Physics 227: Analytical Physics II Electricity and Magnetism

Welcome back to fall 2011 Rutgers football! And Physics 227. Class web pages: http:/ /www.physics.rutgers.edu/ugrad/227 or Sakai: 01:750:227 Lecturer: Prof. Ron Gilman (lectures, iclickers, website)

each week: reading + M/Th lectures with demos & iclickers

Admin: Prof. Jolie Cizewski (Mastering Physics, exams, makeups, grades, disability) (registration: Stacey Jacobs sljacobs@``p.r.e) Assistant: Juan Wei, Staff: Prof. Premi Chandra, Bismayan Chakrabarti, Deepak Iyer, August Krueger

each week: 1 recitation with quiz. Mastering Physics HW (use course ID RUPHYS2272011 and your 9 digit RUID)

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Iclicker: Why are we all here today?

A. For physics - it is fun & exciting! And the lecturer tells good jokes! B. It is a required class. And the lecturer tells bad jokes. C. To support our football team! D. The university has a budget crisis... E. To drink beer! Why else go to college? Woo-hoo!

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Today: Introduction Charge, Conductors, Insulators

Underlying picture - atoms have a positively charged nucleus surrounded by negatively charged electrons All observed charges are integral multiples of the electron charge qelectron = -1.6 x 10-19 Coulombs... qproton = -1 x qelectron Opposite sign charges attract Same sign charges repel
+ ratom 100,000 x rnucleus relectron < rnucleus / 1,000 mproton 2000 x melectron + + cartoon atom Li nucleus with 3 protons + 3 electrons

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

 Gravity is obvious - everything attracts everything else, and

you are pulled down towards the earth, with Fg = GMm/r2 hidden except perhaps radioactivity

Four forces in nature - forces between charges are not obvious

``Strong and ``weak forces only work at nuclear sizes Atoms are usually neutral, with total charge 0 - a nucleus of
charge -Zqe is surrounded by Z electrons

so the direct attraction between charges is somewhat hidden in the interactions between atoms To see it, it helps to separate some electrons from the nuclei... How do we do this? An example not to follow: http:/ /www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuZxFL9cGkI

The nature of mechanical forces, eg pushing and pulling, is not so clear - but it arises from electromagnetic forces

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

But electromagnetism was seen historically

Many natural EM phenomena known for millennia

Light Lightning lodestones / compasses / magnets Electric shocks from patting you cat on a winter day, walking across some carpeting, car seats, ... ...

Technology is almost entirely EM: electric power and batteries, electronic circuits, computers, wireless devices, chemistry, ...

Pumping gas video

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Seeing Electric Charges

Ancient Greece: rub amber with wool, they then tend to attract other objects

Our experiment: 3 types of plastic rubbed with wool No obvious forces between the rods before they are rubbed
clear plexiglass clear plexiglass dark PVC

Modern versions: static cling ...

dark PVC

shaded UVB

shaded UVB

Charged rods demo

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Forces between Rods

After rubbing the plastic rods, they can attract or repel each other It was found that two rods of the same material, treated the same way, would always repel each other Benjamin Franklin: positive and negative charges

Like charges repel, opposite charges attract

Force between two of the rods decreases with distance the second rod does not move until the rst rod is brought close to it

The math - Coulombs Law - next lecture

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Modern Picture

Rubbing will apply a force that can move electrons from one material to another:

Different materials attract electrons with different strengths - you might have heard of electronegativity or work functions - and electrons move to the material to which they are more strongly attracted

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Conductors and Insulators

In a conductor, e.g. a metal, many charges (more precisely, valence electrons) can move freely between atoms In an insulator, e.g. wood or rubber or plastic, charges are strongly bound to individual atoms and do not move freely from one atom to another atom

Applied force on electrons ee-

conductor - electron moves in the direction it is pushed Applied force on electrons einsulator - electron does not easily move from one atom to another

But electrons can move from one side of an atom to the other side of the same atom if another charge is moved close to the atom

Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Iclicker

What is the force between a charged plastic insulator and a neutral metal conductor, in which the charge moves freely?

Applied force on electrons ee-

conductor - electron moves in the direction it is pushed Applied force on electrons einsulator - electron does not easily move from one atom to another

A. F = 0 B. F is attractive C. F is repulsive D. F attractive for + charged plastic, repulsive for ``- E. F attractive for - charged plastic, repulsive for ``+
Answer with demo steel
Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Force between charged rod and conductor

What is the force between a charged plastic insulator and a neutral metal conductor, in which the charge moves freely?

+ charged plastic rod

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

A. F = 0 B. F is attractive C. F is repulsive D. F attractive for + charged plastic, repulsive for ``- E. F attractive for - charged plastic, repulsive for ``+
Answer with demo
Tuesday, September 13, 2011

A net + charged plastic pulls electrons toward it / pushes nuclei away Force decreases with distance, so the total force is attractive, although metal is neutral Opposite motion but same result for charged plastic

Iclicker

What is the force between a charged plastic insulator and a neutral insulator, in which the charge does not move freely?

Applied force on electrons ee-

conductor - electron moves in the direction it is pushed Applied force on electrons einsulator - electron does not easily move from one atom to another

A. F = 0 B. F is attractive C. F is repulsive D. F attractive for + charged plastic, repulsive for ``- E. F attractive for - charged plastic, repulsive for ``+
Answer with demo wood
Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Force between charged rod and insulator

What is the force between a charged plastic insulator and a neutral insulator, in which the charge does not move freely?

+ charged plastic rod

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

e-

A. F = 0 B. F is attractive C. F is repulsive D. F attractive for + charged plastic, repulsive for ``- E. F attractive for - charged plastic, repulsive for ``+
Answer with demo
Tuesday, September 13, 2011

Same reasoning as for a metal - induced dipole moments

More demos
Can charges move a large, heavy 2x4? Rolling a soda can Induced charges discussed in textbook

Tuesday, September 13, 2011