Cls04 1

PIERO M.
ARMENANTE NJIT
The theory that studies the separation of solids from solid-liquid suspensions under the effect of gravity.
PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT
Sedimentation theory is used in the design of:

Grit Chambers Primary and Secondary Settling Tanks (Clarifiers) Thickeners Flotation Thickeners
A clarifier is a device used to produce a
clarified effluent starting from a solid-liquid suspension.

A thickener is a device used to produce a
concentrated solid suspension starting from a more diluted solid-liquid suspension.

Each of these two devices must contain a
clarifying section and a thickening section.

The terms clarifier and thickener are
often used interchangeably.

Parameters Affecting Settling of Solids

Settling of solids depends primarily on:

characteristics of the solids (e.g., type, size, shape, density) concentration of the solids characteristics of the liquid (e.g., density, viscosity) fluid dynamic settling device conditions in the
Settling phenomena are often classified into four distinct categories:
Settling Phenomenon
Discrete particle settling (gravity settling) Flocculent settling Hindered settling (zone settling, gravity thickening) Compression settling
Type
Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4
Discrete particle settling refers to the sedimentation of individual particles in quiescent liquids This type of settling describes well the sedimentation of particles in dilute suspensions in which the interactions between particles are insignificant Design applications: grit chambers, sedimentation in top portion of clarifiers
FB FD F
D
FW
Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Momentum Balance

dv s m = FW FB FD dt
where: m = particle mass vs = particle velocity FW = gravity force FB = buoyancy force FD = drag force
Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Momentum Balance

Since: FW = g s Vp FB = g L Vp 2 with: Ap = projected area of particle Vp = volume of particle then: 2 CD Ap L v s dv s m = g ( s L )Vp 2 dt
2 CD Ap L v s
FD =
Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Terminal Velocity

At steady state it is:
vs =
2 ( s L ) g Vp CD L Ap
If the particle is a sphere then:

vs = 4 ( s L ) dp g CD L 3
Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Drag Coefficient
After Sundstrom and Klei, Wastewater Treatment, 1979, p. 190 PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT
Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Drag Coefficient

For Re < 1:
CD = 24 / Re
L v s dp with Re =
For 1 < Re < 10,000:
24 3 CD = + + 0.34 Re Re
Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Terminal Velocity for Spheres (Re < 1)
For Re < 1, CD = 24/Re, and one obtains Stokes' Law:
vs
( s L ) d 2 =g
18
p
Ideal Rectangular Settling Tank

Width = W Inlet Zone Q Q H Settling Zone u
Sludge Zone L Outlet Zone
Assumptions Made in Modeling Ideal Settling Tanks (Type 1 Settling)

Suspension is homogeneously distributed across the cross sectional area of the tank Liquid in settling zone moves in plug flow with constant velocity u Particles settle as in a quiescent liquid independently of other particles (dilute suspension) Particles are small enough to settle following Stokes law in the laminar region (Re < 1) When a particle enters the sludge region (i.e., it strikes the bottom of the vessel) it is effectively removed from the suspension
(Type 1 Settling)
u vs H Q vo Sludge Zone L u
Retention (or Detention) Time: The average time an element of fluid will spend in a vessel under steady state conditions:
V to = Q
where:
V = volume of vessel Q = flow in and out of vessel

Q Q
Note that to is also the time a generic fluid element needs to move (under plug flow conditions) across the settling tank, i.e., to cover the distance L:
V W H L L to = = = Q W H u u
where W, H, and L are, respectively the width, height, and length of the sedimentation tank, and u is the average fluid velocity (assumed uniform across the tank cross section).
If to is the residence time of the liquid inside the tank then all the particles having settling velocities equal to, or greater than, the critical settling velocity, vo, will settle at or before to.
H vo = to
This implies that all particles having a settling velocities equal to, or greater than, vo will be separated from the fluid in the settling tank.
Since it is: to = L/u then:

H H u H uW Q vo = = = = to L LW A
where:
Q = volumetric flow rate of wastewater A = surface area of tank
Important: This equation does not contain the height of the tank.
The term:
vo =
Q A
called the overflow rate or surface-loading rate is the key parameter in the design of ideal clarifiers in which the solids settle as discrete particles. Once the overflow rate is set the surface area of the tank, A, is determined (for a given Q) and so is the fraction of solid removal. The height of the tank plays no role.
Q H Q h vx Sludge Zone L u u vo
Only a fraction of the particles having a generic settling velocity, vx (smaller than vo), will settle. The fraction, Fx, of particles of diameter dx (for which the settling velocity is vx) that will settle is:
hx Fx = H
where: hx = vx to H = vo to
(Type 1 Settling)
Particles having a diameter equal to or larger than do (for which the settling velocity is vo) will completely settle during time to. For particles having a particle diameter dx (smaller than the critical diameter, do) the fractional removal is given by:
hx v x t o v x v x A Fx = = = = Q H v o to vo
Cumulative Distribution Curve for Particle Settling Velocities (Type 1 Settling)

f, Fraction of Particles with a vs Smaller than the Abscissa
1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5
fo
vo
Settling Velocity (mm/s)
(Type 1 Settling)
The total (cumulative) fraction of particles removed in a settling tank having an overflow rate vo (corresponding to a removal fraction fo) is:
1 F = (1 fo ) + vo
fo
0
v s (f ) df
f-v
The fraction, f, of particles having a settling velocity smaller that a given velocity, v, can be obtain in a settling tube from which samples are taken at a fixed depth, h. The fraction of solids in the sample at any given time, t (from which v=h/t can be obtained), will be equal to f.
f-v
Sampling Depth
For a given wastewater flow rate, Q, the fraction of free settling solids removed depends only on the surface area of the tank, A, i.e., on the overflow rate, vo. The height of the tank plays, in principle, no role and can be chosen independently. Choosing H (with known Q, A, and vo) implies the automatic definition of to (since to = H/vo). The width of the tank can also be chosen independently provided that the velocity of the wastewater in the tank is not too high to produce scouring.
W Q H1 L
W Q
H2 L
It was shown before that the height of the tank plays no role in the performance of the tank. To show this with an example assume that:
Q = cons tan t H 2 = 2 H1
However:
V2 = 2V1 to 2 = V2 Q vo 2 = H2 t o 2 t o 2 = 2 t o1 v o1 = v o 2
to1 = V1 Q
Hence:
and
vo1 = H1 to1
and
If the water velocity in the tank is too high (i.e., it exceeds the scour velocity) settled solids can be resuspended, i.e., scoured from the bottom of the tank. The scour velocity can be calculated from:
uscour =
where:
8 g d p s L L f
= constant (0.04 for unigranular sand; 0.06 for sticky interlocking materials)
f= Darcy-Weisbach friction factor (0.02 - 0.03)
Inlet Zone
Settling Zone
vo u vs
Outlet Zone
Sludge Zone
At any time and radial distance it is:
Q = u (r ) 2 r H
R2 dr r R1
u(r) r Q
and: dr = u(r) dt
Q u( r ) = 2 r H
i.e.:
Q dr = dt 2r H
2 r H dr = Q R1
R2
to 0
H dt = to = vo Q vo = A
HA H H 2 2 ( R 2 R1 ) = = Q vo Q
In an interval dt a particle having a diameter smaller than do will have moved vertically and horizontally, respectively:
dhx = v x dt
i.e.,
and
Q dr = dt 2r H
2r H dhx = vx dr Q
Particles having a diameter equal to or larger than do (for which the settling velocity is vo) will completely settle during time to. For particles having a particle diameter dx (smaller than the critical diameter, do) the fractional removal is given by:
R2
hx Fx = = H
R1
2 r H v x dr
HQ
vx vx A 2 2 2 (R 2 R 2 ) = = Q Q
Removal of grit (including sand and small gravel) is extremely important in plants in order to avoid:

wear of mechanical equipment deposition of grit in pipes, channels, aeration tanks and other basins.
Grit removal is typically accomplished in grit chambers.
Most grit particles have settling velocities < 0.03 m/s Well-designed grit chambers typically remove 95% of grit particles with a diameter > 0.2 mm Poorly designed (or overdesigned) grit chambers remove particles made of organic material or grit with a high organic content (which should be treated instead) Two types of chambers are commonly used:

Constant velocity grit chambers Aerated grit chambers
Design criterion:
H L = K u vo
where: L = length of chamber K = safety factor (1.5 - 2) vo = settling velocity of grit particle u = horizontal wastewater velocity H = height of chamber
Particle Diameter (mm) Settling Velocity (mm/s) Particle Diameter (mm) Settling Velocity (mm/s)
0.6
0.4
0.2
1000
63
42
21
0.15
0.1
0.08
0.06
15
3.8
s = 2650 kg/m3
Shape of chamber cross section: trapezoidal, parabolic, V-shaped or rectangular Typical design assumption: horizontal flow velocity = 0.3 m/s Design assumption: smallest grit settling velocity = 0.03 m/s, i.e., minimum chamber length-to-height ratio, L/H = 10 Typical L/H = 20, to account for reduced settling velocity due to turbulence effects Typical width-to-length ratio, W/L = 1:3 - 1:8 Typical retention time = 60 s.
After Horan, Biological Wastewater Treatment System, 1991, p. 47 PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT
Discrete Particle Settling
Heigh of LiquidSolid Interface
Flocculent Settling Hindered Settling Compression Settling
Time
Coalescence of particles can occur during settling (e.g., larger particles with high settling velocities overtaking smaller particle with low settling velocities) Collision frequency among particles proportional to particle concentration is
Collision frequency is proportional to turbulence level. Too high a turbulent intensity also promotes breakup Total number of collisions increases with time
When particles agglomerate during settling (flocculent settling) their settling velocity increases The rate of particle settling increases with time Longer residence times and greater tank depth promote coalescence of particles Fractional removal of particles during flocculent settling is a function of overflow rate and residence time. By contrast, in discrete particle settling fractional removal depends only on the overflow rate
H4 H2 Ports H1 H0
100% H4 H3
H
80% H2 H1 40% H0 t0 t1 t2 t t3 t4 50% 60% 70%
Curves indicate percent removal in samples

The fraction, Ro, of particles that have settling velocities equal to, or larger than, vo will have settled during the time interval to. Recall that: H vo = to Only some fractions of the other particle having vs<vo will have settled during to. The total fraction, Rtotal, of removed (settled) particles is:
Rtotal = Ro
(H1 + H0 ) +
2 Ho
(R1 R0 )
(Hn + Hn1) +L+

2 Ho
(Rn Rn1)
Since flocculent settling in a stagnant liquid depends on the depth of the settling column the design of continuous settling tanks requires experimental data (settling curves) The experimental data must be obtained with a column as tall as the depth of the continuous settling tank
The tank can be designed using the equations:
H H u H uW Q = = = to L LW A
i.e.:
Qt o A= H
where: H = height tank = height of column in the which the experiments were conducted to = time to produce the desired solid removal in the settling experiments
The term:
H Q vo = = to A is the experimentally determined overflow rate. Hence the tank can be sized using: Q A= vo In practice the overflow rate from test column and the residence time for the settling tank are multiplied by safety factors (equal to 0.65-0.85 and 1.25 - 1.5, respectively.)
In conventional wastewater treatment primary sedimentation tanks (PSTs) come after grit chambers PSTs are typically designed assuming Type 2 settling characteristics Some 50-70% solids are typically removed in PSTs Because of the uncertainties about flocculent sedimentation a number of safety factors are included in the design of PSTs, such as:

1.5 - 2.0 calculated detention time 0.6 - 0.8 surface loading (overflow rate)
Detention Time Average Overflow Rate Peak Overflow Rate Weir Loading Solid Concentration in Sludge
1.5-2.0 hr 800-1,200 gal/ft2 day 2,000-3,000 gal/ft2 day 10,000-40,000 gal/ft day 4-10% (primary tanks) 0.5-2% (secondary tanks)
After Metcalf and Eddy, Wastewater Engineering, 1989, p. 475 PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT
Non-ideal settling of particles in sedimentation tanks is affected by:
turbulence hydraulic short-circuiting bottom scouring velocity
All these effect will result in shorter residence time of the particles and/or the fluid in the tank
After Horan, Biological Wastewater Treatment System, 1991, p. 99 PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT
Rectangular Circular
Depth (ft) Length (ft) Width (ft) Length/Width Flight Speed (ft/min)
10 - 15 50 - 300 10 - 80 3:1 - 5:1 2-4
Circular Primary Sedimentation Tanks (Side View)
After Weber, Physicochemical Processes, 1972, p. 129 PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT
Circular Primary Sedimentation Tanks (Top View)
After Sundstrom and Klei, Wastewater Treatment, 1979, p. 209 PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT
Depth (ft) Diameter (ft) Bottom Slope (in/ft) Rotational Speed of Sludge Scraper Arm (rpm)
10-15 10-200 0.75-2 0.02-0.05
Hindered settling occurs when the particle concentration is high enough so that the interaction between particles is significant In such a case the cohesive forces among particles are strong enough to restrict the movement of particles with respect to each other The particles then settle collectively establishing a distinct interface between the clarified liquid and the settling particles
The settling velocity under hindered conditions is much slower that under discrete particle settling conditions and is a strong function of particle concentration For spherical particles it is
v hs = v ss (1 X )
where:
vhs = hindered settling velocity vss = single particle velocity X = volume fraction of solids n = constant (n =4.65 for Re < 0.3; n = 2.33 for Re > 1000)
When the particle density is very high the particles can provide partial mechanical support for the particles above them The particles under these conditions undergo mechanical compression as they settle Compression settling is a very slow process
Equation describing compression settling:

m t t H t H = (H o H ) e ( o )
where:
Ht = height of solids at time t H = height of solids at infinite time Ho = height of solids at time to m = constant
Influent Wastewater
Effluent
Sludge
Qe
Solid-Liquid Interface
Q= Q + Q
e
u Solid Flux Across Boundary
Qu
Gravity settling:
Gg = v x X
where:
Gg = solid flux due to gravity vx = settling velocity of solids X = concentration of solids at a given height
Bulk transport:
Gu = u b X
where: Gu = solid flux due to bulk flow ub = bulk downward velocity of solids
Interface Height
v
Increasing Solid Concentration
Time
Solid Settling Velocity, v x
Solid Concentration, X
Solid Gravity Flux, G g
Gg = vx X
Given that: Qu = volumetric flow rate at the bottom of the thickener A= surface area of the thickener (perpendicular to downward flow)
then:
Qu ub = A
where ub = bulk velocity of slurry
Total Flux Solid Flux, G Bulk Flux
Gravity Flux
Total solid downward flux:
GT = Gg + Gu = v x X + u b X
where: GT = total solid flux
Total Flux Solid Flux, G GL Bulk Flux ub ub XL G u
Gravity Flux XL Solid Concentration, X

v LXL Xu
Gg
GL
In the thickening section of the thickenerclarifier the solid concentration ranges from the feed concentration value to the exit underflow concentration value (Xu) In this range a concentration will typically exists that produces the smallest (limiting) value, GL, of the solid flux G If the thickener-clarifier is designed for a value of G such that G > GL the solids will build up in the clarifying section of the thickener-clarifier and eventually overflow
GL XL
Xu
The coordinates of the point where the total gravity flux curve has a minimum correspond to GL and XL. GL is the highest flux allowable in the clarifier. Hence the clarifier must be designed using this as the limiting flux. Note that at the bottom of the clarifier (where the sludge is removed) there is no gravity flux and all the solids are removed via bulk flux. At the bottom of the clarifier it must be that:
GT
Xu
= Gu
Xu
= ub X u
from which Xu can be calculated.

Mass balance for solids in a thickener-clarifier: Solids in = Solids out + Solids out (with sludge) (with clarified effluent) i.e.: Qo X o = Qu X u + Qe X e where: QoXo = Flow of solids into the thickener-clarifier Since a very little amount of solids typically escapes with the clarified effluent it is: Qe X e 0 i.e.: Qo X o Qu X u
At steady state it must be that:
AGL = Qu X u Qo X o
i.e.:
Qo X o A= GL
where GL = limiting solid flux at concentration XL. Note that the term QoXo is typically fixed for a given wastewater. Hence, the greater the value of GL the smaller the area A will be. However, a greater GL will imply a smaller Xu.
L b
Total Flux Solid Flux, G GL Bulk Flux ub Gravity Flux ub XL G u
v LXL XL Solid Concentration, X Xu
Gg
L
Total Flux Solid Flux, G GL Bulk Flux Gravity Flux ubXL Gu
ub X L= X o Xu
v LXL
Gg
This method has the advantage of relying on the construction of the gravity flux curve alone to calculate GL, and Xu. The method is based on the realization that at XL (i.e., GL) the total flux (GT-Xu) curve has a minimum. Hence it must be that:
d GT dX =
XL
d Gg + Gu dX
)
XL
d Gg dX
XL
d Gu + dX
=0
XL
d Gg dX
XL
d Gu + dX
=
XL
d Gg dX
XL
d (ub X ) + dX
=
XL
d Gg dX
XL
+ ub = 0
d Gg dX
XL
= ub
which implies that at XL the tangent to the gravity flux curve must be equal to -ub. The Xu and GL values can be found where this tangent intercepts the x-axis and y-axis, respectively.
Total Flux Solid Flux, G GL Bulk Flux ub Gravity Flux ub XL G u
v LXL XL Solid Concentration, X

Gg
Xu
GL
Tangent
Solid Flux, G
GL Gravity Flux -ub vL
Xu
GL Xu
G'L
Solid Flux, G
GL
- u'
- ub
X' Xu Solid Concentration, X u
Determination of the Area of a ClarifierThickener (Yoshioka's Method)

Obtain total wastewater flow (Qo) and incoming solid concentration (Xo) Determine the desired concentration (Xu) underflow solid
Calculate the limiting solid flux GL from the solid flux vs. solid concentration curve Calculate the required thickener area A Separately compute the minimum area of the clarifying section. Take the largest of the two areas
Alternative Thickener Area Calculation - Talmadge and Finch's Method

Interface Height, H
Hindered Settling Bisecting Line Tangent Line Compression Settling
Hu tu Time, t
Obtain data on settling rate in test column. Determine interface height of settling solids, H, as a function of time, t Construct curve of H vs. t. Determine the point where hindered settling changes to compression settling. To do this:

determine intersection of tangents construct bisecting line through this point draw tangent to the H-vs.-t curve where the bisecting line intersects the curve
Draw a horizontal line for H = Hu, corresponding to the achievement of the desired underflow concentration, Xu, in the test column. The value of Hu can be determined from X o Ho Hu = Xu Determine tu by drawing a vertical line at the point where the horizontal line at Hu intersects the previously obtained tangent to the H-vs.-t curve
Finally obtain the surface area required for thickening from:
Qo t u A= Ho
Separately compute the minimum area of the clarifying section using as particle sedimentation velocity the settling velocity of the slurry at time = 0 from the column experiment. Take the largest of the two areas
The equations describing the settling of solids under hindered settling conditions do not include tank depth. Hence, tank depth can be fixed arbitrarily by the designer Specifying tank depth is equivalent to specifying the residence time in the thickener (for a given flow rate and thickener area) In practice the residence time is of the order of 1 -2 hours to reduce the impact of non-ideal behavior (due for example to the presence of turbulence)
Secondary sedimentation tanks (SST) are commonly used to separate (and partially recycle) the biomass in the activated sludge process SST are commonly designed assuming that the activated sludge settles under hindered settling conditions Type of SST commonly used are:

Rectangular Circular
Settling following: Air Activated Sludge Oxygen Activated Sludge Extended Aeration Trickling Filters Rotating Biological Contactors
Overflow Rate (gal/ft2 day) 400 - 800 400 - 800 200 - 400 400 - 600 400 - 800
Solid Loading (lb ft2 hr) 0.8 - 1.2 1.0 - 1.4 0.2 - 1.0 0.6 - 1.0 0.7 - 1.2
Depth (ft) 12 - 20 12 - 20 12 - 20 10 - 15 10 - 15
Tank Loading for Common Suspensions

Nature of solid Specific Gravity 2.65 1.002 1.2 1.001 1.005 Settling Velocity (cm/s) as low as 710-3 8.310-2 4.210-2 4.210-2 0.2 Overflow Rate (gal/ft2day) 150144,000 600-1800 600-2880 600-800 800-1200 Detention Time (h) 0.01-15 2-8 1-4 1-2 1-2
Sand, Silt, Clay Aluminum and iron flocs CaCO3 precipitates Primary waste organics Activated sludge organics
After Weber, Physicochemical Processes, 1972, p. 128. PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT
For the same total flow rate tube settlers reduce the distance the solids have to travel to settle The sedimented solids can slide down the tube and be collected at the bottom of the tank Two types of tube settlers are common:

horizontal tube settlers (5o angle) steeply inclined tube settlers (60o angle)
High efficiency are possible but clogging can be a problem
Additional information and examples can be found in the following references:
Corbitt, R. A., 1990, The Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 5.84-5.94; 6.80-6.90. Droste, R. L., 1997, Theory and Practice of Water and Wastewater Treatment, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 287354. Eckenfelder, W. W., Jr., 1989, Industrial Water Pollution Control, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 53-69; 317-322. Geankoplis, C. J., 1993, Transport Processes and Unit Operations, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 815-828.
Metcalf & Eddy, 1991, Wastewater Engineering: Treatment, Disposal, and Reuse, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 220-240; 472485; 580-591. Sundstrom, D. W. and Klei, H. E., 1979, Wastewater Treatment, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, pp. 187-208. Weber, W. J., Jr., 1972, Physicochemical Process for Water Quality Control, Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley & Sons, New York, pp. 111-138.
Wentz, C. W., 1995, Hazardous Waste Management, Second Edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, pp. 190-193.

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PIERO M.

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Sedimentation theory is used in the design of:

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

A clarifier is a device used to produce a

clarified effluent starting from a solid-liquid suspension.

concentrated solid suspension starting from a more diluted solid-liquid suspension.

clarifying section and a thickening section.

often used interchangeably.

Parameters Affecting Settling of Solids

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Settling phenomena are often classified into four distinct categories:

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Momentum Balance

Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Momentum Balance

Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Terminal Velocity

If the particle is a sphere then:

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Drag Coefficient

Single Particle Settling in a Quiescent Liquid - Drag Coefficient

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Ideal Rectangular Settling Tank

Sludge Zone L Outlet Zone

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Assumptions Made in Modeling Ideal Settling Tanks (Type 1 Settling)

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

V = volume of vessel Q = flow in and out of vessel

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Since it is: to = L/u then:

Q = volumetric flow rate of wastewater A = surface area of tank

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Cumulative Distribution Curve for Particle Settling Velocities (Type 1 Settling)

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

At any time and radial distance it is:

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Grit removal is typically accomplished in grit chambers.

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Constant velocity grit chambers Aerated grit chambers

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

Discrete Particle Settling

Heigh of LiquidSolid Interface

Flocculent Settling Hindered Settling Compression Settling

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

80% H2 H1 40% H0 t0 t1 t2 t t3 t4 50% 60% 70%

Curves indicate percent removal in samples

(Hn + Hn1) +L+

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT

PIERO M. ARMENANTE NJIT