CHAPTER I

TENSES
Introduction Tenses is the change in the form of the verb in a sentence related to time (current events). The meaning of tenses is a description or explanation of when an event, and actions. Events or actions occur in a sentence: current past or future. Or change the verb form in accordance with the time occurrence of an event and change the time information. Entirely in English there are 16 tenses :

CHAPTER II
Present Tense
a) Simple Present Tense Simple Present Tense is the tenses of the most widely used, and because most of the discussion will also be longer. can be said that the Simple Present is the tense (sentence patterns) used to tell the current time in a simple form. Present is the name other than Verb 1. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + V1 + SUBJECT + V + s,es + I HE YOU SHE WE IT THEY Function To express general truths
The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west. The earth revolves round the sun. To declare the ongoing habit We watch television in the evening. He studyies English twice a week.

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Description of Time Every morning/day/week/month/year Once,twice,three times,four times Occassionally,now and then on an off,nowadays,habitually,frequently Always,usually,sometimes,often,never,seldom

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b) Present Continuous Tense Present Continuous tense in English tenses are used for actions taking place now, the events at the time was talking and the action lasted only for short periods of time. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + TO BE + V-ing Is,am,are Function

To declare an event that is ongoing at the present time To declare the ongoing activities and not necessarily taking place when the proposed statement

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Note : Some verbs cannot be used in continuous forms such as: Verbs associated with sensory ( feel, hear, see smell, notice, observe) Verbs associated with feelings or emotions (adore, appreciate, care,desire, detest, fear, hate, like, love, mind, want, wish) Verbs related to mental activity (agree, believe, expect, forget, know, mean, perceive, realize, recall, recognize, remember, understand) Description of Time Description of Time Now, at the moment, this afternoon, this evening, right now, today. Verbs such as : Look!, Listen!, Watch!, Notice!, (imperative)

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c) Present Perfect Tense Present Perfect tense in English tenses are used for a simple action that is still ongoing or new sajar stop, but have an influence until the present. Placing an emphasis on results. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + have + V-3 + has Function To declare acts that occurred in the past To express the events that have been done and might do again in the future To declare the act that started in the past and has just ended at the time of speaking Description of Time Since,for.....,just,lately,recently,as yet,so far,up to the present. d) Present Perfect Continuous Tense Present Perfect Continuous revealed that action has been initiated in the past and present continues. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + have/has + been + V-ing Function To declare an act that began in the past is still ongoing and may still be continued To the verb "live" has the meaning of present perfect continuous with present tense Description of Time For......,since.......,the whole day, all the morning,for the last....for...now

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Past Tenses
a) Simple Past Tense Simple past tense is used to reveal the events that have occurred at certain times in the past. Means can also be several events taking place one after one. There are two important facts to remember in this english tenses Irregular verbs Negative sentences and questions are not as positive sentence but retain the basic form of the verb Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + V-2 + O + II. Function To express an activity that occurs at certain times in the past. To declare a custom which occurred in the past. Description of Time For......,since.....,the whole day,all the morning,for the last.....,for......now. b) Past Continuous Tense Past Continuous Tense reveal past actions in progress. Sometimes actions can also be interrupted by something. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + was/were + V-ing Function To describe an event that is happening in the past To describe an event that is taking place in the past in which other events occur.

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c) Past Perfect Tense We use the Past Perfect (simple) tense to indicate an action in the past related to other actions earlier in the past. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + had + V-3 Function To state the activities that occur over and over - both appear again before the events of the past To declare an event that occurred before the next event appeared in the past To declare an event that occurred during a certain period until the second event occurred in the past Description of Time When + clause (past tense) After + clause (past) d) Past Perfect Continuous Tense Past Perfect Continuous Tense is used to express an action that began in the past and continue until another action in the past. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT +had + been + v-ing Function
to declare an event that already took place, occurred before a certain time in the past. the incident is still ongoing or just stop before another event

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Future Tense
a) Simple Future Tense Simple Future is the most common, used in many situations such as when making appointments, predictions or plans. Future Tense is also called the Present Tense Future. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + Shall/will + V-1 + Function To express opinions, comments, speculation about the upcoming events To describe an event that will occur To state the purpose and the willingness To announce a formal event

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b) Future Continuous Tense Future Continuous tense is generally used to indicate that we will be in the midst of an event within a certain time in the future. Future Continuous also known as Future Present Continuous. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + shall/will + be + V-ing Function To declare an event of ongoing activity when other events occur in the future. To declare a two activities going on at the same time period to come. Description of Time When + clause (present), at the usual next week, at this time tomorrow, at three oclock tomorrow.

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c) Future Perfect Tense Future Perfect Tense to declare the incident to be completed in the future that has already begun in the past Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + shall/will + have + V-3 + Function To declare an event is happening before the next event occurs. To express the activity in a certain period of time before another activity occurs. Description of Time By then, by, by the end of, into two weeks/month/years, before + clause(present), when + clause(present) d) Future Perfect Continuous Future Perfect Continuous telling of events that will occur at a specific time in the future. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + Shall/will + have + been + V-ing + Function Description of Time By + Description of Time .......... for + Description of Time Next + Description of Time....... for + Description of Time When + Description of Time...... for + Description of Time

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Past Future Tense

a) Past Future Past Future This is used to express the events that will happen in the past (not present, the opposite of the simple future tense). Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + would + be + adjective/noun/adverb Function To declare an act to be done in the past. b) Past Future Continuous Past Future Continuous to tell an action that will be happening in the past (for that is happening in the present so-called Continuous Future Tense) Pattern Sentences S UBJECT + will + have + been + being + adjective/noun/adverb Function These tenses are used in Type 3 conditional sentences. This tense describes an unfinished result of the action in the IF clause. c) Past Future Perfect Tense Past Future Perfect Tenseused to express action that will be done in the past. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + would + have + been + adjective/noun/adverb Function prediction that a thing / activity has been completed before a certain deadline in the past. d) Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense English past tense is used to reveal the events that would have occurred in the past were. Pattern Sentences SUBJECT + would + have + been + being + adjective/noun/adverb Function Things / activities that should take place within a certain period in the past

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CHAPTER III
Example

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Present a) Simple Present Tense They go to Work by bus everyday. He earns his living by selling books. The earth revolves round the sun. The sun rises in the east and sets down in the west. b) Present Continuous Tense. Mother is still cooking in the kitchen now. They are still playing at the moment. Look ! someone is climbing the tree. c) Present Perfect Tense I have seen the wolves in the forest. Eduardo France has written a number of short stories. I havent met you for a mounth. d) Present Perfect Continuous Tense We have been studying English for six years. Mr. Jones has been listening to the radio for an hour. I have been living in jakarta for five years

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Past a) Simple Past Tense He presented his paper at the seminar yesterday. Mother bought a new carpet last Sunday. She opened the door two minute ago. b) Past Continuous Tense She was reading the magazine when he came . While they were talking the guests knocked on the door. While they were playing in the yard the accident happened.

c) Past Perfect Tense The thief had escaped when the police came. He had saved up for five years before he bought a car. His mother had given him medicine for three days before she took him to the hospital. d) Past Perfect Continuous Tense John had been working there for five years when the word war II ended. - John worked there. - He worked there for five years. - Then the word war II ended and John was still working there and ( we dont know whether John would still work there or not after the war). We had been talking for about half and hour before the telephone rang. - We began to sit and talk about half and hour before the telephone rang. - When the telephone rang we were still sitting. He had been working in that company for two years when the world war II broke out. III. Future a) Future Tense The eximination will start next week. Ill come back the day after tomorrow. The president will go to the united states tomorrow. b) Future Continuous Tense She will be watering the flowers at four tomorrow. This time next week you will be studying hard The family will be thinking about farm while they are sitting in the sea shore. c) Future Perfect Tense By the end of this week she will have finished reading the novel. The mechanics will have worked on the car before the race starts. He will have run for five hours by the time of finish. d) Future Perfect Continuous Tense We will have been studying English for six years next year i will have been studying for two month before I go to cairo.

 by the end of this month brasil will have been playing in the world cup final games six times. IV. Past Future Tense a) Past Future They would be taking an English exam at 10 a.m. yesterday. My daughter would be watching TV at eight oclock last night This time last year, she would be studying Economics at the University of Gunadarma. b) Past Future Continuous If the weather had been better (but it wasn't), I'd have been sitting in the garden when he arrived (but I wasn't and so I didn't see him). If she hadn't got a job in London (but she did), she would have been working in Paris (but she wasn't). If I had known it was dangerous I wouldn't have been climbing that cliff. c) Past Future Perfect Tense He would have been sick Jane would have finished he study before the end of September last year but she took one semester vacation They would have been here d) Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense He would have been being sick I would have been being a student They would have been being here

REFERENCES Introductory book publishers learn from Primagama Introductory book publishers learn from IEC Website : Belajar inggris.net

Name CLASS NPM LECTURER

: : : :

Miss. FIRDA ANNISA 1EA26 12211885 Mr. Dicky Dwi Prakosa

EXERCISE ENGLISH TENSES