Bicol Merchant Marine College Inc.

West District, Piot, Sorsogon City

Theories on Leadership

In Partial Fulfillment in the Requirement in Elective IV

A research presented to: Mr. Edmundo Atutubo Instructor

Presented by: Aries Ayo Jeremias BSMarE 2A

I. Introduction
A. Background of the Study
Leadership is "organizing a group of people to achieve a common goal". The leader may or may not have any formal authority. Students of leadership have produced theories involving traits, situational interaction, function, behavior, power, vision and values, charisma, and intelligence, among others. The researcher wants to study this kind of research because of his basis, enterpretation and observation in the society. The theories of leadership were discuss and the analysis of being good leader. In this study, the researcher aims to understand and answer the following question stated to help him the problems encountered. 1.) What are the different theories on leadership? 2.) Advantages and disadvantages of being a leader? 3.) Are leaders born or made? 4.) What are the effects of being a leader in communication process? 5.) What and who is a leader? 6.) What is Leadership? Before we get started, lets define leadership. Leadership is a process by which a person influences others to accomplish an objective and directs the organization in a way that makes it more cohesive and coherent. This definition is similar to Northouse's (2007, p3) definition Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. Having a good leadership will help ones capability to maintain strong team works and always have unity in the organization. Leadership is a unique superior position where one has the ability and power to influence people towards cooperating to get things done as to reach goal. Groups need a leader to keep them stable function smoothly, to reduce uncertainty and confusion and to keep them focused on its goal. When a person is deciding if she/he respects you as a leader, she/he does not think about your attributes, rather, she/he observes what you do so that she can know who you really are. She/He uses this observation to tell if you are an honorable and trusted leader or a self-serving person who misuses authority to look good and get promoted. Self-serving

leaders are not as effective because their employees only obey them, not follow them. They succeed in many areas because they present a good image to their seniors at the expense of their workers. The reader would know about LEADERSHIP on this study and serve as guide for the next researcher. The main purpose of the study focus on the understanding the theories on leadership as it part of the research.

B. Significance of the Study

Most of the time, the word leadership is always on the news and magazines. People want to know the development of leadership in one nation. The basis of being good leaders would also influence all the people and identify the things they contribute in the society. The main objectives of the study are the following: to answer the following questions stated, to gather more details regarding about leadership, to understand the real situition of being a leader, to observe the good intention of indivual acted on leadership, to identify the problems of being a leader, to know the functional roles that leaders play and to know the different theories and other leadership styles. The result of this study will be beneficial and will inspire the students, instructor/instructress, people who want to engage of being a good leader and also the different leaders who would like to read this research work. STUDENTS. Findings of this study may benefit the students for the additional information they may gather based on the details and information stated on this study. They may also be guided to be one of the good leaders in our nation. The youth are the only hope of our country and maybe they will have an ability to be a good leaders someday and maybe by now. The students also inspired to be a leader by now and serve their team as they develop their ability to be determined as a leader.

INSTRUCTOR/INSTRUCTRESS. This study may serve as an additional instruction material that an enhance interest and earn appreciation from his class. Teacher may also give some reminders and advice to those students in their future life. FUTURE LEADERS. Many of us want to achieve good leadership based on the experienced and status of individual life. This may serve as a guide to those who believe to be a leader. Future leaders may gather clear view of being a leader and motivated to help them in order to fulfill their dreams. LEADERS. This study inpires and retain the ablity of being good leaders. The study will enhance their dignity to continue what they started as leader. At this point, all leaders have different vision and mossion they possess.

C. What to Expect
All the informations researched and copiled by the researcher were all stated on this part. The information and discussion appear at any point. The researcher would like to know the influences of having strong leadership and gather more details that being used in the study. Also, to understands why people wanted to resolve in leadership. In this study, the expectation of the researcher would be gain enough in order to solve all the questions and can be use in other studies.

D. Thesis Statement
A.) Good leaders are made not born. If you have the desire and willpower, you can become an effective leader. Good leaders develop through a never ending process of self-study, education, training, and experience. B.) A leader is someone who understands the promblems. He is the one that give advices and show respects to his fellowmens ideas.

C.) The following are the advantages of being a leader: the one that motivates someone to do his/her works, he brings good team work and encourage someone to be a leader too, the one that contributes more knowledge, and give strenght to his fellowmen. There are possibilities that a leader has disadvantages like: sometimes he never observe his mistakes, always the one who commands eventhough he is not in the right position, he never think about the feelings of others and never try to listen what his fellowmen side in making some decisions. D.) People who have authority are not necessarily a leader. All leaders have authority; but all authoritarians are not leaders.

II. The Body

A. Methodology
In order to finish the study, the researcher used reading materials like books and magazines for the supporting details. He also used the internet to browse more important details needed. The researcher has different way to accomplish the study. First, he collected informations based on the sources he got. All the researched data were joined together and serve as documents. Next, the researcher formulated hypothesis. The thing that the researcher making some temporary guidelines to be answed in his conclusion. Then, the researcher begun to work his study as he finished collecting the information needed. Finally, he developed more ideas to make the study done as a complete one and make sure that all the details were included on the study.

B. Literature Review

A Literature Review on Leadership in the Early Years, April 2008 By Aline-Wendy Dunlop The relationship between effective leadership and pupils achievement is strongly evidenced through school inspection. Effective leadership has a perceptible impact on pupils learning (HMIE, 2000). While leadership has been found to be central to successful schools, equally there is scope for improving the quality of that leadership (HMIE, 2000): managers often focused overly on the day-to-day without being strategic in the longer term. The complementary nature of leadership and management is often assumed; however, in the educational literature a distinction is clearly drawn: leadership is perceived to include vision, based on shared values. Leaders are better placed to provide both motivation and direction to colleagues (HMIE, 2000).

Ebbeck, M, and Waniganayake, M (2003), Early childhood professionals: Leading today and tomorrow. Sydney: MacLennan and Petty

Ebbeck and Waniganayake (2003) provide a number of possible definitions of leadership and provide a number of theoretical models they propose new ways of understanding leadership in early years provision. In their view leadership in early childhood has many faces: it is connected with administration and management: they therefore emphasise that effective leadership is informed by and dependent on defining and through definition, understanding the key concepts of administration, management and leadership. An integration of these elements would allow for improved leadership approaches. Through addressing obstacles to effective leadership, the authors show why traditional leadership theories do not work in early childhood. They make the point that discussions about leadership have been too restricted by the traditional tendency to align leadership to the position of the manager of a setting. Waniganayake proposes a new model for distributive leadership in her model she proposes that several people can simultaneously fulfil a leadership role in the same early childhood pre-school setting. In proposing a distributed leadership model for early childhood these researchers are exploring new ways of defining leadership in early childhood: their work reflects changing views of such leadership. Four Factors of Leadership There are four major factors in leadership: Leader You must have an honest understanding of who you are, what you know, and what you can do. Also, note that it is the followers, not the leader or someone else who determines if the leader is successful. If they do not trust or lack confidence in their leader,

then they will be uninspired. To be successful you have to convince your followers, not yourself or your superiors, that you are worthy of being followed. Followers Different people require different styles of leadership. For example, a new hire requires more supervision than an experienced employee. A person who lacks motivation requires a different approach than one with a high degree of motivation. You must know your people! The fundamental starting point is having a good understanding of human nature, such as needs, emotions, and motivation. You must come to know your employees' be, know, and do attributes. Communication You lead through two-way communication. Much of it is nonverbal. For instance, when you set the example, that communicates to your people that you would not ask them to perform anything that you would not be willing to do. What and how you communicate either builds or harms the relationship between you and your employees. Situation All situations are different. What you do in one situation will not always work in another. You must use your judgment to decide the best course of action and the leadership style needed for each situation. For example, you may need to confront an employee for inappropriate behavior, but if the confrontation is too late or too early, too harsh or too weak, then the results may prove ineffective.

Leadership Theories

Interest in leadership increased during the early part of the twentieth century. Early leadership theories focused on what qualities distinguished between leaders and followers, while subsequent theories looked at other variables such as situational factors and skill

levels. While many different leadership theories have emerged, most can be classified as one of eight major types:

"Great Man" Theories:

Great man theories assume that the capacity for leadership is inherent that great leaders are born not made. These theories often portray great leaders as heroic, mythic and destined to rise to leadership when needed. The term "Great Man" was used because, at the time, leadership was thought of primarily as a male quality, especially in terms of military leadership. Learn more about thegreat man theory of leadership.

Trait Theories:

Similar in some ways to "Great Man" theories, trait theories assume that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them better suited to leadership. Trait theories often identify particular personality or behavioral characteristics shared by leaders. If particular traits are key features of leadership, then how do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders? This question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership.

Contingency Theories:

Contingency theories of leadership focus on particular variables related to the environment that might determine which particular style of leadership is best suited for the situation. According to this theory, no leadership style is best in all situations. Success depends upon a number of variables, including the leadership style, qualities of the followers and aspects of the situation.

Situational Theories: Situational theories propose that leaders choose the best course of action based upon situational variables. Different styles of leadership may be more appropriate for certain types of decision-making.

Behavioral Theories:

Behavioral theories of leadership are based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not born. Rooted in behaviorism, this leadership theory focuses on the actions of leaders not on mental qualities or internal states. According to this theory, people can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation.

Participative Theories:

Participative leadership theories suggest that the ideal leadership style is one that takes the input of others into account. These leaders encourage participation and contributions from group members and help group members feel more relevant and committed to the decision-making process. In participative theories, however, the leader retains the right to allow the input of others.

Management Theories:

Management theories, also known as transactional theories, focus on the role of supervision, organization and group performance. These theories base leadership on a system of rewards and punishments. Managerial theories are often used in business; when employees are successful, they are rewarded; when they fail, they are reprimanded or punished. Learn more about theories of transactional leadership.

Relationship Theories:

Relationship theories, also known as transformational theories, focus upon the connections formed between leaders and followers. Transformational leaders motivate and inspire people by helping group members see the importance and higher good of the task. These leaders are focused on the performance of group members, but also want each person to fulfill his or her potential. Leaders with this style often have high ethical and moral standards. Theory X and Theory Y The Theory X and Theory Y by Douglas McGregor basis assumption on Theory X is that workers or subordinates have to be controlled or directedby the leader. The leader is production centered. In Theory Y the leader encourages participation of subordinates as to give them an opportunity for growth and development. Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory Vertical Dyad Linkage Theory suggests that the behavior a leader directs towards individual members of the group is dependent upon the role relationship that has been established between the leader and each particualr subordinates. Path-Goal Theory of Leadership Robert J. House formulated a leadership theory which hypothesizes that the leadership function is a supplementary onethat is, with respect to performance, the leader merely amplifies or detracts from exiting subordinate potential. According to a study by the Hay Group, a global management consultancy, there are 75 key components of employee satisfaction (Lamb, McKee, 2004). They found that:

Trust and confidence in top leadership was the single most reliable predictor of employee satisfaction in an organization.

Effective communication by leadership in three critical areas was the key to winning organizational trust and confidence:

1. Helping employees understand the company's overall business strategy. 2. Helping employees understand how they contribute to achieving key business objectives. 3. Sharing information with employees on both how the company is doing and how an employee's own division is doing relative to strategic business objectives.

Management
Over the years the philosophical terminology of "management" and "leadership" have, in the organizational context, been used both as synonyms and with clearly differentiated meanings. Debate is fairly common about whether the use of these terms should be restricted, and generally reflects an awareness of the distinction made by Burns (1978) between "transactional" leadership (characterized by e.g. emphasis on procedures, contingent reward, management by exception) and "transformational" leadership (characterized by e.g. charisma, personal relationships, creativity).

C. Pictures

D. Diagrams

III. Conclusion

Leadership may be something of an art; it still requires the application of special skills and techniques. Even if there are certain inborn qualities that make one a good leader, these natural talents need encouragement and development. A person is not born with selfconfidence. Self-confidence is developed, honesty and integrity are a matter of personal choice, motivation to lead comes from within the individual, and the knowledge of business can be acquired. While cognitive ability has its origin partly in genes, it still needs to be developed. Many studies have explored leadership as a micro concept investigating leaders themselves or the immediate environments in which they work, rather than viewing leadership as a cultural system. Leadership is a key element of quality early childhood provision. Leadership views of workers in the early childhood sector nationally and internationally are consistently reported to be unclear. Leadership is relatively unexplored in early childhood. Leadership is an accidental rather than a thought-through idea. Leadership models such as transformational leadership and shared leadership link well to a contextual model for early childhood. The significance of leadership in the context of early childhood services should not be underestimated given the documented importance of early childhood experience to later school success. Leadership is the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Leadership is the process of directing the behavior of others toward the accomplishment of some common objectives.

IV. Bibliography

http://psychology.about.com/od/leadership/p/leadtheories.htm http://edikurnik.hubpages.com/hub/Theories-of-Leadership

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leadership http://managementstudyguide.com/trait-theory-of-leadership.htm Aubrey, C (2007), Leading and Managing in the Early Years, London: Sage Publications

Australian Journal of Early Childhood (2000), Management and Leadership, Australian Journal of Early Childhood, 25 (1), March

Bass, B M (1985), Leadership and performance beyond expectations, New York: Free Press

Bass, M (2000), The future of leadership in learning organisations, Journal of Leadership Studies, 7(3), pp 1840

Bella, J, and Bloom, P J (2003), Zoom. The Impact of Early Childhood Leadership Training on Role Perceptions, Job Performance, and Career Decisions, The McCormick Tribune Foundation, The Illinois Department of Human Services, Wheeling, ILL: The Center for Early Childhood Leadership Mison, B. Ione and Lillosa P. Bernabe. Human Behavior in Business Organization, Cacho Hermanos, Inc. Pines cor. Union Sts. Mandaluyong City, First year of Publication,2004.