Paper 2

SPM 0nlg PHYSICS P2 2006

Section A [60 marksl

Time: 2 hours and B0 minutes

Answer all questions in this section. You are a.duised to spend g0 minutes on this section. 1 Diagram 1.1 shows an electric circuit.

Diagram 1.1 (a) (i) Name instrument e. IL mark] (ii) What is the function of R in the circuit?

II markl (b) Diagram 1.2 shows two t;rpes of ammeters, X and y that can be used in the circuit in Diagram
1.1.

Ammeter X

Ammeter Y Diagrotn 1.2

(i) Which ammeter is more sensitive?

IL mark)

(ii) State one reason for your answer in l(bXi).

IL mark]
Diagram 2 shows a mercury thermometer which has not been calibrated.

Mercury Diagram 2 (a) (il state the physical change in the mercury when the temperature increases. IL markl (ii) Why is mercury used in the thermometer?

tL mark| (b) The length of the mercury column in the thermomet"" i, 2.6 cmat 0 qC and 22.6cm at 100 0c. (i) What is the difference in the lengths of the mercury columns at 0 oC and at 100 qC? ll mark] (ii) When the thermometer is placed in hot oil, the length of the mercury column is 16.9cm. Calculate the temperature of the hot oil.

[2 marhs]

Diagram 3 shows two loudspeakers connected to an audio frequency generator. students are standing at positions where loud. sounds can be heard.

Loud speaker

Audio frequency generator

Diagram B
(a)

What type of wave is the sound waves? IL mark]

(b) why are loud sounds heard by the students at that positions? IL mark] (c) The distancebetweenthe two loudspeakers 1.5 m. At 10.0 m from is the loudspeakers, the distance between two adjacent rows of students is 4.0 m. Calculate the wave length of this sound wave.

12marhsl

(d) The frequency of the sound wave is increased. (i) What happen to the distance between two adjacent rows where loud sounds are -will heard?

U markl
(ii) Give a reason for your ansvrer in S(dXi).

[l rnark] .Diagram 4.1 shows a submarine equipped lyith an optical instrument p Diagram 4.2 shows the structure of the optical instrument p
Optical instrument P

Diagram 4.1
Light ray from the object

Glass prism

Observer

Diagrarn 4.2 (a) Name the optical instrument p

[l markT

(b) In Diagram 4'2, tw.oglassprisms-must be placed.sothat the object can be seen by the observer.The position of one of the glass prir*, is as shown. (i) In box A in Diagram 4.i, a."* and shadethe secondprism. LLm',arkl (ii) Explain why the prisms in optical instrument p are placed as in 4(bxi).

IL rnark] (c) (i) In Diagram 4'2, complete path the of the light ray from the object to the observer,s eye. mark] IL (ii) State one characteristic of the image observed.

IL m.ark]
(d) The refractive index of the glass prism is 1.b2. Calculate the critical angle of tfru glass prism.

12 marksl Diagram 5'1 show the situation of a sheet of paper before and when air is blown. Diagram 5'2 showsthe situation of the canopylirore the lorry movesand when the lorry moves at high speed.

Before air is blown

When air is blown

Diagrarn

5.1

\rLz
Before lorry moves
When lorry moves at hight speed

Diagram 5.2 (a) What is meant by speed?

lL marbl

G) Based on Diagram b.1 and Diagram b.2:

1.

(i) State trro sirnilarities for the situation in Diagram 5.1 and Diagram b,2.

2.

A marksl (ii) compare the air pressure above and below the paper when air is hrown. IL mark] (iii) Relate the speedof the air to the pressure of the air.

U m.arkJ
(c) Name the principle involved in E(bXiii).

IL mankJ

(d) Diagram 5.3 shows an instrument used to measure the speed of air. Tube A Tube A

Before air flows

While air flows

Diagram 5.8 lp Dla8ram 5.3, the levels of colouredwater in the U-tube are the same before air flows. -(i) Comparethe speedsof air at p and at e, lL mark(ii) Mark the water levels in the u-tube in Diagram 5.8 while air flows. lL markl Diagram 6'1 and Diagram 6.2 show a student throwing an iron ball in a shot put event using different throwing techniques. The angle of projectiott uttd the force used by the student in both techniques are the same.

ii

Diagrarn

6.1

r
Diagram 6.2

I 'l
B

(a) Observe Diagram 6.L and Diagram 6.2.

(i) compare the distance of the hand movement to throw the iron ball. II mark]

(ii) Basedon the anjswer 6(aXi), comparethe in work done by the student betweenthe two throwing techniques

IL mark] (iii) If the force which acts on the iron ball is 20 N and the distance of hand movement is 0.5 m, calculate the work done by the student.

t2 marhs.l (b) (i) Based on the answer in 6(a)(i), state the relationship between the enerry gained by the iron ball and the distance of projection.

IL markl (ii) State the principle involved.

U markl

(c) (i) using Diagram 6.1, what happens to the falling time if an iron ball of a bigger mass is used?

LL markl
(ii) Give one reason for your answer in 6(cXi).

IL mark] A student wants to build a simple lift motor control system which operatesusing two buttons, A and B, for a two-storey building. A : Up button B : Down button The lift motor only activates when someonepressesany one of the buttons. Diagram 7.1 shows the circuit that can be used to activate the motor. 12V

Diagrarn 7.1 Keys: Buttons A and B : When pressed, Not pressed, X Output : Motor is activated,

logic "1" logic "0"

logic,,l,'

(a) Table 7 is a truth table which showsthe operationsof the logie gatesin a lift motor control system. A 0 0 1 1 B

0
1 0 1 Table 7

(i) Using the keys given, complete Table Z. L2 marksJ (ii) Name the logic gate in the circuit in Diagram 2.1.

IL mark) (iii) In the spacebelow, draw the logie gate symbol in Z(aXii).

lL markl (b) Why is a relay switch needed in the circuit?

lL rnarkl
(c) The door of the li{t is fitted with a light transmitter and a detector which is a light dependent

resistor. If.-the light dependent resistor detects light, the relay switch is activated and the lift door will close. Diagram 7'2 shows an electronic circuit for the control system of the lift door.

l,

tR

!_

Diagram 7.2

(i) State the relationship between the resistance and the intensity of light received by the light dependent resistor.

[1 mark] (ii) Complete the circuit in Diagram 7.2 by drawing the resistor and the light dependent resistor using the qrmbols given below.

Resistor

il I

Light dependent resistor

fL markl_.

(iii) Explain how the circuit functions.

l3 marhsl Diagram 8.1 and Diagram 8.2 show two identical mirrors which are hung on the wall using strings, of the same length.

Diagrarn 8.1

Diagram 8.2

The two mirrors are in equilibrium state. Each mirror has a mass of 2 kg.Each string can withstand a maximum force of 15 N.

(a) What is meant by equilibrium state? IL mark] (b) What is the weight of any one of the mirrors?

[l markl (c) In the space below, draw a diagram of a triangle of forces that acts on the mirrors in Diagram 8.L and Diagram 8.2.

Diagram of a triangle of forces for Diagram 8.1

Diagrar4 of a triangle of forces for Diagram 8.2

L2 marksl (d) and Tr^are the tensions of the strings that act on the mirrors in Diagram 8.1 and 11 Diagram 8.2 respectively. (i) In the spacebelow, draw the scale drawings.of the triangles of forces to determine the values of T, atrd Tr. [Use the scale 1 cm: 2 N]

T1

T2

cm N

L4 marksl

(ii)

Based on your answer in 8(dXi), which is the most suitable method to hang the mirror? Give one reason for your answer"

12 marksl (e) If the string in Diagram g.1 is cut, the mirror will fall down in 0.6 s. calculate the final velocity of the mirror before it touches the surface of the floor.

IZ marks) Section B [20 marks] Answer any onrequesti.on from this section. The time suggestedto answer this section is S0 minites. Diagram 9'1 and Diagram g.2 show the light rays from two identical objectspassing through the convex lenses,J and K. Both the lenJes prldo"" il";i;.*" iI* the focar point for e a c hl e n s . f.r_
| Imagei
| | '\\ -\\\

\----Lens J :Object Principal lxrs

Diagram

9.1
Lens K

rfi :
Image \\

Object

Principal axrs

Diagrarn

$.2

(a) (i) What is meant by virtual image?

U markl

(ii) with referenceto Diagram 9.1 and DiagraT g.2, comparethe thickness of the lenses, the focal length and the size of image-p"oducedby the lenses J and K. Relate the size of the image with the focal length io make a deduction regarding the relationship between the power of the lens and the focal rength. IE marks) ft) Explain why a piece of paper burns when placed under a convex lens aimed towards hot sun rays. [4 marks) (c) You are given two convex lenses, P and Q, with focal lengths 40 cm and b cm respectively. Both the lenses are used to build a simiie astronomical telescope at normal adjustment. (i) using the two lenses, explain how you are going to build the simple astronomical telescope. 16 marksl . (ii) suggest modifications that need to be done on the telescopeto produce clearer and bigger images. [4 marks] 1o Diagram 10'1 and Diagram 10.2 show wire coils connected to the ammeters,switchesand d.c. power supply.
Wire coils

Cardboard Pattern of iron filings

Ammeter

To d.c. power supply Diagram l0.l.

To d.c. power supply

Diagram 10.2

When the switch is on-and iron filings of the same amount is spreadon eb.ch the cardboard of surface, the pattern of the iron filings is formed as shown i"-irr" ai"gr*r.

(a)

What is meant by magnetic field?

II mark]

of turn of the coils,the pattern of the iron filings and angle of deflection of the ammeter indicator. [3 marks] (c) state the relationship between the strength of the magnetic field and (i) the pattern of iron filings, (ii) the number of turn of the coils. [2 marksl (d) Diaeram 10'3 shows two thin copper strips, PQ and RS, connectedto a circuit.

ft) using Diagram 10'1 and Diagram 10.2,comparethe number

Diagram 1O.B Explain what happensto pe and RS, when the switch is on. (e) Diagram 10.4 shows an electric motor which is supplied with a. 12 y a.e. [4 marksf

Carbon,brush Slip ring

External circuit

Diagram 10.4

(i) Explain how the motor is able to rotate.

[4 marks]

(ii) Using a Il V a.c. power supply, explain the modifrcation that needsto be done on the motor and the external circuit to enablethe motor to be a d.c. electric motor and rotate faster.
[6 marhs]

Section C l2O marksl Answer any olne question from this section. The time suggestto answer this section is s0 minutes. l1 (a) (i) What is meant by specific latent heat of vapourization? IL mark]

(ii) Explain why someone who is sweating feels cool when he is under a rotating fan. 14marhs) (b) A solid substanee'of mass 0.05 kg, is heated using an immersion heater of 240V 0.1 kr41 Diagram 11.1 shows the heating eurve of the ,on-a.
Temperature/lC

Time/min

Diagram 1l.l Calculate (i) the specific latent heat of fusion of the substance, (ii) the specific heat capacity of the substance in liquid state. [5 marksf

(c) You are asked to investigate the features of cooling material and the desiga --o of a car engine radiator as in Diagram 11.2. Explain the suitability of each feature_sin Diagram Ll.2 and,then determine the most suitable car engine radiator to be used. Give a reason for your choice. [70 marks] The features of cooling liquid

o Boiling point 100 qC

blade

o Specific heat capacity 4 2A0 J kgr og-r

The features of cooling liquid

blade

. Boiling point 100 oC o Specific heat capacity 4 200 J kgr og-r

Fin ----5

The features

of cooling

liquid

o Boiling point 100 qC r Specific heat capaclty 4 2ffi J kgr og-r

Fin ------_s

T?re features of cooling liquid o Boiling point 78 qC o Specific heat capacif 2 480 J kgr og-r

The features of eooling liquid

Fin _____=$

o Boiling point Z8 oC o Specific heat capacif 2 450 J kgr og-r

Diagram 11.2

12 Radioactive material has some uses in the medical field such as in the investigation of internal organs and in the sterilization of equipments. (a) A doctor conducts an investigation on patient's a kidney by injecting iodine-131 radioisotope, i that a half-life of 8 days, into the blood circulation. A normal kidney can expel the radioisotope in 20 minutes. The preselce of radioisotope in the left and right kidneys is shown in the graphs as in Diagram 12.1.
Activity

Time/minute
Left kidney

l0

15

Time/minute
Right kidney

Diagram (i) what is meant by half-life? (ii)

12.1 IL markl

Based on the graphs in Diagram 12.1, which kidney is not functioning properly? Give one reason. 12 marksl The initial iodine-l3l activity is 1 600 counts per second. Calculate the time taken for the iodine'L31 activily to decrease to 100 counts per second. [2 marks)

(iii)

(b) Medical equipment is sterilized by radiation from a radioactive source. You are assigned to study the characteristics of some radioisotopes that are suitable for use in the sterilization of medical equipments. Table 12 shows the characteristics oi r.t e radioisotopes.

Characteristics

of isotope

Strontium-90 Cobalt-60 Xenon-133 Iodine-131 Polonium-Z10

Solid Solid Gas Liquid Solid Table 12

Beta Gamma Beta Gamma Alpha

28 years 5 years b days 8 days 140 days

(i) Explain the suitability of the characteristics of the radioisotope to be ,rs"a i' tt b sterilization of medical equipment. ' [ 6 marks] (ii) Determine the most suitable radioisotope to be used and give one reason for your L2 marksl (b) Gamma rays can produce an effect on photographic frlm. Explain whether grmma rays is suitable to be used in taking photographs -o r-----E of an organ in humans' IB marksf (c) Beryllium-11 isotope emits two rays. The isotope is placed in front of a magnetic field and the radioactive radiation path is shown in Diagram L2.2.

Radioactive source

Diagram 12.2 (i) Name both rays that are emitted by the isotope. (ii) Explain why the rays follow the path shown in Diagram 12.2.

12marksl [2 mnrksl

Paper 2 Section A I (a) (i) Voltmeter (ii) To vary the resistance in the circuit &) (i) Ammeter Y (ii) The scale of ammeter Y can measure currents accurate to 0.05 A whereas the scaleof ammeterX can measurecurrents accurate to 0.1 A. Mercury expands when the temperature increases. (iil Mercury can be seen easilY. (b) (i) 22.6 cm - 2.6 cm: 20.0 crn (iil By interpolation, 22.6 - 2.6 = 100 - r 196-6 2L6-L6 (al (i)

5.7

100- r

n :1 oo
28 .5 = 100-r x = 100-28.5
x : 71.5oC (a) Sound wave is a longitudinal wave. (b) The;loud sound heard by the students are produced by constructive interference. (c) axc where a = 1.5 rn ^ L : tc = 4m T D:10m 1.5x4 ^ 'v 10 = 0.6m h (d) (i) The distance between two adjacent rows where loud sounds are heard will decrease. (ii) When we increase the frequency of sound wave, we must reduce its wavelength (i) and (r) the distance between two adjacent rows depend on i. as given by theformula *-D" a (a) A prism periscope. (b) (i) 452

fr = 1 oo -r

574

45" Second pnsm

'l'he prisms in optical instrument P are placed as in 4(b)(i) because this arrangement allows light rays from the object to be reflected by 90 einto the lower prism and out to the eyesofthe observer' Total internal reflection occurs in both prisms. (c) (i)
Path of light raY

(b) (i) (ii)

(c) (il

(ii)

The distance of projection increases '13 the enerry gained increase. The principle of conser-vationof enerst Same Iron ball is thrown from the sameheigtrt Time taken is independent of the nrir"* 1s =u.t +

Tgt"
u

orf,=

\a) (i)

B 0
1

x
0 1
I I

0 0
I 1 The image is upright/same in size I (d) sin C = n . ,/1\ c = srn_,tn/ (ii) 1\ "( c = sin_'[ Ln ) c = 4l.l4e {' 5 (a) Speed is the rate of change of distance. Mathematically it is given bY distance , Dpeeo = me-[;E6n (b) (il 1. Movement of air' 2. Paper and canoPYbeing lifted. (ii) The air pressure above the paper is lower than the air pressure below the paper when the air is blown. (iii) High speed of air creates low pressure' (c) Bernoulli's principle (d) (i) The speed of air at P is higher than the speed of air at Q.

0
I

(ii) OR gate (iii) A F.|

B-l/

(b)

Motor uses high voltage. Relay switch i* used for safety reason. (c) (i) Asthe intensity of light receivedby the liglri dependent resistor increases,the resistane of the light dependent resistor reduces' (ii)

(ii)

(iii)

Coloured water

(a) (i) The distance moved by the student's hand in Diagram 6.2 is more than the distance moved by the student's hand in Diagram 6.1. (ii) The work.done in Diagram 6.2 is more as compared to work done in Diagram 6.1. (iii) Work done = force x distance =20X0.5 = 10J

When the LDR detects light from the light transmitter, its resistance falls ta a small value. The potential difference is dropped across the LDR, thus raising the potential difference across the resistor and base current is increased' The transistor is switched on. Collector current flows and the relaY is then activated.

(a) Equilibrium state is the state of an object in which the resultant force acting on the object is zero. (b) Weight of mirror = 2 x 10 = 20 N

Lhe lens K. The image produced by lens J is taller than that produced by lens K. A thicker lens will have a shorter focal length whereas a thinner lens will have a longer focal length. According to the L equation for power of a lens, P -

f'

Diagram of a triangle forces for Diagram 8.1 (d) (i)

5 .8 c m ( 11. 6N)

Diagram of a triangle forces for Diagram 8.2

20 N (10 cm) 5 .8 cm ( 11. 6N)

) By scale drawing: T, = 5'8 cm T, = 11'60N

7 c m { 14 N)

where f is measured in m, a lens having a shorter focal length will have a higher power.A lens with longer focal length will have a lower power. When the rays of the hot sun from infinity, ft) pass through a convex lens, they are refracted and converge at a point called the principal focus of the lens" At the principal focus the image of the sun is concentrated on a very small area and the intensity of sunlight is great. The intensity of sunlight warms up the area on the paper and as the temperature of the spot becomes high enough, the paper starts'to burn. (c) (i) I have two lenses.Lens P and lens Q with focal lengths of 40 crn and 5 cm respectively. To make a simple astronomical telescope, I will have to focus the starlight at a certain point. For this, I will have to used lens P which has a focal length of 40 cm. I will use the lens Q as the eyepiece lens with a focal length of 5 cm. I will arrange the telescope as shown below.
Objective lens Starlight Eyepiece lens

20 N (10 cm) 7 c m ( 14

By measurement Tz = 7'10 cm Tz = 14'20 N iiil 'fhe most suitable method to hang the miror is the one in Diagram 8.1. This is due to the fact that the tension in the *tring T, is lower in value than Tr. (r:i $y *cing the equation. V * u *gff take u = 0 m s-r as the mirror falls from rest. We have, f ,* $+10(0.6) Y * Sms-' Sectlcn B I {a} tii iii] A virtual image is an image that cannot ba *aptured on a screen. l.*ne J is thicker than lens K" The focal length of lens J is shorter than that of

ff-

focal length of objective lens focal length of eyepiece lens

4 = focal length of objective lens F. = focal length of eyepiece lens

Parallel rays of starlight from distant stars converge at the focal point of the objective lens to form an initial image which is real, inverted and smaller than the actual object. This image then becomesthe object for the eyepiecelens which is formed at infinity. Under normal adjustment, the final image seen.by the observer is magnified, inverted and virtual. The length of my telescope will be approximately 40 cm * 5 cm = 45 csr.

lncrease the diameter of the objective

lens. - Increase the focal length of the objective lens. - Reduce the focal length of the eyepiece. - Reduce the obstructions such as supporting struts.

10 (a) A magnetic field is a region in which a

magnetic material will experience a force due to the presence of a current carrying conductor(b) The number of turns of coils in Diagram 10'2 is greater than the number of turns of coils inbiagram 10.1. The pattern of iron filings formeJ on the cardboard in Diagram 10'2 is denser than the pattern of iron frlings formed in Diagram 10.1.The current in Diagram 10'2 is higher than Diagram 10'1' (c) (i) iVtt"tt the strength of the magnetic field increases, the pattern of iron filings formed is denser. (ii) When the number of turns of the coils increases, the strength of the magnetic field also increases' '''(d) Wh"r, the switch is switched on, current will pass through strips RS and PQ as shown below I I

The force on ab of the ammature is downwards while the force on side cd irr Diagram (a) is upward. These two forces prod*"" a couPle which rotate tht' armature. This rotation will continut' unlil the armature is in the horizonlrrl Diagram again as shown rrr positir-rn Diagram (c). The alternating currenl charges direction and current flows in direction as shown in Diagram (c)' The: process continues to rotate the motor until the current is cut off. (ii) - Replace the sliP rings with a commutator' The commutator is trr enable a smooth change of directiotl of the current flow in the armature srt that the armature will continuously rotate in one direction onlY' The strength of the magnetic field must be increased. The number of turns of wire in the armature must be increased' - The area of the armature must be increased. The armature must be wound over a soft iron core.

Section B 11 (a) (i) Specific latent heat of vapourization is the amount of heat required to change 1 kg of a liquid into vapour at a constant temperature. (ii) When a fan is rotating, there i* circulation of air. Latent heat of vapourization is absorbed from our body when the sweat evaporates aided by the circulation of air. The body feels cool by the removal of heat. given ft) (i) The specific latent heat of fusion is by the relation. Pt:ml W where P : 0.1 x l-03 m = 0.05 kg t = (3.6- 1.0)x 60 t = 156s
L-m

".--l
\9

YI
ll

ll

ll

A force will be exerted on each strip as a result of the magnetic field created' Current carrying copper strips with currents in opposite directions produce a stronger magnetic field in the region between the strips. This is becausethe magnetic lines are in t-he same direction. The two copper strips repel each other. (e) (if When the power supply is switched on' electric current flows in the direction shown in the figure below' The carbon brushes are in contact with the slip rings'

-Pt
0.1 x 103 x 156 0.05

g{s&)s
L-.= L-:=J
r-Fi

" L

312 000 J kg:'

aflw
(d)

L:]

(ii) The specific heat capacity of the substance in a liquid state is given by the relation. Pt = mcO Pt

c =-m

wher e

1) - { } .I f l . . r2 l S
I . tlii

t) { )5 k g l { } ' \,1 ;r . " (' i ll| is;

;i{ ;r { ;{ l

....'"'.. , I't ,,,r, -i2 {l.l 'r lt} /' = ' (] {}5 " l4o .J ' 1()!t{.ir? [is t 91 t ,
(c) -

* -

The fhn musf lit' llrgc sti t,lral it can cool down ir larp4er nre*r. Fin blades milt{t b{' a$ }n:in"yas possible and scatteredto f'aexr firn so that it can the beicooleddown errsily. lloiling point of't,he erxrling liquid must be high sn th&t it won't boil easily. Specifie c&padt"y the liquid must be large of so thal it can absorb large amount of heat. The rnost suitable radiator is P becauseit has large fan, many fin blades,highboiling points and high specific heat capacity.

The most suitable radioisotopeis cobalt 60 because it is in solid form, emits gamma ray and has a half life of 5 years. (c) Gamma rays can produce a negative effect on the organs if a high dose is used as it has high penetrating power. As such it is not recommended to use gamma rays to take photographs of an organ. X-rays with less penetrating power are used instead. (d) (i) The rays emitted try the Beryllium-l1 isotope are beta particles and gamma ray. (ii) The beta particles is negatively charge and will be attracted to positiveelectrode. Gamma rays has no charge and will not be deflected bv electric fielC. Paper 3 (a) (i) (ii) (iii) (b) (i) Temperature The length of the column of air. The length of the column of concentrated sulphuric acid. The eye must be at a position level with the top of the trapped air column. Temperatures

(ii)

12 ra) (i)

The halflife of a radioisotopeis defined as the time taken for the activity of atoms of that radioisotope to fall to half its initial value. (ii) 'Ihe right kidney is not functioning properly. This is due to the fact that there is still activity of the iodine-131 radioisotope detected in the right kidney after 20 minutes. If the kidney is normal as in the case of the left kidney, it will expel the iodine-13l radioisotope in 20 minutes. (iii) The initial iodine-131 activity is 1600 counts per second.The time taken for the iodine-131 activity to decreaseto 100 eounts per secondis given by 1600 counts per second (1 half-life) 8f)0 counts per second (2 half-lives) 400 eounts per second (3 halflives) *00 counts per second (4 half-lives) 100 c unts per second 1#'erequire 4 half-lives, one half-life is il elays.As such 4 half-lives will be !{ .' { * 32 days. {ht {i} * 'Ihe radioisertope must be in solid form sr that handling is easy. . Ttt* typcr ol' ray emitted must be Ssmrnel r$ys because it is an *leetrcmagnetic waves of high f**quency Bnd penetrating power to *ill gurm*. Tha half life should be long enough to lsnt trefore it. is replaced"

(iil

0 (rc)
0 20 30 40 50 60 70

Length of air column, I (cm)

7.t 7.6 7.9

8.1 8.4

8.7 9.0

@) tt"