Illustrations: Daniel L.

Schodek: Structures, fifth edition; Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2004

Schodek fig. 7.1

Elastic Buckling

Illustrations: Daniel L. Schodek: Structures, fifth edition; Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2004

Illustrations: Daniel L. Schodek: Structures, fifth edition; Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2004

Schodek fig. 7.1

Schodek fig. 7.3

Metastable

Illustrations: Daniel L. Schodek: Structures, fifth edition; Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2004

Column Buckling Formula

Schodek fig. 7.3, 7.1

Pcr = 2EI L2
L = Unbraced column length

(Euler Buckling Equation)

Pcr = Critical force that initiates buckling failure E = Modulus of elasticity of material (material stiffness) I = Moment of inertia (geometric stiffness)

Notice it does NOT matter what the STENGTH of the material is! Its all about STIFFNESS

Effective Length Factors

Schodek fig. 7.5

Schodek fig. 7.10

Illustrations: Daniel L. Schodek: Structures, fifth edition; Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2004

Illustrations: Daniel L. Schodek: Structures, fifth edition; Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2004

Schodek fig. 7.7

Real Columns

Columns: Design Considerations

Have significant architectural impact due to how they affect space Establish an organizing grid (structural bay) Define lengths of primary girders and beams framing into them

Columns: Design Considerations

Most critical structural element
Typically no redundancy Remove a column and all above it that it supports will fall Controlled demolition by selected removal of columns

Loads to columns typically computed by tributary area

A 30 1 3 2 21 4 7 5 25 6 7 7 21 9 8
10

B C 9 30

D 9

E 30

F G

I 16

J 16

K L 8

8 11 8

Columns: Design Considerations

Layout of column grid is important for space planning Can be difficult to coordinate with varying needs if different floors, especially if parking is below
Sometimes use transfer girders to carry floors above Expensive option and requires much deeper member than regular girder

Col Tributary Area = (9+30)/2+(21+7)/2=546 ft2(2 floors) = 1092 ft2

Columns: Intermediate-Length
Intermediate-length columns are normally what is actually used in actual construction Failure mode is a combination of crushing action and buckling action simultaneously Computing the allowable axial stress for these involves complex equations

Columns: Intermediate-Length
Fortunately, the equations can be simplified to a table lookup based on the column slenderness ration. (for steel, see table C-36) For pinned-ended columns, the capacity can be looked up directly in tables that relate member size to load capacity relative to the height of the column.

Illustrations: Daniel L. Schodek: Structures, fifth edition; Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2004

Schodek fig. 7.3

Columns: Influences on Buckling Capacity

Ratio of length to cross-sectional area slenderness ratio End support conditions Intermediate bracing
2% rule of thumb for bracing design: For most cases bracing can be achieved with only 2% of the compressive force in the column!

Elastic buckling is not an issue of strength. It is rather one of stiffness.

Columns: Influences on Buckling Capacity

Eccentric loading dramatically reduces capacity
Creates a moment at the top of column that causes stress needing to be resisted in addition to axial load.
Illustrations: Daniel L. Schodek: Structures, fifth edition; Pearson Prentice-Hall, 2004

P- (P-Delta) Effect:
As building moves laterally, this induces an eccentric loading, even on columns concentrically loaded.

For some materials (e.g. concrete), design for a minimal eccentricity is mandatory by code.

Columns: Transfer Girder

Transfer Grider

Column Variations

BCE Place, Toronto, Ontario, Canada Santiago Calatrava

Bath House, Jewish Community Center, Trenton, New Jersey Louis Kahn

Hurva Synagogue, Jerusalem, Israel (unbuilt project) Louis Kahn

Dulles International Airport Terminal, Chantilly, Virginia Eero Saarinen

Illustration: Understanding Structures, Fuller Moore, WCB/ McGraw-Hill, 1999

Stuttgart Airport, Germany Von Gerkan Maarg

Stuttgart Airport, Germany Von Gerkan Maarg

Stuttgart Airport, Germany Von Gerkan Maarg Student Model by Caroline Addis, Philadelphia University

Rose Center for Earth & Space, NYC Polsheck & Partners

Stanstead Airport, Essex, England Norman Foster

Foster & Partners web site

Stanstead Airport, Essex, England Norman Foster

Stanstead Airport, Essex, England Norman Foster

Stanstead Airport, Essex, England Sir Norman Foster Student Model by James Fickes, Philadelphia University

Lincoln School Library, Sprekles, CA

10

Illustration: Understanding Structures, Fuller Moore, WCB/ McGraw-Hill, 1999

Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank, Hong Kong, China Norman Foster

Illustration: Understanding Structures, Fuller Moore, WCB/ McGraw-Hill, 1999

Illustration: Understanding Structures, Fuller Moore, WCB/ McGraw-Hill, 1999

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Illustration: Understanding Structures, Fuller Moore, WCB/ McGraw-Hill, 1999

Alamillo Bridge, Near Barcelona, Spain Santiago Calatrava

Library, Phillips Exeter Academy, Exeter, NU Louis I Kahn

12

Sendai Mediatheque, Sendai, Japan Toyo Ito

Tokyo International Forum, Tokyo, Japan Rafael Violy

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