needs and he had given the promise of Roti Kapra, Makan (Food clothes and houses).In fact the PPP had received most of its votes from the rural and urban masses of Sindh and Punjab where the population voted for a party with a radical manifesto and promise of Food clothes and houses. The previous military government had been disgraced and discredited and Bhuttos campaign seemed attractive enough to the people to win their support. He had been determined to bring the country out of military rule and into civilian rule. After the 1971 war Yahya Khan resigned and Bhutto who had previously been foreign minister, thus assumed power and reduced the countrys dependence on the army by establishing the federal security force and replaced the major positions in military with his own generals. Q.1c) Zias foreign policy was more successful than his domestic reforms. Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. Ans. General Zia ul Haq introduced many reforms in Pakistan both domestic and foreign. But the evaluation of the importance of all reforms cannot be made without examining all of them. General Zia ul Haq came into power in 1978. He too was yet another military administrator. He embarked upon an Islamization program in the country that incorporated a number of initiatives aimed at making Pakistan a more Islamic country. He established the Federal Shariat Court in 1979 which would consider current laws and legal judgments and decide if they were in keeping with Islamic rules. The court could repeal laws which it thought did not coincide with Islamic teachings. In 1977 the Hudood Ordinance was established which introduced Islamic punishments for gambling drinking theft and adultery, and women. However the Hudood Ordinance failed to take much effect because of the absence of mass education, deep corruption in Pakistans judicial legal system and the absence of desire in the current system to understand the whole new system and to apply it with the level of piety and caution it was applied with, at the time of the Prophet Muhammad (s.a.w). The corrupt police simply used the presence of 3 laws leftover criminal laws that were a legacy of the British on the subcontinent, martial law, and shariah law to extract a higher level of bribery. He called upon Pakistans economists and Islamic scholars to devise a program that would use Zakat (almsgiving) to deal with poverty in the nation leading to the promulgation of the Zakat and Ushr ordinance of 1979 in June 20th 1980. On all savings accounts a 2 % per annum Zakat was instituted despite some problems. (According to a Gallup Survey 80% of Pakistanis interviewed felt that the system was comparatively corruption proof and that this was the first time a modern government had coded Zakat into law and implemented it.) Zia ordered Islamic scholars and high ranked economists to develop acceptable sets of models and laws for the implementation of Islamic economics. An institute under this title was established and interest free banking was introduced (partially) and was all tested through an implementation program.

(This resulted in hundreds of Islamic banks popping up for e.g. American icon Fannie Mae and Dow Jones.) International Islamic University in the nations capital, Islamabad, was established by Zia and still exists. He also encouraged Religious Madrassas in which religious education as well as military training was imparted. His educational reforms were substantial. Nationalized schools under the Bhutto era were returned to their owners and private schools were encouraged. The privatization of schools under Zias government, along with the desire of overseas Pakistani workers to give education to their children, led to an ongoing education revolution. For the first time since Pakistan was created the literacy rate was increased by 12 percent despite a tightening of the literacy criteria and a reduction in the education budget in the last ten years. An Iqra (Read) Tax was imposed and educational books were revised to include more culturally suitable material. Pakistan Studies and Islamiyat were compulsory subjects in all schools and colleges and candidates who took Pak Civil Service Exams were given extra credit for being Hafiz-e-Quran. Provincialism also increased during Zias tenure. He handled the problem of unrest in Balochistan more successfully than Z.A. Bhutto. Zia used various schemes of economic development to assuage the Baloch and was rather successful. The North West Province, alarmed at the presence of Soviet troops next door after the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in December 1979 remained relatively quiet. But the long festering division between Sindhis and non Sindhis exploded into violence in Sindh. Themuhajirs formed new organizations the most significant being the Refugee Peoples Movement (Muhajir Qaumi Mahaz). The fact that Sindhi was becoming the mother tongue of fewer and fewer people of Sindh was also resented. The growth of the illicit drug industry also added to the ethnic problem. Zia made constitutional variations too. It was so vastly changed that it was very much unlike the one enacted by the Bhutto regime. In the 1973 document power had been in the hands of the prime minister; however thanks to the 8th amendment in 1985 it said that all actions of military were valid, presidents actions (even if violating basic rights) were legal, and president could appoint PM without discussion. Zia lifted martial law by the end of 1985 but as the power was in hands of president, there was little doubt as to who was in charge. Besides these domestic changes, there was a major foreign change in his reign. The entry of soviet troops in Kabul, Afghanistan in Dec 1979 brought with it an influx of 3 million refugees into Pakistan. Subsequently the country became a front line state in the fight against communism, in the eyes of the worlds anti-communist force. Zia not only embraced that status to help the Afghanis but also to improve Pakistani forces with modern equipment. This allowed him to support Sikhs in India and renew contacts with Kashmiri freedom fighters. The United states began to rearm Pakistan and to supply military training and material support to Afghan Mujahideen fighting the war against the Soviets from camps and sanctuaries in Pakistan. China and Saudi Arabia also supported Pakistan in this effort. The Mujahideen succeeded not only in limiting Soviet influence in major cities but also inflicted a heavy economic loss on the Soviet Union which it was unable to sustain for long. There was almost national consensus on Zias Afghan policy and it was by and large successful. In my opinion this was the most important of all of Zia ul Haqs reforms. It established Pakistan as the leading country in world politics. It also led to huge sums of money being poured into Pakistan to pay for the rehabilitation of refugees and to develop Pakistani army. Zia was able to increase the defense budget and built up such an effective military force that he was able to sell military assistance to other Muslim countries. Pakistan became the second largest supplier of military manpower in the developing world. In 1985 there were estimated 50,000 Pakistanis serving abroad in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Libya, Oman, Kuwait and the U.A.E. Karachi itself became the best naval base in the region. The funds from the western allies allowed Zia to take the economic measures mentioned above and Pakistans average annual growth in the Gross National Product was 6.2% the highest in the world. This reform was the one which had the most beneficial effect on the country and is hence the most significant and successful. Q.1d) Why did Zia-ul-Haq introduce Islamic laws between 1979 and 1988? {7} Ans. Zia introduced the laws of Islam and ignored the political process because he believed that politics had made Pakistan a weak country. He was the son of an Imam and once faced with the leadership of the government he strove to develop an Islamic Constituency for himself. He was also keen to discredit the Bhutto government, since the opposition that rallied to Bhutto had been under the slogan of Nizam-e-Mustafa (The Government of the Prophet Muhammad (p.b.u.h)). He wanted to demonstrate that it was being replaced by a new more Islamic government. Bhutto had attempted to introduce socialist measures into Pakistan. Islam would provide an excellent counter ideology to Bhuttos opinions. The introduction of Islamic measures would win the support of religious elements within Pakistans political parties. This applied in particular to Jamaate-Islami which was influential both in administration and the army. Also when the Russians had invaded Afghan territory, Zia was able to portray his government as pro-Islamic fighting the pagan communists. This would win support from the west and would also further highlight the anti-West socialist ideas of the PPP. Other than this he wanted to punish all those who dared disrespect the Holy Prophet (s.a.w) and wanted to find a way to use Zakat (Almsgiving) to obliterate poverty in Pakistan as well as introducing Islamic taxes to help the poor and needy. Islamic education was made mandatory to beware

the youth of Pakistan of their culture. An Islamic government would also show that the legal system and civil service was strong. Pakistan Studies: Paper 1: Education reforms were the most important of Zulfiqar Ali Bhuttos domestic policies between 1971 and 1977. Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. Answer. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto wanted to make sure that the country was brought under civilian rule. Under this era, the country undertook many changes. To provide free and cheap education to Pakistan he nationalized the private educational institutions on 15th July 1972. Education was declared free up to middle standard from 1972 and to the secondary level in 1974. All teachers of these nationalized institutions were given salaries according to the Government scales. Jamia Islamia Bahawalpur was raised to the status of Islamic University. New universities were opened up in Multan, D.I Khan, and in Baluchistan. Polytechnic institutions were upgraded to technical colleges. Book Banks were established in the colleges. Scholarships for the students were increased. The students were given concession in travelling. 3300 primary schools were opened and 200 of primary schools were upgraded to middle standard and 51 middle schools were upgraded to secondary level. However since the schools had been nationalized the quality of education became poor. This was the case with universities too. Since there was no profit motive services that were provided were not adequate. These reforms were not as beneficial as Bhutto had intended to make them. There were also some industrial reforms made. On 2nd January 1972, he nationalized heavy engineering industries, foundries, automobile industries, steel tractors, fertilizer, cement, petrochemical and oil. In 1976 vegetable industries, roller flour mills, rice mills, cotton ginning mills and insurance companies were nationalized. Commercial Banks were nationalized in May 1976. He nationalized heavy industries because large scale industries were in 22 families hands. For the constitution presented to the NA in 2nd February 1973 he constituted the Constitutional Committee. The constitution was accepted and it said that there would be a Senate, a national assembly (elected for five years), a prime minster and president, two houses the Lower and the Upper house, a chief minister and cabinet for each province. Governor of province could dissolve the provincial assembly if asked by Chief Minister to do so. In Agriculture he decreased the land ownership ceiling in 1972 to 250 acres of irrigated and 500 acres of non irrigated land. In 1977 it was further decreased to 200 acres of non irrigated and 100 acres of irrigated land. It was decided to take the rest of the land from the Jagirdars and landlords and sell it to the tenants already cultivating those lands. Many tenants were illegally evicted and there was litigation and many tenants were killed. Land revenue was exempted on 12.5 acres irrigated and 25 acres non irrigated land but agricultural tax was imposed on lands > than 25 acres (irrigated) and 50 acres non irrigated lands. Rates for farmers crops were increased chemical fertilizer was importeddepots opened in villages. However this was still not of as much importance. Bhutto did introduce health reforms. He introduced a new health policy and number of medical colleges and nurse schools were increased and Jinnah Post Graduate Medical Centre was set up in Karachi. Two new hospitals were opened in Lahore and Larkana and efforts were made to obliterate T.B. Cholera, Small Pox and Malaria. He forbade the multi brand imports of medicines so that suppliers and traders could not increase rates. This was the Generic System of medicine. But the traders did not cooperate and this system failed miserably. Bhuttos most important reforms were his Social Reforms. It covers the educational reforms besides nationalization which he made. Other than this it brought tribal system of Baluchistan and N.W.F.P to an end by bringing relief to the poor masses that had to pay illegal taxes. He introduced the National Identity Card to curb anti state activities and organized department of police, built Federal Security Force to maintain law and order, and established the security guard for the protection of the airports and planes. A new labour policy was introduced according to which labourers were to share 5 % in the annual profit of the factory. They were allowed a bonus and to form their Unions which they had to get registered in ten days. There was a Labour Court established and if a worker got sacked for an unauthentic reason he could go and knock the doors of the Labor Court of Justice. Old Age Benefit Scheme was introduced under which every registered worker gets pension and free treatment in Social Security Hospitals and could enjoy 16 holidays with pay in a year and have at least one of their children educated from the entrepreneur. No entrepreneur could close his factory without their permission. Group insurance for the workers was announced. The Social reforms also covered health reforms. Thus since everyone benefited to a certain extent from these reforms especially the laborers and the poor it is the most important.

1. Read the source below carefully to answer question (a).The Congress Party called for complete independence from the British and began again its non-cooperation campaign. The Muslims disapproved of this campaign since they felt that Congress not only wanted independence but Hindu dominance over the Muslims. At this time Dr. Allama Iqbal came to prominence. a) Who was Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal?

Ans. Dr. Allama Muhammad Iqbal was born in Sialkot in northern Punjab in 1877. He was a distinguished scholar who was also a politician, believing in the need for Muslims to struggle for the establishment of a single, separate country for themselves and was completely opposed to British rule in India. His poetry was full of hope for the Muslims telling them to be proud of their past heritage. He saw the British and the Hindus as equally opposed to the Muslim cause and believed that Hindus and Muslims were two nations who should have separate sovereign states. As a result he has been described as the Architect of Pakistan. In 1927 he was appointed as General Secretary of the Muslim League Sir Muhammad Shafi group. In December 1930 he presided over the All India Muslim League Meeting and is known for his presidential address there in Allahabad. He died in 1938 and was buried outside the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore.

b) Why is Chaudry Rehmat Ali an important influence on the struggle for a separate homeland? Ans. Chaudry Rehmat Ali was born in 1897 in Punjab. He was in London when the Round Table Conferences were being held and tried to persuade the Muslim leaders that they should demand nothing less than a separate homeland for the Muslims. In 1933 Rehmat Ali and three other students at Cambridge University published the pamphlet entitled now or never. The pamphlet was written to the 30 million Muslims in the north-west of the Indian subcontinent. Rehmat Ali himself could never imagine how influential that pamphlet would be. Although the message in the pamphlet, that the subcontinent should be partitioned was rejected, this was the first direct call for a separate state. Neither Sir Syed Ahmad Khan, nor Alama Iqbal had gone as far as calling for 2 distinct nations. What really caught the imagination of the Muslims, however was that Rehmat Ali had provided a name for the homeland. The name was Pakistan. So Rehmat Ali stands as the man who gave Pakistan its name. In 1933 Rehmat Ali formed the Pakistan National Movement to campaign for the idea of Pakistan. He also published a work entitled Pakistan, the Fatherland of the Pak nation which contained all his writings on the subject. Rehmat Alis passionate belief on the cause and his works make him a most influential figure indeed on the struggle for a separate homeland. It was tragic that someone who longed so much for the creation of a Muslim League was never officially appreciated during his lifetime.

Major Industries of Pakistan Cotton industry: Cotton industry is one of the biggest industries of Pakistan which provides employment to 50 % of the industrial labor force and contributes to above 60% in the total country export and 7% in the GDP to the national exchequer in the form of indirect taxes. The centres of cotton textile industries are usually located at cities, Karachi, Hyderabad, Faislabad etc. The exports are domestically consumed and exported because cotton is very comfortable to wear in the mild and hot climatic periods of Pakistan. It includes items like finished goods, fabrics, towels, hosiery, knitwear, and ready made garments. But this industry has been under pressure because of shortage of raw material, caused by the leaf curl virus. It has encountered problems also from recession in the international market, competition from countries like South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Egypt, Thailand. The continuous load-shedding menace of the country is not helping its growth of the country. Sugar Industry: This is another one of the principal industries of Pakistan. Sugar is made mainly from sugar mills, such as those, located in Punjab, Pakhtunkhwa, and Sindh. Balochistan does not have any sugar mills. Sugar mills should be located right next to the sugar cane field because the cane starts to lose its contents and needs to be crushed as soon as possible. It is also bulky and heavy and has high transportation cost. Bagasse is a by product and can be used as fuel in sugar mills (recycling) and to make chipboard, paper and animal feed. Molasses is yet another by-product and is used for acid manufacturing in the industry of chemicals.

Fertilizer Industry It had its origin in the green revolution. Various raw materials e.g. sulphur, phosphate, gypsum, are used to make different types of fertilizers. Natural gas became the main raw material. Faislabad and Daud Khel in Punjab, Haripur in Pakhtunkhwa, and Dharki in Upper Sindh are the main locations. Nitrogenous fertilizer is most commonly used because the soils are deficient in organic matter. Cement Industry Cement industry has favorable factors of development because of the availability of limestone and gypsum, high demand, and a cheap fuel such as natural gas. But because of government fiscal policies and the excess demand the price of cement has been raised. Steel Industry The development of the steel industry began in the late 1950s. The Pakistan steel mill corporation was built in Pipri in 1973 with the help of the USSR. Steel is used in many technical industries like heavy engineering which uses steel and its byproducts as an input factor. The products of steel mill are pig iron/hot metal, rolled and cast billets, galvanized products and of course steel itself. A market for steel is just outside Karachi in Taxila. The Heavy Mechanical complex was established there too in 1979 through gracious support of Chinese. It is one of the prominent heavy engineering centres of Pakistan and designs and manufactures industrial plants. The Heavy Forge Factory at this complex has also proved crucial for Pakistans defense. Other than industrial plants the Heavy Mechanical Complex produces Boilers, cranes, construction machinery, and material handling equipment, steel structures and railway equipment, machines for sugar mills, are some of the by products produced on a daily basis.

POPULATION OF PAKISTAN The population of a country and the trend of population growth decide the number of persons to be fed, clothed, housed and employed today and tomorrow. In 1998 Pakistans population was 132.4 million with a population density of 166 persons per square kilometer whereas in 1901 it was 16.6 million. It doubled in the 50 years between 1901 and 1951. It then doubled again in the 21 years between 1951 and 1972 and again in the 26 years between 1972 and 1998. At the present rate of growth Pakistans population will double again in 27 years. Pakistan ranks sixth in the world in terms of population. Its annual growth rate in 1998 was 2.7 %. This is an explosive rate of growth since it is above 2 %. Population growth is an outcome of Net Migration (immigration minus emigration) and natural increase (birth minus deaths). There are two main types of Migration. Internal Migration: This is the movement of population within a country and does not cause population growth. International Migration: The movement of population from one country to another. Note:- The only notable migration in terms of population size took place in the wake of partition. Pakistan, at that time, increased by 1.8 million by net migration which was 5.3% of the total population in 1951. After that, international migration has been negligible and is not playing any significant role in population growth. Natural increase is the major cause of population growth in Pakistan. Birth rate is steadily decreasing from 43.8 persons per thousand in 1981 to 33.8 in 1997 and then to 27.8 in 2001. The growth rate is also decreasing, but continues to be significantly high. It was 3.1 percent in 1981; that dropped to 2.7 % in 1998 and then to 2.1 % in 2001. The population of Pakistan is still increasing at an explosive rate. There are also other problems of Population Growth i) Early Marriage High Birth Rate is partly the result of early marriages. Marriage of a woman at an early age gives a longer productive age. Not many years ago, the age of 14 to 15 years was considered suitable for marriage. The average age of marriages later was 18 years. However the average rate is increasing. It was 20 years in 1980, which was increased to 21.7 achieved primarily by female education. The girls prefer to get education and the boys also like to marry educated girls. The average age of marriage is liable to increase further. ii) Lack of Birth Control Efforts are being made by the government to popularize birth control. This has not proved very successful. Some limited positive effects have been observed. The Pakistan age composition consists of the following

Pakistan age composition iii) Age Structure Age structure refers to the age of distribution of a population. Age distribution is of considerable economic and demographic importance. The population is divided into three basic groups: a) Children The percentage of children in Pakistan has remained high. It was 43.2 per cent in 1998. In no year has the percentage of children remained less than 43.5% in 1998. Comparatively, the percentage of children in India in 2000 was 36, while that of USA was 21.0, and that of UK was 19. The high percentage of children indicates that a large number of youth will enter the job market. Children are future fathers and mothers. Their large number also signifies that the birth rate in Pakistan in future will remain high. b) Adults The adults are the most productive economically and demographically. The percentage of adults in Pakistan has remained above 50 from 1951 onwards. It was 53.4% in 1998. Comparatively the percentage of adults in India was 60% and that in USA was 66% in 2000. Since the most active group, it is a healthy sign, though it also indicates the possibility of higher birth rate. c) Aged Pakistans population like that of many developing countries has a low percentage of elderly people. In 1998 the percentage of elderly persons was 3.4 while in India, 4%. Generally speaking high %age of elderly people indicates an increase in the number of dependent persons. They need greater help and medical care. Problems of rapid population growth in Pakistan are many. There is an acute shortage of housing in Pakistan. In 2004 there were 19.3 million housing units, the required number of units was 24.8 million. The annual supply of housing units is 300,000 when the shortfall is of 270,000. The number of unemployed persons in Pakistan is great. In 1995 5.4 million persons were employed. That increased to 7.2 million in 200 and then to 8.3 million in 2004. This is a grave problem as it also leads to anti-social and criminal activities. It is not correct to conclude that a large population and rapid population growth are alone responsible for this high rate. Lack of economic development shares equal blame. Pakistan is deficient in food supply. Wheat is the staple food of Pakistan. From 1947 to 2003, Pakistan had to import wheat in 44 out of 56 years. Pakistan also has to import edible oil, milk products and several other food items. Population control alone will not solve this problem. There are a number of European countries which suffer from food shortage inspite of the fact that their population is under control. The answer primarily lies in economic development.

Write the significance of Hazrat Khadija during the lifetime of the Prophet (S.A.W) {10} Hazrat Khadija had the honor to become the first wife of the Holy Prophet SAW. While the Prophet was married to her she was his only wife. She laid all her wealth at his disposal, which strengthened him financially and relieved him from finding a source of income. This gave him time to meditate and focus solely on his mission. The Holy Quran acknowledged this fact in Surah Duha And He found you in need and made you independent. Hazrat Khadija was the first person to embrace Islam without any hesitation. This helped to strengthen Islam in its early years. She was the one who consoled the Holy Prophet SAW and assured him of security and protection of ALLAH after he had returned from home shaken from the experience of the first revelation. She comforted the Holy Prophet SAW in the following words Allah will never disgrace you. You write uterine relations you bear the burden of the weak , you help the poor and the needy you entertain the guests and endure hardships in the path of truthfulness/ After this Hazrat Khadija took him to her cousin Waraqa bin Naufil who acknowledged his designation as the Messenger of Allah. She was the only wife of the Holy Prophet who suffered

persecutions in the early days of Islam. She always stood by his side which helped to strengthen his stand against the opposition. She bored all the afflictions associated with the General Social Boycott in 7 year of prophet hood and also had the honor of being the mother of his only surviving children Umm-e-Kulthum, Zainab, Fatima and Ruqqaya. She was the only wife (besides Hazrat Ayesha) to be greeted by Angel Jibrael himself. She was given the glad tidings of having a palace of pearls in the paradise by angel Jibrael. Once Prophet Muhammad SAW said to Hazrat Ayesha Khadijas love is given to me by Allah. He was so grieved at the year of her death that he termed the year (10th year of Prophet hood) as the Year of Sorrow (Amm-ul-Hazm). His words about Hazrat Khadija were She believed in me when others disbelieved and confirmed my truthfulness when others called me a liar. Write the significance of Hazrat Hafsa in the history of Islam. Hazrat Hafsa was the daughter of the second rightly guided caliph Hazrat Umar bin Khattab (R.A) and was among the early converts of Islam and migrated twice in the way of ALLAH (SWT) first to Abyssinia, and then to Madina. She was the 4th wife of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W) and was given the title of Mother of the Faithful by the Quranic verse The Prophet (SAW) is closer to the believers than their ownselves and his wives are their mothers. She was a knowledgeable person and her knowledge ranked next to Hazrat Ayesha. After the death of the Holy Prophet SAW she became a teacher and a guide. At least 60 traditions have been narrated by her, either directly heard from her husband or her father Umar. She was strict in the observance of fasts. The Holy Prophet said regarding her She is the one who keeps fast during the day and stands during the night for worship After the death of the Prophet SAW she played an important role in the compilation of the Holy Quran as she was the custodian of the authentic copy which had been compiled during the period of Abu Bakr RA. She kept the Mushaf sheets on which Caliph Abu Bakr had ordered the Quran to be copied. This Mushaf passed from Hazrat Abu Bakr to Hazrat Umar. After the death of Hazrat Umar this had been passed on to her for safe custody known as Mushaf e Hafsa. During the Caliphate of Hazrat Uthman she passed the sheets to Zaid bin Thabit to make the 2nd compilation of the Hoky Quran on the orders of Hazrat Uthman. On her deathbed Hazrat Hafsa advised her brother Abdullah bin Umar to distribute her property among the poor and needy.

Main Points of Hazrat Khadija The things she went through with the Prophet as the only wife+ the honors she had of being the 1st in what or taking part in what or being one of the few in what.

The advantages of the marriage. The role she played during Prophethood. How she helped him during the experience of the first revelation mention the verse The ahadith regarding her love and support.

Main Points of Hazrat Hafsa Her bio data, whom she was born to, when she was married and what number on the list she ranked. How she ranked in her knowledge, how she followed the teachings of Islam and a hadith regarding that. Her title and the verse along with it and how she helped compile the HOLY QURAN. How many traditions she narrated (you should get the idea.) Main points of Hazrat Ayeshas significance during the lifetime of the Prophet. She became the third wife, her nikah was performed at the age of 6 but departure took place in 2 AH. She is mother of the faithful and she gave her husband care and support providing spiritual benefit and gaining it as well. Ayesha enjoys superiority over all other women Signifying that she was the most beloved her beauty and lively character attracting the Holy Prophet. She loved the Holy Prophet very deeply. She rendered services such as bathing wounds and dressing them and providing water. She accompanied the Prophet in pilgrimages and battles. On Banu Mustaliq she was left behind while looking for her dropped necklace and was brought by a young man. False accusations were made but Surah Nurs verses were revealed resolving those and many other surahs were revealed on her account such as that on dry ablution and many others. She was unmatchable in her knowledge and wisdom.
Significance of Hazrat Umm e Salamah during lifetime of Prophet SAW Hazrat Umm e Salamah and her first husband Abdullah idn e Adul Asad were amng the early converts to Islam. They first migrated to Abyssinia but later returned to Makkah. Their family suffered a lot of persecution and separation for the cause of Islam. Her Husband migrated to Madina but she was stopped by her family. After an year of separation she migrated to Madina along with her son Salamah. She had the distinction of being the first Muslim woman to migrate to Madina. She was the 7th wife of the Holy Prophet SAW and was given the title "Mother of the Faithful" by the following Quranic verse "The Holy Prophet is closer to the believers than their ownselves and his wives are their mothers." Surah Ahzab. She accompanied the Holy Prophet at the time of the treaty of Hudaibiya and consoled him when the Muslims expressed their disappointment over the terms of the treaty and also suggested the Holy Prophet SAW about the advisability of shaving his head and offering sacrifice at that occasion. She also accompanied the Holy Prophet SAW in Khyber expedition as well as the last pilgrimage. She was an impressive reciter of the Holy Quran and her style of recitation was identical to that of the Holy Prophet (S.A.W). She was second only to Hazrat Ayesha in learning as historians say "The wives of the Holy Prophet were treasuries of hadith but Ayesha and Umme-Salamah had no equals." She has reported 378 ahadith.

Outline the main teachings of the hadith you have studied about the responsiblities of individual Muslims. The Holy Prophet SAW has given teachings about a number of responsibilities that an individual Muslim must follow. The Holy Quran says "Verily , in the Prophet of ALLAH you have a good example (to follow)" Ther are two types of responsibilities for an individual Muslim mentioned in the Hadith of the Prophet. "Duties toards God (Huqooq-ulALLAH) and Duties towards people (Huqooq-ul-Ibad). The first and foremost duty of an individual Muslim is towards ALLAH as the Holy Prophet said "Religon is sincerity" and when his companions asked "Sincerity to whom?" he explained by saying "To Allah, His Book, His Messengers." This means that an individual should believe in ALLAH as the only Lord without associating any partners with HIM. He should formulate his life according to the teachings of the Holy Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet SAW. He should offer five daily prayers and fulfill all other obligatory acts of worship with full devotion. The teachings of the Holy Prophet SAW also teach the individuals how to deal with others as the following hadith says "ALLAH does ot show mercy to the one who does not show mercy to the other people" This means that a person should act mercifully towards all fellow beings. He should attend to the needs of the old, take care of the sick, feed the indigent, forgive mistakes of others, and comfort the distressed. Only then can an individual expect mercy from ALLAH on the day of judgement. It is also the responsibility of an individual to earn lawfully by one's own hardwork. The Holy Prophet said, "No one eats better food than that which he eats out of the work of his own hand." This Hadith discourages an individual to depend on others for the fulfillment of one's needs as by placing one's economic burden, not only does a person waste his own capabilities but also becomes a burden on the economy. This following Hadith of the Prophet SAW also teaches the believer to abstain from harming and hurting others. A person should not indulge in vain talks due to which a person commits sins such as backbiting, abusing others, lying etc. The Holy Prophet SAW said "A true Muslim is one from whose hands and tongue other Muslims are safe." Miss said we should probably replace the mercy hadith with the last one as we wont have time to write all in the paper. because we have to add this too The ahadith of the Prophet also teaches the believer how to live in this world as the Hadith states, "The world is a believer's prison and an unbeliever's paradise" This means that an individual should live in this world like a traveller considering it a temporary place to live and resist its forces of attraction in favour of the eternal bliss of paradise. May/June 2010 paper 2 "Truly My mercy overcomes My wrath." This is a Hadith e Qudsi. What is special about ahadith of this kind? {4} Hadith e Qudsi is the divine word spoken by the Prophet SAW himself. They are sayings from ALLAH himself but they do not form part of the Quran, however are recognized a sayings of the Prophet SAW which were revealed to him by ALLAH. The Hadith e Qudsi differ from the Quran in that the former were revealed in a dream or through revelation and are "expressed in Muhammad's words" whereas the latter are direct words of ALLAH. Hadith e Qudsi is ranked on top amongst the Sahih (authoritative hadith) and is also called mark of such traditions in that their matn (text) usually contains ALLAH's direct speech. So unlike other traditions their authenticity is traced by way of the Prophet SAW to ALLAH himself. Hadith e Qudsi is extremely important in understanding the fundamentals of Islam such as the Articles of Faith and the Pillars of Islam. The following hadith highlights the importance of fasting where the Holy Prophet SAW narrated ALLAH's promise in the following words, "Fasting is for Me and I will reward for it." Why was the Muslim League established in 1906? Encouraged and enlightened by their success at the Simla Deputation (persuading Lord Minto to allow separate electorates) the Muslims decided to have their own political party. Expressing the strength of Muslim feelings and making demands without a known rank was not enough, they needed their own political party. It needed to establish its influence throughout India so that it could counter the growing influence of the so- called Indian national congress on a proper political platform. Nawab-ul-Viqar in his presidential address stressed on the need for this and reminded the Muslims that the Congress would stop at nothing to completely banish them from their society which is why Sir Syed Ahmed Khan told them to be cautious. The Muslims formed one fourth of the population of India and when the British left the Muslims would certainly, inevitably be subjected to Hindu domination. The Muslims also saw how organized the Hindu opposition to the Partition of Bengal was and they urgently required a party to ensure that they made their opinions heard loud and clear. The Muslim league was established in 1906 because the Hindus had their own political party. Do you agree or disagree? Explain. The Indian National Congress of 1885 had been busily making demands and opposing the British. They were also adamantly making highly convenient rules for themselves (Hindus) while leaving the Muslims to face their own problems. It had even played a major role in introducing the Indian Councils Act 1892. However, it was not the only

reason the League was formed. Very shortly after the Partition of Bengal in 1905 the Hindu majority had erupted with opposition to the new setup. The organized protests, and hailstorm of petitions, the unforgettable Swadeshi Movement by Tilak of Poona (boycott of British goods), throwing of bombs and murders of British men and women, threatening by and executing a boycott on the fourth coming tour of India by King George, the daring assassination attempt on Lord Minto the future viceroy. The Congress put up a huge fight and the Muslims feared that unless they countered the growing influence of it their needs would soon be completely ignored by both British and Hindus. Unless they were able to counter the Congress propaganda by establishing a political platform, they would have a bleak future. Also, the Muslims needed to have the British pay attention to their grievances, and this was proving to be more difficult if done without influence by a simple group of individuals. They needed to make their existence prominent in India and make sure the British rulers heard their demands loud and clear through an influential organization. They also needed to make sure that the Muslims rights and interests were safeguarded. In other words they should have the ability to propose objections to Hindu or British reforms and show them that they would refuse to be ignored The Muslims knew that at some point in time the British would leave india. When that happened the Hindu population which had four times their percentage would completely dominate British India, which could mean the end of Islamic practices for them, or worse, conversion to Hinduism. There were many Muslims, however, who were not aware of this fact. Even though the Muslims had gained separate electorates they still needed their voters to know who to vote for. A Muslim organization to spread awareness of this highly probable and absolutely undesirable prospect was needed. The unity and solidarity of Islam was a great cause to fight for. The Muslims and Hindus division and the Hindu Urdu Controversy was based on this very principle. And this was also the basis of the Two Nation theory which Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had long ago stated. The whole purpose of Congress was to eliminate Muslims and gain full dominion status. Had it not been for Islam, and the struggle to practice it freely the Muslims would not have been Muslims in the first place. So it too played a part. The Division of Hindus and Muslims created the need for separate electorates, increased Muslim influence, and objection to Congress reforms, which ultimately lead to the formation of the Muslim League. So in my opinion it was the main reason the League was formed, and was not simply because of the formation of Congress.