Principles of Receiving Elements : Indicators, Recorders, Controllers, And Alarms Indicators Indicator is a device used to indicate the State

of a physical quantity in the industry, both on the condition of low or high. For example the pressure indicator (PI), level indicator (LI), flow indicator (FI) or similar. Recorders Recorders are recording instruments for keeping a permanent record of measurements or for processing them for use in a control loop. These range from stand-alone instruments such as event, signal or data recorders and printers to intelligent, programmable process data acquisition systems. Controllers The controller consists of: a comparator for comparing the measured value with the set point, calculating the difference or error between the two. a control unit to calculate the output magnitude and direction to compensate the deviation from the desired value. a output unit converting the output from the controller to physical action, a control valve, a motor or similar. These are the devices that do the controlling: Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), Programmable Automation Controllers (PAC), Distributed Control System (DCS), Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controllers, Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), Building Automation Controllers (BAC) and Energy Management Systems (EMS). Alarms An alarm device or system of alarm devices gives an audible or visual alarm signal about a problem or condition. These are alarms consist of: distributed control manufacturing systems or DCSs, found in nuclear power plants, refineries and chemical facilities also generate alarms to direct the operator's attention to an important event that he or she needs to address. alarms in an operation and maintenance (O&M) monitoring system, which informs the bad working state of (a particular part of) the system under monitoring. safety alarms, which go off if a dangerous condition occurs.All SIS devices should be clearly marked and numbered. System drawings must showall SIS devices using standard symbols, their location, function, and set limits. The types of information required in alarm and trip documentation are as follows: Safety requirement specifications, Logic diagram with functional description, Functional test procedures and required maintenance, Process monitoring points and trip levels, Description of SIS action if tripped, Action to be taken if SIS power is lost, Manual shut down procedures, Restarting procedures after SIS shut down.

Prinsip Receiving Element : Indikator, Recorders, Controllers dan Alarm Indikator Indikator adalah suatu alat yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan kondisi suatu besaran fisika di industri, baik pada kondisi rendah maupun tinggi. Contohnya yaitu indikator tekanan (PI), indikator level (LI), indikator aliran (FI) dan sebagainya. Recorders Recorders adalah suatu device yang digunakan untuk merekam data permanen dari pengukuran atau digunakan untuk proses selanjutnay dalam suatu loop proses. Recorders biasanya diprogram untuk akuisisi data. Controller Controller meliputi: Pembanding untuk membandingkan nilai yang diukur dengan set point dan menghitung error diantara keduanya. Unit pengendali untuk menghitung magnitude keluaran dan arahnya sebagai deviasi dari nilai yang di inginkan. Unit konverter keluaran dari Controller ke tindakan aktualnya, misalnya control valve, motor, dsb. Beberapa device Controller adalah: Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), Programmable Automation Controllers (PAC), Distributed Control System (DCS), Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) Controllers, Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), Building Automation Controllers (BAC) dan Energy Management Systems (EMS). Alarm Sebuah device alarm atau sistem alarm biasanya memberikan sebuah peringatan yang dapat berupa visual atau audio tentang suatu maslah atau kondisi. Alarm meliputi: Distributed Control Manufacturing Systems (DCSs) dilengkapi dengan alarm yang diawasi dengan langsung oleh operator di ruang control. Hal ini biasanya dilakukan pada PLTN. Alarms in on Operation And Maintenance (O&M) Monitoring System, yang akan meberikan peringatan jika terdapat kondisi yang buruk pada sistem. Safety Alarms, akan memberikan peringatan untuk men shutdown suatu sistem jika terjadi keadaan berbahaya. Semua device SIS harus dapat memberikan tanda yang sangat jelas. Device SIS menggunakan simbol standart, lokasi, fungsi dan aturan minimumnya. Jenis informasi yang diperlukan pada alarm adalah : spesifikasi pengaman, Logic Diagram dengan penjelasannya, prosedur tes dan maintenance, proses monitoring, penjelasan tindakan dari SIS device jika gagal, tindakan yang dilakukan jika daya SIS hilang, prosedur shutdown manual, dan restart setelah SIS shutdown.