Thesis: China, one of the modern world's greatest powers, impacted the world, during ancient times and

even today. In course of history, the Chinese have revolutionized warfare. Although more known for their great militaristic inventions in weaponry, China's war strategies do not fall short. Great Chinese philosophers contributed to the creation of those strategies, even reforming the Chinese military and government along the way. Articles/EBSCOHost: Arkin, William M. Targeting China. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist Vol. 57 Issue 4. 7 (2001): 75. Web. 14 Dec. 2011. In this article, we were informed that the United States is taking precautions because, now, the Chinese posses nuclear weapons. It states that the document outlines two potential U.S. and China adversarial scenarios. One results to a conflict with North Korea, and the other, a China and U.S. confrontation, assuming that the Chinese will strike first. (Primary) Chai, Winberg. Missile Envy: New Tension in China-U.S.-Taiwan Relations. Asian Affairs: An American Review Vol. 34 Issue 1. (2001): 37-45 When China launched its first successful anti-satellite missile into space, it caused an alarm across the Taiwan Strait. Views in the U.S. were mixed as to whether they launched the missile to start a militarization of space or to force the United States to sign a treaty that states to avoid arms race. (Primary) Copper, John F. The Glue That Holds China Together. World & I Vol. 17 Issue 7. Web. 15 Dec. 2011. In this article, the Chinese government said America was jealous of Chinas successes and was threatened by its growing military strength. So, they said that the U.S. was going to hold China back using spiritual pollution and democratic evolution. Freeman, Karen. The Un-fought Chemical War. Bulletin of Atomic Scientists Vol. 47 Issue 10. 12 (1991): 30-39. Web. 8 Jan. 2012. This article states that there were humans being used to test the affects of chemical warfare, suggesting that a chemical warfare would have happened in the Pacific during World War II. The Allies had the ability to initiate a chemical warfare in the Pacific, arguing that it was in retaliation for the Japanese use of chemical weapons against the Chinese. The department of army asked the National Academy of Sciences to study the long-term effects of exposure to chemical warfare and 6720 soldiers participated in the experiment. Gabriel, Richard A. "Battle of Jingxing." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 5 Jan. 2012. This article informs us how the weapons they were using have improved because of the war. They had improved crossbows and did not use chariots. They would

still use weapons from the previous period. Horses were also a big part of Chinese warfare for they provided mobility on the battlefield. Gabriel, Richard A. "Mongol Armor and Weapons." World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 6 Jan. 2012. This article stated that the Mongol soldiers wore either a brown or a blue tunic, the kalat, and they wore fur in the winter. They wore thick leather boots with felt liners during the winter. The Mongols have influenced Genghis Khan and his soldiers throughout this war. From this war, the first war with the Xiaxia at 1207 CE, Genghis adopted the silk undershirt for his troops. This silk undershirt is quite comparable to the flak jacket in modern armies. The Mongols also used a variety of arrows, some arrows had iron tips for piercing armors, fire arrows and whistling signal arrows. They also carried a lasso, a small dagger, a battle axe, or a mace. Garthoff, Raymond L. Unconventional Warfare in Communist Strategies. Forreign Affairs Vol. 40 Issue 4. 566-575. Web. 6 Jan. 2012. This article discusses the role of warfare in the Communist world, starting with the fundamental role that plays in general Communist strategies. Their views on expediency and unconventional warfare strategies are very different. Communist leaders assign a major role to active civil violence. Hamer, Mick. Blast From the Past. New Scientist Vol. 188 Issue 2524. 5:11 (2005): 33-35. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. This article tells us about gunpowder and its uses. The Chinese, during the Han Dynasty, invented gunpowder. It was the cutting edge of military technology, found in canons and firearms. The saltpeter, charcoal, and sulfur used to create gunpowder makes is highly explosive. Kristensen, Hans M., Norris, Robert S. Chinese Nuclear Forces. Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Vo. 64 Issue 3. 7 (2008): 42-44. Web. 6 Jan. 2012. This article informs us about Chinas nuclear weapons capability. In 2008, it was reported that China has the most active missile program in the world. It continues to develop and deploy missile units such as DF-31. A chart shows the quantity and type of Chinese arsenal including land-based missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, and aircraft missiles. Martin, Harold H. How Tough are Chiangs Chinese? Saturday Evening Post Vol. 231 Issue 10. 09:06 (1958): 28-60. Web. 6 Jan. 2012. This article tells us about a development of a map of the mainland. It reflected the Chineses efforts to strengthen defenses against the alliance between Nationalist China and South Korea. (Primary) Spence, Jonathan D. Mao Zedong. Time. 05:13 (1998). Web. 14 Dec. 2011.

This article informs us about the life of Mao Zedong. It told us about how he loved swimming and how good he was at not sinking. He showed great interest in realpolitiks as well. Sung. Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia. 10:1 (2011): 1-1. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. In this article, the Chinese agricultural productivity increased because of new technologies. With that, also comes ship-building and the use of magnetic compass. Wang An was ambitious leader that wanted to increase the military strength with these new technologies. They are also still spreading the use of gunpowder. Wallace, Robert Daniel. The Asian Military Revolution: From Gunpowder to the Bomb. Canadian Journal of History Vol. 45 Issue 1. (2010): 173-175. Canadian Journal of History. Web. 12 Dec. 2011. In this review, Lorges thesis states that modern warfare was created in China, during the 12th and 13th centuries, with the development and use of gun powder and combined-arms warfare. Primitive guns were invented by harnessing gunpowder in bamboo tubes containing projectiles. A huge number of bombs, grenades, and small rockets were developed and used commonly. Whitelaw, Kevin. China Aims High. U.S. News & World Report Vol. 143 Issue 21. 12:17 (2007): 42-45. Web. 13 Dec. 2011. This article informs us about a debate that started because Beijing blasted off space weapon. The Space weapon, though, had a glitch. This space weapon broadened the U.S. research potential. (Primary) Websites/Google: Han Dynasty (206 B.C.220 A.D.) Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History Web. 9 Mar. 2012. In this article, it was stated how Emperor Wudi helped reformed Chinas government after their civil war and the death of their late emperor. Ming Dynasty (13681644)." Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Web. 28 Feb. 2012. This article informs us about the cultural restoration and expansion that China went through during the Ming Dynasty. Painters that were recruited by the court were ordered to return to realistic representation style. Ming examples reflected strong West Asian influences. A special court bureau was used to ensure that there was a uniform of standard decoration established for production, such as textiles, lacquer, metalwork, and ceramics. "Jin Dynasty (China, AD 265-316 317, AD 317-420)." Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica. Web. 10 Mar. 2012.

This article informs us about the downfall of the empire after emperor Wu Dis death. The country followed the pattern of decline of previous dynasties and the society turned feudalistic. It tells us how the fall of the government reformed during the Jin dynasty leading to the Six Dynasties period. Pillsbury, Michael. Deng Xiaopings Strategic Thought. Chinese Views on Future Warfare: Part One. National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies. Web. 11 Dec. 2011. This section of the book informs us how the Chinese created their strategies. It specifically talks about Deng Xiaoping, one of the people that created their strategic movements. He believed that the development of China can not be separated from the world. He put forward a whole set of ideas on creating socialism with vitality and revitalizing the Chinese nation. (Primary) "Sui Dynasty (581-618)." China Tours,China Tour Package,China Tour Company, Small Group, Beijing, Xian, Shanghai, Guilin. Web. 3 Mar. 2012. In this article, it was stated that the Sui Dynasty had great reformations and contributions to the world. It informs us about how the Emperor Wendi reformed the government using the System of Three Cabinets and Six Departments. Also, the astronomer that created the lunisolar calendar that is very similar to our present day lunisolar calendar. This was also when the Zhaozhou bridge, the most ancient bridge, was built. "Tang Dynasty." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation. Web. 6 Mar. 2012. This article informs us that many things happened in the Tang Dynasty. During the Tang Dynasty, Buddhism declined and Confucianism became more popular. Also, many great poets, such as Li, Po, tu Fu, and Pho Chu-I, emerged. Printing books and sharing ideas helped the culture unite. "The Song Dynasty in China | Asia Topics in World History." Asia for Educators. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. The use of explosive gunpowders in rockets, cannons, bombs, and mines developed in the Song Dynasty. Their military engineers discovered gunpowder to be helpful in siege warfare. The Chinese and Mongols extensively used weapons involving gunpowder. Gunpowder was first used in the 700s, during the Song Dynasty, as a fire-producing compound; the Chinese made bombs with gunpowder and other components such as scrap iron and other metals, which were eventually used in combat with the use of catapults in various types of warfare, specifically siege warfare.

The Use of Chariot and Bronze Weapons in Warfare. Chinese Dynasties Part One: The Shang Dynasty Through the Tang Dynasty. Web. 8 Mar. 2012. This article informs us about the advancement of bronze technology and the use of bronze weapons. This advancement gave the Shang military forces a great advantage over their enemies. They developed the bronze-tipped halberd and spear, the compound bow, and started using horse drawn chariots. "Qin Dynasty." ThinkQuest. Oracle Foundation. Web. 2 Mar. 2012 This article tells us about how Emperor Qin Huangdi reformed China through his standardized weights, writing, and measures, promoting trade. He also unified China. Although, his death caused rage and rebellion across China, leading them into their next dynasty, the Han Dynasty. Books/NetLibrary: Barfield, Thomas J. The Perilous Frontier: Nomadic Empires and China. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell, 1989. Ban Chao was in control from 31-101 B.C.E. He was dispatched in 73 as an envoy to the kingdom of Shanshan. He did more than successfully fulfill his mission; he intercepted and destroyed a Xiongnu embassy and returned ShanShan to Chinese control. Ban was later sent out to Khoten, because of his success, and he returned them under the Chinese rule. After 31 years of service, he finally returned to China. Bonavia, David. The Warlord Period. The History of Nations: China. New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Print. This book informs us about warlordism. China was split into a number of kingdoms until the third century. After the first unification of China, military revolt and full scale civil war were only held temporarily in abeyance. The greatest military philosopher of ancient times, Sun Tzu, had declared that all war is deception. The Chinese commander would be admired most if he mastered the practices of night maneuvers, surprise attack, treachery, bribery, and shifting alliances and used them before going to the field with his troops. Wu, Sun. The Art of War. The early Chinese military armies consisted of peasants armed with simple bows, spears, and stone maces. Sun Wu said, For to win one hundred victories in one hundred battles is not the acme of skill. To subdue the enemy without fighting is the acme of skill. His philosophies were applied in many different places. (Primary) Zurlo, Tony. China: Deng Xiaopings Black-and-White Economic Cats. Greenhaven Press, 2003. Print.

Deng Xiaoping took power in 1978 with the support of the Chinese people. He began his economic reform in the countryside. At harvest time, if a household has paid their taxes with their crops, they can sell any thing in the free market. (Primary) Images: "Arts." Zhaozhou Bridge. Web. 1 Mar. 2012. The Zhauzhou Bridge was named after its country, located in the Heibei Province. The Zhaozhou Bridge spans 64.4 meters and has a width of 9 meters. This bridge is still in great condition after over 1,000 years, many floods, and many earthquakes. The Zhaozhou Bridge was given the title the 12th International Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers, in September 1991.

"Composite Crossbow from the Song dynasty." Image. Instructional Resources Corporation. World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 7 Jan. 2012. China used the crossbow around the 4th Century BCE. By the 2nd century BCE, the Chinese had long range repeater crossbows with trigger mechanisms, armor piercing darts, and rotating bases. They have also acquired a range of 200 yards

"Hall of terra-cotta soldiers." Image. Andreas Neumann. World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2012. Web. 6 Jan. 2012. This image shows the hall of terra-cotta soldiers in Xian, China. Soldiers would get a statue and they would bury the statue with their emperor.

"The Song Dynasty in China | Asia Topics in World History." Asia for Educators. Web. 8 Mar. 2012. This picture is a sketch of the weaponry the song dynasty. On the left is a sketch of the whip arrow, and on the right is a sketch raised flower and ball bombs.