Joseph Estrada

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the former President of the Philippines. For the French company, see ERAP.

Joseph Estrada

13th President of the Philippines

3rd President of the Fifth Republic

In office June 30, 1998 January 20, 2001

Vice President

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Preceded by

Fidel Ramos

Succeeded by

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

11th Vice President of the Philippines

In office June 30, 1992 June 30, 1998

President

Fidel Ramos

Preceded by

Salvador Laurel

Succeeded by

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

Chairman of the Presidential Anti-Crime Commission

In office 19921997

President

Fidel Ramos

Senator of the Philippines

In office June 30, 1987 June 30, 1992

Mayor of San Juan

In office December 30, 1969 March 25, 1986

Personal details

Born

April 19, 1937 (age 74) Tondo, Manila, Philippines

Political party

PMP (1991-present)

Other political affiliations

Nacionalista (19691987) Liberal Party (19871991)

Spouse(s)

Luisa Pimentel

Alma mater

Ateneo de Manila University, Mapa Institute of Technology

Profession

Actor Businessperson Politician

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Signature

Website

Official website

Joseph "Erap" Ejercito Estrada (born Jos Marcelo Ejercito on April 19 1937) was the 13th President of the Philippines, serving from 1998 until 2001. Estrada was the first person in the Post-EDSA era to be elected both to the presidency and vice-presidency. Estrada gained popularity as a film actor, playing the lead role in over 100 films in an acting career spanning 33 years. He leveraged his popularity as an actor to make gains in politics, serving as mayor of San Juan for seventeen years, as Senator for one term, then as Vice President of the Philippines under the administration of President Fidel Ramos. Estrada was elected President in 1998 with a wide margin of votes separating him from the other challengers, and was sworn into the presidency on June 30, 1998. In 2000 he declared an "all-out-war" against the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and captured its headquarters and other camps.
[1][2]

However, allegations of corruption spawned

an impeachment trial in the Senate, and in 2001 Estrada was ousted by People Power 2 after the prosecution walked out of the impeachment court when the Senator Judges voted no in the opening of the second envelope. In 2007, he was sentenced by the special division of the Sandiganbayan to reclusion perpetua for plunder, but was later granted pardon by President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo. He ran for president anew in the2010 Philippine presidential election, but lost to then Senator Benigno Aquino III.

Economy

President Joseph Estrada (7th person from right) during the APEC summit in 2000.

In 1998, Estrada was elected president. Even with its strong economic team, the Estrada administration failed to capitalize on the gains of the previous administration. His administration was severely criticized forcronyism, incompetence, and corruption, causing it to lose the confidence of foreign investors.[citation
needed]

Foreign investors' confidence was further damaged when, in his second year, Estrada was accused of

exerting influence in an investigation of a friend's involvement in stock market manipulation. Social unrest brought about by bombings, bomb threats, kidnappings, etc. contributed to the economy's troubles.Economic performance was also hurt by climatic disturbance that caused extremes of dry and wet weather. By the end of Estrada's administration, the fiscal deficit had reportedly doubled to more than P 100 billion from a low of P 49 billion in 1998.[13] Despite such setbacks, the rate of GNP in 1999 increased to 3.6 percent from 0.1 percent in 1998, and the GDP posted a 3.2 percent growth rate, up from a low of -0.5 percent in 1998. Debt reached P 2.1 trillion in 1999. Domestic debt amounted to P 986.7 billion while foreign debt stood at US$ 52.2 billion.[14] [edit]War

against the MILF

During the Ramos administration a cessation of hostilities agreement was signed between the Philippine Government and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) in July 1997. This was continued by a series of peace talks and negotiations in Estrada administration.[2] The MILF, an Islamic group formed in 1977, seeks to be an independent Islamic State from the Philippines, and, despite the agreements, a sequence of terrorist attacks on the Philippine military and civilians still continued. [2] It was later divulged in a Senate Hearing by then Lt. (now Senator) Antonio Trillanes that the Military was behind these terrorist attacks to justify the "all-out-war" policy of the government which was masterminded by Chief of Staff Angelo Reyes, and which included the kidnapping a foreign priest, namely Father Luciano Benedetti; the destruction by arson of Talayan, Maguindanao's municipal hall; the takeover of the Kauswagan Municipal Hall; the bombing of the Lady of Mediatrix boat at Ozamiz City; and the takeover of the Narciso Ramos Highway. By doing so, they inflicted severe damage on the country's image abroad, and scared much-needed investments away. For this reason,

on March 21, 2000, Estrada declared an "all-out-war" against the MILF. During the war the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) asked Estrada to negotiate a cease-fire with MILF, but Estrada opposed the idea arguing that a cease-fire would cause more terrorist attacks. For the next three months of the war, Camp Abubakar, headquarters of the MILF, fell along with other 13 major camps and 43 minor camps, and then all of which became under controlled by the government. The MILF leader Hashim Salamat fled to Malaysia. The MILF later declared a Jihad on the government. On July 10 of the same year, the President went to Minadanao and raised the Philippine flag symbolizing victory. After the war the President said, "... will speed up government efforts to bring genuine and lasting peace and development in Mindanao". In the middle of July the president ordered the military to arrest top MILF leaders.[15] In his state of the nation address, popularly called "SONA", the president highlighted his vision for Mindanao:

The first is to restore and maintain peace in Mindanaobecause without peace, there can be no development.

The second is to develop Mindanaobecause without development, there can be no peace. The third is to continue seeking peace talks with the MILF within the framework of the Constitution because a peace agreed upon in good faith is preferable to a peace enforced by force of arms.

And the fourth is to continue with the implementation of the peace agreement between the government and the Moro National Liberation Front, or MNLFbecause that is our commitment to our countrymen and to the international community.

In addition to this the president said his administration can move with more speed in transforming Mindanao into a progressive economic center.[15] High on the list of priorities was the plight of MILF guerrillas who were tired of fighting and had no camps left to which to report. On October 5, 2000 the first massive surrender of 669 MILF mujahideen led by the renegade vice mayor of Marugong, Lanao del Sur Malupandi Cosandi Sarip and seven other battalion commanders, surrendered to President Estrada at the 4th ID headquarters in Camp Edilberto Evangelista, Bgy. Patag, Cagayan de Oro City. They were followed shortly by a second batch of 855 surrenderees led by MILF Commander Sayben Ampaso on December 29, 2000.[16] [edit]Controversies

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo

14th President of the Philippines

4th President of the Fifth Republic

In office January 20, 2001 June 30, 2010

Vice President

Teofisto Guingona Noli de Castro

Preceded by

Joseph Estrada

Succeeded by

Benigno Aquino III

Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Pampanga's 2nddistrict

Incumbent

Assumed office June 30, 2010

Preceded by

Mikey Arroyo

12th Vice President of the Philippines

In office June 30, 1998 January 20, 2001

President

Joseph Estrada

Preceded by

Joseph Estrada

Succeeded by

Teofisto Guingona

Philippine Social Welfare and Development Secretary

In office June 30, 1998 October 12, 2000

President

Joseph Estrada

Senator of the Philippines

In office June 30, 1992 June 30, 1998

Personal details

Born

April 5, 1947 (age 64)[1] San Juan, Rizal, Philippines

Political party

Lakas Kampi CMD (2009present)

Other political affiliations

LDP (Before 1998) KAMPI (19972009)

Lakas-CMD (19982009)

Spouse(s)

Jose Miguel Arroyo

Alma mater

Georgetown University Assumption College Ateneo de Manila University University of the Philippines Diliman

Profession

Economist

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Signature

Website

Official website

Maria Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo (born April 5, 1947) is a Filipino politician who served as the 14th President of the Philippines from 2001 to 2010, as the 12th Vice President of the Philippines from 1998 to 2001, and is currently a member of the House of Representatives representing the 2nd District of Pampanga. She was the country's second female president (after Corazn Aquino), and the daughter of former President Diosdado Macapagal. She was a former professor of economics at Ateneo De Manila University where Noynoy Aquino was one of her students. She entered government in 1987, serving as assistant secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry upon the invitation of President Corazn Aquino. After serving as a senator from 1992 to 1998, she was elected to the vice presidency under President Joseph Estrada, despite having run on an opposing ticket. After Estrada was accused of corruption, she resigned her cabinet position as Secretary of Social Welfare and Development and joined the growing opposition to the president, who faced impeachment. Estrada was soon forced from office by the EDSA Revolution of 2001, and Arroyo was sworn into the presidency by Chief Justice Hilario Davide, Jr. on January 20, 2001. She was elected to a full six-year presidential term in the controversial May 2004 Philippine elections, and was sworn in on June 30, 2004. Following her presidency she was elected to the House of Representatives, making her the second Philippine presidentafter Jose P. Laurelto pursue a lower office after their presidency. She is currently residing at La Vista Subdivision in Quezon City.

Economy
Main article: Presidency_of_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo#Economy Arroyo, who earned a master's degree and doctorate in economics, made the Philippine economy the focus of her presidency. Annual economic growth in the Philippines averaged 4.5% during the Arroyo administration, expanding every quarter of her presidency.[12] This is higher than in the administrations of her three immediate predecessors, Corazon Aquino (3.8%), Fidel Ramos (3.7%), and Joseph Estrada (3.7%).[13] The Philippine economy grew at its fastest pace in three decades in 2007, with real GDP growth exceeding 7%.[14] The economy was one of the few to avoid contraction during the 2008 global financial crisis, faring better than its regional peers due to minimal exposure to troubled international securities, lower dependence on exports, relatively resilient domestic consumption, large remittances from four-to five-million overseas Filipino workers, and a growing business process outsourcing industry.[12] Arroyo's handling of the economy has earned praise from former US President Bill Clinton, who cited her "tough decisions" that put the Philippine economy back in shape.[15] Despite this growth, the poverty rate remained stagnant due to a high population growth rate and uneven distribution of income. A controversial expanded value added tax (e-VAT) law, considered the centerpiece of the Arroyo administration's economic reform agenda, was implemented in November 2005, aiming to complement revenue-raising efforts that could plug the country's large budget deficit.[16] Her administration originally set a target to balance the national budget by 2010, t. The tax measure boosted confidence in the government's fiscal capacity and helped to strengthen the Philippine peso, making it East Asia's best performing currency in 200506.[17] The peso strengthened by nearly 20% in 2007, making it by far Asia's best performing currency for the year, a fact attributed to a combination of increased remittances from overseas Filipino workers and a strong domestic economy.[18] Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families.[19]

Domestic Policies
Main article: Presidency_of_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo#Domestic_policies

Foreign Policies
Main article: Presidency_of_Gloria_Macapagal-Arroyo#Foreign_Policies

Public perception

Social Weather Stations quarterly public opinion polling of the net satisfaction rating of President Arroyo.

The Social Weather Stations public opinion group has conducted quarterly surveys tracking the net satisfaction rating ("satisfied" rating minus "dissatisfied" rating") of President Arroyo. She began her presidency in the first quarter of 2001 with a net satisfaction rating of +24. Her rating first dipped into the negative in the first quarter of 2003, making Arroyo the only president to achieve a negative net satisfaction rating in SWS opinion polling. Her rating rebounded well into the positive in 2004, in time for the presidential election where she won election to a new six-year term. However, net satisfaction sunk back into negative territory in the fourth quarter of 2004, and has remained negative since, dipping as low as 38 in the second quarter of 2008. Her net satisfaction rating in the first quarter of 2009 was 32.[20]

Post-Presidency

Ferdinand Marcos
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the former president of the Philippines. For his son, also a politician, see Ferdinand Marcos Jr..

Ferdinand Marcos

10th President of the Philippines

6th President of the Third Republic 1st President of the Fourth Republic

In office December 30, 1965 February 25, 1986

Prime Minister Himself (19781981) Cesar Virata (19811986)

Vice President Fernando Lopez (19651973) Arturo Tolentino (Feb 1625, 1986)

Preceded by

Diosdado Macapagal

Succeeded by

Corazon Aquino

3rd Prime Minister of the Philippines

In office June 12, 1978 June 30, 1981

Preceded by

Office established
(Position previously held by Pedro Paterno)

Succeeded by

Cesar Virata

11th President of the Senate of the Philippines

In office April 5, 1963 December 30, 1965

President

Diosdado Macapagal

Preceded by

Eulogio Rodriguez

Succeeded by

Arturo Tolentino

Senator of the Philippines

In office December 30, 1959 December 30, 1965

Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Norte's Second District

In office December 30, 1949 December 30, 1959

Preceded by

Pedro Albano

Succeeded by

Simeon M. Valdez

Personal details

Born

September 11, 1917 Sarrat, Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Died

September 28, 1989 (aged 72) Honolulu, Hawaii, United States

Resting place

Marcos Museum and Mausoleum, Batac, Ilocos Norte, Philippines

Political party

Kilusang Bagong Lipunan (19781989)

Other political Liberal Party (19461965) affiliations Nacionalista Party (19651978)

Spouse(s)

Imelda Romuldez (19541989)

Alma mater

University of the Philippines College of Law

Profession

Lawyer

Religion

Roman Catholicism, formerlyIglesia Filipina Independiente or Philippine Independent Church

Signature

Military service

Allegiance

Republic of the Philippines

Rank

Battles/wars

World War II

Ferdinand Emmanuel Edralin Marcos, Sr. (September 11, 1917 September 28, 1989) was a Filipino dictator who held the title of President of the Philippines from 1965 to 1986. He was a lawyer, member of the Philippine House of Representatives (19491959) and a member of the Philippine Senate (19591965). He was the Senate President from 19631965. While in power he implemented wide-ranging programs of infrastructure development and economic reform. However, his administration was marred by massive authoritarian corruption, despotism, nepotism, political repression, and human rights violations. In 1983, his government was accused of being involved in the assassination of his primary political opponent, Benigno Aquino, Jr. Public outrage over the assassination served as the catalyst for the People Power Revolution in February 1986 that led to his removal from power and eventual exile in Hawaii. It was later discovered that he and his wife Imelda Marcos had moved billions of dollars of embezzled public funds to the United States, Switzerland, and other countries, as well as into alleged corporations during his 20 years in

Economy

Ferdinand and Imelda Marcos on a walk with U.S President Ronald Reagan.

To help finance a number of economic development projects, the Marcos government borrowed large amounts of money from international lenders.[42][43] The Philippines' external debt rose from $360 million (US) in 1962 to $28.3 billion in 1986, making the Philippines one of the most indebted countries in Asia. [42] A sizable amount of this money went to Marcos family and friends in the form of behest loans. These loans were assumed by the government and still being serviced by taxpayers. Today, more than half of the country's revenues are outlaid for the payments on the interests of loans alone.[citation needed] Foreign capital was invited to invest in certain industrial projects. They were offered incentives, including tax exemption privileges and the privilege of bringing out their profits in foreign currencies. One of the most important economic programs in the 1980s was the Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran (Movement for

Livelihood and Progress). This program was started in September 1981. Its aim was to promote the economic development of the barangays by encouraging its residents to engage in their own livelihood projects. The government's efforts resulted in the increase of the nation's economic growth rate to an average of six percent or seven percent from 1970 to 1980.[44] The Philippine economy suffered a great decline after the Aquino assassination in August 1983. The political troubles hindered the entry of foreign investments, and foreign banks stopped granting loans to the Philippine government.[citation needed] In an attempt to launch a national economic recovery program, Marcos negotiated with foreign creditors including the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development,World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), for a restructuring of the country's foreign debts to give the Philippines more time to pay the loans. Marcos ordered a cut in government expenditures and used a portion of the savings to finance the Sariling Sikap (Self-Reliance), a livelihood program he established in 1984.[citation needed] However, the economy experienced negative economic growth from the beginning of 1984 and continued to decline despite the government's recovery efforts. The recovery program's failure was caused by civil unrest, rampant graft and corruption within the government, and Marcos's lack of credibility. Marcos himself diverted large sums of government money to his party's campaign funds. The unemployment rate, still, remained stable from 6.30% in 1972 to 5.80% in 1985.[45] Between 1972 and 1980, the average monthly income of wage workers had rose by 310%. By 1981, the wealthiest 10% of the population was receiving twice as much income as the bottom 60%.[46] With help from the Rockefeller and Ford Foundations, Marcos brought the "Green Revolution" (industrialized, chemical agriculture) to the Philippines. These reforms resulted in high profits for transnational corporations, but were generally harmful to small, peasant farmers who were often pushed into poverty.[47] After declaring martial law in 1972, Marcos promised to implement agrarian reforms. However, the land reforms "served largely to undermine Marcos' landholder opponents, not to lessen inequality in the countryside", [48] and "encouraged conversion to cash tenancy and greater reliance on farm workers".[49] From 1972 to 1980, agricultural production fell by 30%.[46] Under Marcos, exports of timber products were among the nation's top exports. Little attention was paid to environmental impacts of deforestation. By the early 1980s, the industry collapsed because most of the Philippines' accessible forests had been depleted.[50] The economic status were bug down during his term

Manuel Roxas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Filipino president. For grandson, see Mar Roxas. For the municipality, see Pres. Manuel A. Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte. For other places that now bear his name, see Roxas (disambiguation).

Manuel Roxas

5th President of the Philippines

3rd President of the Commonwealth 1st President of the Third Republic

In office May 28, 1946 April 15, 1948

Vice President

Elpidio Quirino

Preceded by

Sergio Osmea

Succeeded by

Elpidio Quirino

2nd President of the Senate of the Philippines

In office July 9, 1945 May 25, 1946

President

Sergio Osmea

Preceded by

Manuel L. Quezon

Succeeded by

Jose Avelino

Senator of the Philippines

In office July 9, 1945 May 25, 1946

2nd Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives

In office 19221933

Preceded by

Sergio Osmea

Succeeded by

Quintin Paredes

Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Capiz' 1st District

In office 19211938

Preceded by

Antonio Habana

Succeeded by

Ramon A. Arnaldo

Personal details

Born

January 1, 1892 Capiz, Philippines (now Roxas City)

Died

April 15, 1948 (aged 56)

Clark Air Base, Philippines

Resting place

Manila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines

Political party

Liberal Party (19451948)

Other political affiliations

Nacionalista Party (Before 1945)

Spouse(s)

Trinidad de Leon

Alma mater

University of Manila University of the Philippines College of Law

Profession

Lawyer

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Signature

Manuel Acua Roxas (January 1, 1892 April 15, 1948) was the first president of the independent Third Republic of the Philippines and fifth president overall. He served as president from the granting of independence in 1946 until his abrupt death in 1948. His term as president of the Philippines was also the shortest, lasting 1 year 10 months and 18 days.

Economy

Economy of the Philippines under

President Manuel Roxas

1946-1948

width:26em; padding: 0px;

Population

1948

19.23 million

Gross Domestic Product

1947

Php 85, 269 million

Growth rate, 194748

39.5 %

Per capita income

1947

Php 4,434

Total exports

1947

Php 24, 824 million

Exchange rates

1 US $ = Php 2.00 1 Php = US $ 0.50

Sources: Philippine Presidency Project Malaya, Jonathan; Eduardo Malaya. So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines. Anvil Publishing, Inc..

No sooner had the fanfare of the independence festivities ended that the government and the people quickly put all hands to work in the tasks of rescuing the country from its dire economic straits. Reputed to be the most bombed and destroyed country in the world, the Philippines was in a sorry mess. Only Stalingrad and Warsaw, for instance, could compare with Manila in point of destruction. All over the country more than a million people were unaccounted for. The war casualties as such could very well reached the two million mark. Conservative estimates had it that the Philippines had lost about two thirds of her material wealth.[3] The country was facing near bankruptcy.[3] There was no national economy, no export trade. Indeed, production for exports had not been restored. On the other hand, imports were to reach the amount of three

million dollars. There was need of immediate aid from the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration. Something along this line was obtained. again, loans for the United States, as well as some increase in the national revenues, were to help the new Republic.[3] President Roxas, with bold steps, met the situation with the same confidence he exuded in his inaugural address, when he said: "The system of free but guided enterprise is our system". Among the main remedies proposed was the establishment of the Philippine Rehabilitation Finance Corporation. This entity would be responsible for the construction of twelve thousand houses and for the grant of easy-term loans in the amount of 177,000,000 pesos. Another proposal was the creation of the Central Bank of the Philippines to help stabilize the Philippine dollar reserves and coordinate and the nations banking activities gearing them to the economic progress. Concentrating on the sugar industry, President Roxas would exert such efforts as to succeed in increasing production from 13,000 tons at the time of the Philippine liberation to an all-high of one million tons.[3] [edit]Reconstruction after the war The postwar Philippines had burned cities and towns, ruined farms and factories, blasted roads and bridges, shattered industries and commerce, and thousands of massacred victims. The war had paralyzed the educational system, where 80% of the school buildings, their equipments, laboratories and furniture were destroyed.[4] Numberless books, invaluable documents and works of art, irreplaceable historical relics and family heirlooms, hundreds of churches and temples were burned. The reconstruction of the damaged school buildings alone cost more than Php 126,000,000. The new Republic began to function on an annual deficit of over Php 200,000,000 with little prospect of a balanced budget for some years to come.[5] Manila and other cities then were infested with criminal gangs which used techniques of American gangsters in some activitiesbank hold-ups, kidnapping and burglaries. In rural regions, especially the provinces of Central Luzon and the Southern Tagalog regions, theHukbalahaps and brigands terrorized towns and barrios. [edit]Agrarian reform In 1946, shortly after his induction to Presidency, Manuel Roxas proclaimed the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 effective throughout the country.[6] However problems of land tenure continued. In fact these became worse in certain areas.[6] Among the remedial measures enacted was Republic Act No. 1946 likewise known as the Tenant Act which provided for a 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulated share-tenancy contracts.[6] It was passed to resolve the ongoing peasant unrest in Central Luzon.[6] [edit]Amnesty proclamation President Roxas, on January 28, 1948, granted full amnesty to all so-called Philippine collaborators, many of whom were on trial or awaiting to be tried, particularly former President Jose P. Laurel (19431945).[3] The

Amnesty Proclamation did not apply to those "collaborators", who were charged with the commission of common crimes, such as murder, rape, and arson. The presidential decision did much[3] to heal a standing wound that somehow threatened to divide the people's sentiments. It was a much-called for measure to bring about a closer unity in the trying times when such was most needed for the progress of the nation.[3] [edit]HUKS outlawed Utterly disgusted with the crimes being committed by HUKBALAHAP or HUKS and in possession of the incontrovertible evidence of the subversive character of the same, President Roxas, on March 6, 1948, in a dramatic gesture, issued a Proclamation outlawing Huks' movement, making it a crime to belong to the same.[3] The declaration was hailed by all responsible and peace-loving elements. The same had become imperative in view of the resurgence of Huk depredations, following the unseating of the seven Communists, led by Huk Supremo Luis Taruc through acts of terrorism.[3]

Elpidio Quirino
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the Philippine president. For the province, see Quirino. For the train station, see Quirino Avenue LRT Station. For the grandstand, see Quirino Grandstand. For the municipality, see Quirino, Ilocos Sur.

Elpidio Quirino

6th President of the Philippines

2nd President of the Third Republic

In office April 17, 1948 December 30, 1953

Vice President

None (19481949) Fernando Lpez (19491953)

Preceded by

Manuel Roxas

Succeeded by

Ramon Magsaysay

3rd Vice President of the Philippines

In office May 28, 1946 April 17, 1948

President

Manuel Roxas

Preceded by

Sergio Osmea

Succeeded by

Fernando Lpez

Secretary of Foreign Affairs

In office September 16, 1946 April 17, 1948

President

Manuel Roxas

Preceded by

Post established

Succeeded by

Vacant
Post later held by Joaquin Miguel Elizalde

4th President pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines

In office July 9, 1945 May 28, 1946

President

Sergio Osmea

Preceded by

Jose Avelino (acting)

Succeeded by

Melecio Arranz

Senator of the Philippines

In office July 9, 1945 May 28, 1946

Secretary of Finance

In office 19351936

President

Manuel Quezon

Succeeded by

Antonio de las Alas

Secretary of the Interior

In office 19351938

President

Manuel Quezon

Succeeded by

Rafael Alunan

Senator of the Philippines from the First Senatorial District

In office 1925 November 15, 1935 Served with: Isabelo de los Reyes (19251928)

Melecio Arranz (19281935)

Preceded by

Santiago Fonacier

Succeeded by

Position abolished

Member of the Philippine House of Representatives from Ilocos Sur's 1stDistrict

In office 19191925

Preceded by

Alberto Reyes

Succeeded by

Vicente Singson Pablo

Personal details

Born

November 16, 1890 Vigan, Philippines

Died

February 29, 1956 (aged 65) Quezon City, Philippines

Resting place

Manila South Cemetery, Makati City, Philippines

Political party

Liberal Party

Spouse(s)

Alicia Syquia

Alma mater

University of the Philippines College of Law

Profession

Lawyer

Religion

Roman Catholicism

Signature

Elpidio Rivera Quirino (November 16, 1890 February 29, 1956) was a Filipino politician, and the sixth President of the Philippines. A lawyer by profession, Quirino entered politics when he became a representative of Ilocos Sur from 1919 to 1925. He was then elected as senator from 19251931. In 1934, he became a member of the Philippine independence commission that was sent to Washington, D.C., which secured the passage of Tydings-McDuffie Act to American Congress. In 1935, he was also elected to become member of the convention that will write the draft of then 1935 constitution for the newly-established Commonwealth. At the new government, he served as secretary of the interior and finance under Quezon's cabinet. After the war, Quirino was elected vice-president in 1946 election, consequently the second and last for the Commonwealth and first for the third republic. After the death of the incumbent president Manuel Roxas in 1948, he succeeded the presidency. In what was claimed to be a dishonest and fraudulent
[1]

1949 presidential election, he won

the president's office under Liberal Party ticket, defeating Nacionalista vie and former president Jos P. Laurel as well as fellow Liberalista and former Senate President Jos Avelino. The Quirino administration was generally challenged by the Hukbalahaps, who ransacked towns and barrios.
[1]

Quirino ran for president again in the 1953 presidential election, but was defeated by NacionalistaRamon

Magsaysay. After his term, he retired to his new country home in Novaliches, Quezon City, where he died of a heart attack on February 29, 1956.

Economy
Upon assuming the reins of government, Quirino announced two main objectives of his administration: first, the economic reconstruction of the nation and second, the restoration of the faith and confidence of the people in the government. In connection to the first agenda, he created the President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration or PACSA to mitigate the sufferings of indigent families, the Labor Management Advisory Board to advise him on labor matters, the Agricultural Credit Cooperatives Financing Administration or ACCFA to help the farmers market their crops and save them from loan sharks, and the Rural Banks of the Philippines to facilitate credit utilities in rural areas. [edit]Social Program Enhancing President Manuel Roxas' policy of social justice to alleviate the lot of the common mass, President Quirino, almost immediately after assuming office, started a series of steps calculated to effectively ameliorate

the economic condition of the people.[2] After periodic surprise visits to the slums of Manila and other backward regions of the country, President Quirino officially made public a seven-point program for social security, o wit[2]: 1. Unemployment insurance 2. Old-age insurance insurance 3. Accident and permanent disability insurance 4. Health insurance 5. Maternity insurance 6. State relief 7. Labor opportunity President Quirino also created the Social Security Commission, making Social Welfare Commissioner Asuncion Perez chairman of the same.[2] This was followed by the creation of the President's Action Committee on Social Amelioration, charges with extending aid, loans, and relief to the less fortunate citizens. Both the policy and its implementation were hailed by the people as harbingers of great benefits. [2] [edit]Agrarian Reform As part of his Agrarian Reform agenda, President Quirino issued on October 23, 1950 Executive Order No. 355 which replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.[3] [edit]Integrity Board To cope with the insistent clamor for government improvement, President Quirino created the Integrity Board to probe into reports of graft and corruption in high government places. Vice-President Fernando Lopez was most instrumental, through his courageous exposes, in securing such a decision from President Quirino. [2] [edit]Foreign

Policies

Photograph of President Truman in the Oval Office, evidently receiving a cane as a gift from the President of the Philippines, Elpidio Quirino, as another man (most likely ambassador Joaqun Elizalde) looks on.

Quirino's administration excelled in diplomacy, impressing foreign heads of states and world statesmen by his intelligence and culture. In his official travels to the United States, European countries, and Southeast Asia, he represented the Philippines with flying colors. During his six years of administration, he was able to negotiate treaties and agreements with other nations of the Free World. Two Asian heads of state visited Philippines President Chiang Kai-shek of the Republic of China in July 1949 and President Achmed Sukarno of Indonesia in January 1951. In 1950, at the onset of the Korean War, Quirino authorized the deployment of over 7,450 Filipino soldiers to Korea, under the designation of the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea or PEFTOK.

[edit]Korean War While I recognise the United States as a great builder in this country, I have never surrendered the sovereignty, much less the dignity and future of our country. Elpidio Quirino[1] On June 25, 1950, the world was astonished to hear the North Korean aggression against the independent South Korea. The United Nations immediately took up this challenge to the security of

this part of the world. Carlos P. Romulo soon stood out as the most effective spokesman for the South Korean cause.[2] On behalf of our government, Romulo offered to send a Philippine military contingent to be under the overall command of General Douglas MacArthur, who had been named United Nations Supreme Commander for the

punitive expedition. The Philippines, thus, became the first country to join the United States in the offer of military assistance to beleaguered South Korea.[2] President Quirino took the necessary steps to make the Philippine offer. On a purely voluntary basis, the first contingent the tenth Combat Battalion Team was formed under Col. Azurin, and dispatched to Korea, where its members quickly won much renown for their military skill and bravery. The name of Captain Jose Artiaga, Jr., heroically killed in action, stands ou as a symbol of our country's contribution to the cause of freedom ountside native shores. Other Philippine Combat Teams successively replaced the first contingent sent, and they all built a name for discipline, tenacity, and courage, until the truce that brought the conflict to a halt.[2] [edit]Quirino-Foster Agreement By the time of the creation of the integrity board, moreover, the Bell Mission, led by Daniel W. Bell, an American banker, and composed of five members, with a staff of twenty workers, following their period of stay in the Philippines, beginning in July 1950, finally submitted its report on October of the same year.[2] The Report made several proposals, most noteworthy, of which were that the United States should give the Philippines 250,000,000 dollars over a period of five years, but the Philippines, in return, ought to reform its tax structure,

enact a minimum wage law for agricultural and industrial labor, initiate social and land reforms, as well as a sound planning for economic development, For all the strong language of the Report, which, in some quarters merited bitter opposition, President Quirino gamely and patriotically,[2] took in the recommendations and sought to implement them. Thus in November 1950, President Quirino and William Foster, representing the United States Government, signed an agreement by virtue of which the former pledged to obtain the necessary Philippine legislation, in keeping with the Bell Mission Report, while envoy Foster promised the necessary by the same Report.[2] [edit]Post-presidency