MARINERS WHAT IS KNOCKING OUR DOORS TO ENTER IN JAN-2013 ?......D.

RaviShankar
by Dhanaraj Ravishankar on Wednesday, March 14, 2012 at 7:04pm MARINERS WHAT IS KNOCKING OUR DOORS TO ENTER IN JAN-2013

co2 emission reduction : NOX AND SOX ALREADY COVERED HOW ABOUT THE CO2 EMISSION WE ALL SHOULD MAKE A CONSCIENTIOUS EFFORT WHY?

First let us see the need for co2 reduction :

Global Warming Industrial Revolution in the early 19th century and the human social and economic development have changed peoples lifestyle significantly. The need for energy and consumption of fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas have resulted in increased emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. These emissions have changed the energy balance of the earth and its atmosphere. Global population growth has caused land use change, deforestation, increased agricultural and livestock activities, and increased solid and liquid waste production, resulting in many environmental problems including climate change. Atmospheric models predict that the earth temperature will increase from 1 to 3.5 C by the year 2100, which is more than temperature changes during the past 10,000 years. Emission of greenhouse gases, production of aerosols in the atmosphere, changes in the earths reflection index, and thermal pollution are the factors affecting climate change. Among these factors, the effect of greenhouse gases is well known and is the most important one

Greenhouse effect The earth absorbs most of solar radiations that reach the earth through its atmosphere and, after getting warm, reflects the thermal waves back to space. Portion of this infrared radiation passes through the atmosphere and a fraction of it is absorbed by greenhouse

gases and reflected back to the earth surface which results in an energy balance between the earth and space.

This so called greenhouse effect is a natural phenomenon, which has created the normal temperatures ranges in the atmosphere. Indeed, if the greenhouse effect did not exist, the earths average temperature would have been about 15.5 degrees lower than the temperature that it has now and another ice age would occur. However, the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere have exceeded the normal level by as much as 30%, resulting in global warming.

What are the impacts of Global Warming?

Changes in temperature and precipitation patterns, which depend on latitude, attitude, and ocean streams in different areas, affect the climate of the earth. Some of the impacts of climate change are:

Sea level rise, Disruption of water resources, Regional climate change in northern hemisphere and upper latitudes, Changes in precipitation pattern and wind, More severe weather conditions (storms, floods, etc.),

Increased frequency and severity of drought and drier deserts, and adverse health effects (diseases such as Malaria and Yellow Fever).

Greenhouse gases Water vapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane (CH4), troposphere ozone (O3), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydro-fluorocarbons (HFCs), and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are known as greenhouse gases. All of these gases are responsible for greenhouse effect, but water vapor and CO2 have 90% contribution to this effect. Greenhouse gases are emitted both from natural sources and anthropogenic sources. They are also absorbed by sinks which are mainly forests and oceans. Some greenhouse gases such as ozone are produced in the atmosphere by photochemical reactions.

% of Effects of green house gases on global warming

Lifetime in the atmosphere is an important characteristic of the greenhouse gases and different greenhouse gases have different lifetime, thus different greenhouse effect. CO2 is the key greenhouse gas responsible for global warming and the potential of other gases is compared to this gas.

how to mitigate it:

SHIPPING AS A PART OF ENERGY SECTOR AND TRANSPORTATION SECTOR ALREADY IMO

HAVE COME OUT WITH GUIDE LINES.....?

Energy Sector - Improving Energy Efficiency

Enhancing energy efficiency has proved to be the most economical option for reducing emission of GHGs by as much as 31% in 2021. By rational use of energy, accompanied with changes in the fuel mix, it would be possible to reduce the average annual growth rate of CO2 emission from 4.2% to 2.4% in the period 1999-2021. Energy efficiency mitigation options, include increasing the share of the combined cycle power generation in power plants, defining better standards for energy consumption in domestic and commercial buildings, mandating the use of energy labels for domestic manufacturing of home appliances and improving vehicle technology. - Fuel Switching By switching from liquid fuels like gas oil or heavy oil to natural gas, the amount of CO2 emission from thermal power plants will be reduced from 89.4 million tons in 2000, to 83 million tons in 2005, a decline of 7.2%. - Use of Clean and Renewable Energy Resources The Government has taken positive measures for the development of renewable energy sources. These include solar and wind energy, geothermal, wave and tidal energy, hydrogen energy, hydropower and nuclear energy. By 2004, the capacity of hydro, geothermal and nuclear energies in power generation will increase, respectively, to 7,700 MW, 1,200 MW and 1,000 MW.

The IMO-commissioned a study on the impact of mandatory energy efficiency measures for international shipping ,which showed that implementation of the measures will lead to

significant reductions of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from ships, specifically reductions of carbon dioxide (CO2), resulting from enhanced fuel efficiency.

The study found that, by 2020, an average of 151.5 million tonnes of annual CO2 reductions are estimated from the introduction of the measures, a figure that by 2030, will increase to an average of 330 million tonnes annually. CO2 reduction measures will result in a significant reduction in fuel consumption, leading to a significant saving in fuel costs to the shipping industry

IMO will report to that Conference on the breakthrough adoption, in July 2011 at IMOs Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC), of mandatory technical and operational measures to reduce GHG emissions from international shipping. Amendments to the International Convention on the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), Annex VI Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships, add a new chapter on Regulations on energy efficiency for ships. The regulations will apply to all ships of 400 gross tonnage and above and are expected to enter into force on 1 January 2013.

Investigations show that ship hydrodynamic and main engine optimisation will bring about energy-saving opportunities of up to around 10% with no significant additional cost of shipbuilding

This new chapter makes mandatory the Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI), for new ships, which, in essence, requires new ships to be designed to be more energy efficient (and thereby release less greenhouse gases). The regulations are non-prescriptive: as long as the required energy-efficiency level is attained, ship designers and builders are free to use the most cost-efficient solution or solutions for each particular ship.

The new regulations also make mandatory a Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan (SEEMP) for all ships. This is a plan which sets out, for an individual ship, how energy savings can be made. There are a variety of options to improve efficiency speed optimization, weather routeing and hull maintenance, for example and the best package of measures for a ship to improve efficiency differs to a great extent depending upon ship type, cargo, route and other factors. The new regulations make such a ship-specific plan mandatory thereby encouraging the shipping industry to review its practices in a systematic way to find the best balance.

LAST REQUEST TO ALL:

AS AN INDIVIDUAL WE ALL SHOULD LOVE OUR EARTH... PARTICIPATE IN TREE PLANTATION AS AN YARD STICK IN YOUR LIFE AS PER YOUR AGE ATLEAST PLANT THAT MANY SAPLINGS . ON EVERY BIRTHDAY OF YOUR DEAR ONES, DO NOT FORGET TO PLANT ONE SAPLING. AND MAKE THE THE TREES TO ABSORB CO2 AND RELEASE O2 AND SAVE OUR EARTH....

.regards

WILL BE back .... again with EEDI/SEEMP Mail your comments at mscravi@sify.com D.RaviShankar.