BFC 2073/ BFC21103

UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

Q&A
TEST 2 SEMESTER II SESSION 2010/11
COURSE NAME COURSE CODE PROGRAMME EXAMINATION DATE DURATION INSTRUCTIONS : HYDRAULICS : BFC 2073/ BFC 21103 : 2 BFF : 2 APRIL 2011 : 1 HOURS : ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS

BFC 2073/ BFC21103

Q1

(a)

A rectangular channel with normal depth yo = 0.9 m, bottom width B = 3.0 m, and bottom slope So = 0.002 has Manning roughness coefficient n = 0.015. (i) Determine the minimum height of a weir if it is to be built to control the flow. (ii) Calculate the depth of flow at upstream, downstream and on the weir at the minimum height,

(iii) Calculate the depth of flow upstream and downstream of the weir if height of weir is 0.1 m. (b) A 6-m wide spillway has velocity of 12 m/s and flow depth of 0.5 m. If a hydraulic jump occurs immediately downstream, compute: (i) the height of the jump, and (ii) the energy loss in the jump.

Solution
Hydraulic radius R = A = P R = 0.563 m

Q1

(a)

Discharge per unit width q =

1 y 0 R 3 S 02 = n

q = 1.828 m3/s/m At control section, the flow is critical, therefore

1

q2 yc = g

3 =

yc = 0.6985 m

BFC 2073/ BFC21103

Total energy

q2 E0 = y0 + = 2gy 0

Eo = 1.089 m At control section, total energy E min = 1.5 y c = E min = 1.048 m

(i)

Therefore minimum weir height z min = 1.089 1.048 = 0.0416 m

(ii)

Water depth upstream of the weir y1 = y0 = 0.9 m Water depth above weir yc = 0.6985 m Water depth downstream of the weir = alternate depth of y1 = y2

y2 =

y1 1 + 1 + 8Fr12 2
q gy13

where Fr1 =

Fr1 = 0.6837

y2 =

y1 1 + 1 + 8Fr12 2

y2 = 0.5297 m

BFC 2073/ BFC21103

(iii) If the height of the weir is 0.1 m, the energy and water depth above the weir is E3 = E 0 z = 1.089 0.1 = 0.9893 m

E3 = y 3 +

q2 2gy 3

1.828 2 2( 9.81) y 3 From trial and error, y1 = 0.2221 m and y2 = 0.7672 m 0.9893 = y 3 +

(b)

Fr1 =

V1 gy1

Fr1 = 5.418 y1 0.5 2 1 + 1 + 8Fr12 = 1 + 1 + 8( 5.418 ) = 3.589 m 2 2

y2 =

y2 = 3.589 m

(i)

height of hydraulic jump y j = 3.589 0.5 = 3.089 m

(ii)

energy loss E =

( y 2 y1 ) 3
4 y1 y 2

E = 4.108 m

BFC 2073/ BFC21103

Q2

A rectangular channel 5.5 m wide carries the discharge at 18.5 m 3/s. The bed slope is 1.5 x 10-3 and Manning roughness, n is 0.017. The channel ends is abrupt drop as shown in Figure Q2 (Appendix). If the channel length for gradually varied flow is divided into 5 steps or sections between normal and critical depths, calculate the following items using the step method :(a) (b) (c) (d) Normal depth Critical depth Complete the missing value in Table Q2 Determine the water surface profile.

S2

Sebuah saluran segiempat mempunyai 5.5 m lebar membawa kadaralir 18.5 m3/s. -3 Cerun dasar adalah 1.5 x 10 dan pekali Manning, n ialah 0.017. Saluran berakhir dengan jatuhan mendadak seperti ditunjukkan di dalam Rajah S2 (Lampiran). Sekiranya panjang saluran bagi aliran berubah beransur dibahagikan kepada 5 langkah atau bahagian di antara ukur dalam normal dan ukurdalam genting kirakan perkaraperkara berikut menggunakan kaedah berperingkat :(a) (b) (c) (d) Ukurdalam normal Ukurdalam genting Lengkapkan nilai yang tiada di dalam Jadual S2 Tentukan profil permukaan air.

Error, y = 1.4 m was not given in the question

BFC 2073/ BFC21103

Solution:
Q2(a)

A2 / 3 nQ = P5/3 So

[ Byo ] 2 / 3 [ B + 2 y0 ] 5 / 3

=,

[ 5.5 y o ] 2 / 3 [ 5.5 + 2 y 0 ] 5 / 3

= 8.12 RHS Any values 8.12

y0 = 1.5 m _________________

y0 Any values 1.5

(b) yc = 3 q2 = g

Yc = 1.05 m

(d) y is not given {sorry error made by me-hartini}, so it is up to student to do assumption Therefore there are two possibilities of flow profile; yo y0 > y > yc = M2 mild slope Or might be: y > y0 > yc = M1 mild slope yo =1.5 m yc =1.05 m y yo y yc

BFC 2073/ BFC21103

(c)
(1) N 0 1 2 3 4 5 (2) y
(m)

Table Q2
(3) A
(m2)

(4) P
(m)

(5) R
(m)

(6) v
m/s)

(7) v2/2g
(m)

(8) E
(m)

(9) E
(m)

(10) S 0.00151 0.00181 0.00219 0.00268 0.00335 0.00428

(11) Save 0.00166 0.00200 0.00244 0.00302 0.00382

(12) So - Save -0.00016 -0.00050 -0.00094 -0.00152 -0.00232

(13) X
(m)

1.50 1.41 1.32 1.23 1.14 1.05

8.25 7.76 7.26 6.77 6.27 5.78

8.50 8.32 8.14 7.96 7.78 7.60

0.971 0.932 0.892 0.850 0.806 0.760

2.242 2.386 2.548 2.735 2.951 3.203

0.256 0.290 0.331 0.381 0.444 0.523

1.756 1.700 1.651 1.611 1.584 1.573

-0.0562 -0.0491 -0.0398 -0.0274 -0.0107

353.05 98.97 42.55 18.06 4.61

L = X =

517.24

BFC 2073/ BFC21103

Q3

(a)

Define: i) Energy dissipator ii) Vena contracta iii) Sluice gate iv) Sharp-crested weir (4 marks)

(b) Briefly explain how to measure discharge, Q in a small drain. (5 marks) (c) Cippoletti weir with width of 1.7 m is constructed downstream of the channel. Estimate the discharge Q, from the weir if the water is discharging under a head of 1.5 m with Cc = 0.622 and Cv = 0.982. (5 marks) S3 (a) Define: i) ii) iii) iv) Pelesap tenaga Vena kontrakta Pintu sluis Empang berpuncak tajam

(b) Jelaskan secara ringkas bagaimana anda mengukur halaju, Q di dalam parit kecil. (c) Empang Cippoletti dengan kelebaran 1.7 m telah dibina di hilir saluran. Kirakan nilai aliran Q, daripada empang jika tinggi aliran air dari puncak empang adalah 1.5 m dengan Cc = 0.622 dan Cv = 0.982.

Solution:
Q3. (a) Define: 1) Energy dissipator: a hydraulic structure to decrease kinetic energy and reduces the damages/ a hydraulic structure that converts super critical flow into sub critical flow 2) Vena contracta: the minimum depth area at the opening of the sluice gate 3) Sluice gate: underflow device for controlling and measuring flow rate in open channels and rivers mainly in connection to hydro power plant 4) Sharp-crested weir: An overflow thin plate structure built across an open channel to measure the rate of flow; categorized into rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal

BFC 2073/ BFC21103

(b) Briefly explain how to measure flow rates and Cd in a small drain. Following hydraulic laboratory procedure; a) Choose any types of weir and decide what the equation is eg :

b) Built the thin plate of the weir and constructed/place it in the drain, measure the width of the drain c) Water level will increase, measure it the height, H, calculate q d) collect water volume (i.e: 0.5 liter), measure time for 0.5 liter accumulation. eg: Q = (0.5/time for 0.5 liter) e) For Cd calculation using Q = q

(c) Cippoletti weir with width of 1.7 m is constructed downstream of the channel. Estimate the discharge Q, from the weir if the water is discharging under a head of 1.5 m with Cc = 0.622 dan Cv = 0.982.
Cd = Cc x Cv = 2 g LH 1 Q = C d 0.611

2 3

32

Q = 5.635 m3/s

BFC 2073/ BFC21103

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