MOTION

The Four-stroke Petrol Engine Vehicles without Engines 1. Many vehicles do not use engines to move about e.g. bicycles, bullock carts and wheelbarrows. 2. The bicycle uses human energy to paddle and move it.

Vehicles with Engines 1. Many types of vehicles have engines which move them. 2. The four-cylinder engine is commonly used in motor vehicles. 3. A fuel is burnt in the engine to move the pistons. The up and down motion of the pistons causes the shafts in the vehicle to rotate and the wheels to turn. This makes the vehicle to move.

The Two-stroke Petrol Engine Two-stroke Petrol Engine

1. It is used for small machines e.g. motor boats, motorcycles and lawn mowers. 2. It is an inlet tube for the petrol-air mixture to go in and an outlet tube for exhaust gases to up escape. 3. The inlet tube and the outlet tube are open or closed by the piston moving up and down.

Upward stroke

1. The piston moves up the cylinder. 2. The inlet tube opens and the petrol-air mixture enters the cylinder due to lower pressure in the cylinder. 3. Piston closes the outlet tube. 4. Petrol-air mixture above the piston is compressed by the rising piston. Downward stroke 1. When the piston reaches the top of the cylinder, a spark fired by the spark plug ignites the petrol-air mixture in the upper part of the cylinder. 2. The force of the expanding gases pushes the piston down, opening the outlet tube and allowing the exhaust gases to escape. 3. The piston closes the inlet tube as it is moving down and forces petrol-air mixture into the upper part of the cylinder through a transfer passage.

Relationship between Operation of the engine and motion of the Vehicle

Transfer of Motion in a Car 1. When the engine of a car is started, the pistons move up and down and rotate a crankshaft. 2. When the gear is engaged, the crankshaft is connected to the transmission system (clutch and gearbox) and a drive shaft. 3. The rotating crankshaft rotates the drive shaft, the differential gear, and the wheel axle, causing the wheels to turn.

The Gear System Low gear (force multiplier) 1. When a low gear is used, a small gear (driving wheel) is used to turn a large gear (driven wheel). 2. The large gear turns more slowly but exerts a greater force.

3. A low gear is used when the car is starting to move or going up a deep slope.

High gear (speed multiplier) 1. When a high gear is engaged, a large gear (driving wheel) is used to turn a small gear (driven wheel). 2. The small gear rotates faster (more speed) but has less force. 3. A high gear is used to increase speed.

Clutch, Foot Brake and Accelerator

1. The clutch is used when the driver wishes to change gear. Modern cars have an automatic system for changing gears. 2. The foot brake is used for slowing down or stopping the car. 3. The accelerator is used to increase fuel to the engine and so increases the speed of the car.

Speed, Velocity and Acceleration

Speed = kelajuan

Velocity = halaju

Acceleration = pecutan

Inertia
What is Inertia? 1. Inertia is the tendency of a body to maintain its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless it is acted upon by a force. 2. Any body with mass has inertia.

Stationary inertia Stationary inertia is the inertia possessed by a body at rest. (a)We need to use a force to push an object, because the objects stationary inertia resists motion. (b) When the cardboard is hit out of its position quickly, the coin falls into the glass. The coin tends to remain at rest in its original position because of its stationary inertia. (c) When block R is hit out of the stack quickly,P and Q move down vertically due to their stationary inertia.

Moving inertia
Moving inertia is possessed by a moving object. It resists any force trying to slow it down, make it go faster or change its direction of motion. (a)When a moving car stops suddenly, the passengers in the car are thrown forward because the moving inertia in the passengers continue to move them forward. (b) When an electric fan is switched off the blades continue to rotate for some time due to the moving inertia of the rotating blades. (c) Trains, cars, aeroplanes and ships which are moving cannot stop at once when the brakes are applied or the engines are switched off. They continue to move for some distance before stopping because of their moving inertia.

Relations between Mass and Inertia

1. The tin with the bigger mass (tin filled with sand) requires a larger force to make it swing or to stop it from swinging. 2. This shows a body with a large mass has more inertia than a body with a small mass.

Safety Measures Used in Vehicles to Reduce the Negative Effects of Inertia 1. Seat belts prevent the driver and passengers from being thrown forward in a collision. 2. Air bags prevent injury to the driver.

3. The collapsible steering column prevent injury to the driver.

4. Headrests prevent the heads of passengers from being jerked backwards. 5. Bumpers in the front and the back absorb the collision force. 6. The strong body frame of the car protects the passengers.

Applications of Momentum
1. A falling pile driver has a large momentum because of its huge mass and high velocity so that it can hit a concrete pillar into the ground. 2. A bullet fired from a gun has high penetrating power because of the high velocity of the bullet. 3. A steam roller has a large momentum for rolling a surface because of its huge mass.

4. Gases escaping backward from a rockets (action) creates a forward momentum (reaction) which pushes the rocket forward. 5. A motor vehicle has safety features to protect the driver and the passengers from the effect of the cars high momentum in case of an accident

Principle of Conservations of Momentum Conservation of Momentum 1. When two or more bodies collide with one another, the total momentum before the collision is equal to the total momentum after the collision. Total momentum before collision = Total momentum after collision 2. In an elastic collision the bodies separate after collision.

3. In an inelastic collision, the bodies stick together after collision.

Worked example Trolley A collides with trolley B. After the collision the two trolleys become attached and move together. Calculate the velocity of the joined trolleys.

Experiment on Conservation of Momentum

1. When match sphere P is pulled aside and released, it swings back, hits sphere Q and stops. 2. The momentum of P is transferred to Q. But Q cannot move because it is sandwiched in the middle. 3. So the momentum of Q is transferred to sphere R.

4. Sphere R swings outwards at the same velocity as sphere P.

5. This process is repeated with P and R swinging alternately, until the energy of the swinging spheres is lost due to resistance and friction with the air.
6. A Newtons cradle usually has four or five metal spheres.

Applications of Pressure 1. Some tools are designed to exert a large pressure by having the force act on a small area (Table A). 2. Some gadgets and machines are designed to reduce the pressure on a surface by having the force act on a large area (Table B).

Principle of the Hydraulic System

Transmission of Pressure in a Liquid 1. Pascals Principle The pressure exerted on a liquid in an enclosed container is transmitted equally through the liquid in all directions. 2. This principle is used in the hydraulic system.

The Hydraulic Brake 1. When the drivers foot pressses on the brake pedal, the pressure exerted on the brake fluid is transmitted unchanged to the four wheel cylinders. 2. This pressure acting on a large of the piston in the cylinder produces a large force on the piston. 3. This force pushes the brake pads outwards to press on the rotating drum or rotating disc and slow down or stop the motor vehicle.

The Hydraulic Jack 1. A hydraulic jack uses a small force to lift a compressor very large force such as a motor car. 2. When the compressor is switched on, the air pressure on the small cylinder, causing the large piston to rise. 3. The pressure on the oil in the small piston is transmitted unchanged to the large cylinder 4. This pressure acting on a large surface of the large piston produces a big force which pushes the car up.

Motion of Vehicles in Water

Principle of Operation of Vehicles in Water Vehicles without engines 1. Sampans and canoes are moved through water by using human energy. 2. Sailing ships are moved by using the kinetic energy of wind.

Ship 1. A ship is driven by an engine which turns the propellers. 2. The turning propellers push the water behind (action) and causes a forward momentum (reaction) which drives the ship forward.

3. The rudder of the ship controls the direction of motion of the ship.

Hovercraft 1. A hovercraft moves on a cushion of air on the surface of the sea. 2. The engine turns the fans which produce the cushion of air to lift the hovercraft from the sea. 3. The large fans on top of the hovercraft produce a strong backward wind (action) which causes an equally strong forward momentum in (reaction) that pushes the boat forward.

Hydrofoil 1. The lower surface of a hydrofoil has wing-shaped structures called hydrofoils.
2. At a certain speed, the hydrofoils get lifted above the water surface (aerofoil principle) and the boat moves faster because of reduced friction with the water.

Archimedes Principle
1. When a body is immersed in a fluid (gas or liquid), it experiences a loss in weight (up-thrust) equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. 2. When the ballast tanks of a submarine are filled with sea water, the submarine becomes dense and submerges in the sea.

3. When the ballast tanks are emptied, the submarine becomes less dense and rises to the surface of the sea. This is because the weight of the submarine is now equal to the upthrust

Motion of Vehicles in Air The Jet Engine 1. Air is sucked from the front of the engine into the compressor and compressed so that it contains more oxygen for its volume.

2. The hot compressed air is directed into the combustion chamber where a fuel such as kerosene is sprayed into it.

3. The mixture of hot air and fuel burns and releases hot exhaust gases, which escape from the back of the engine and produce a great backward momentum (action).
4. This action causes as equally large forward momentum (reaction) which pushes the jet plane forward.

The Rocket Engine 1.Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are carried in the rocket engine. 2. The hydrogen fuel burns fiercely in the oxygen in the combustion chamber producing exhaust gases. 3.The exhaust gases escape from the back of the engine with great backward momentum (action).

4. This action causes an equally powerful forward momentum (reaction) which pushes the rocket upwards.
5. Unlike a jet plane, a rocket can move outside the Earths atmosphere because it carries its own hydrogen and oxygen.

Bernoullis Principle and Its Application in Aircrafts Bernoullis Principle