Indian context

E&S Risks
Financial liability for compensation & clean up costs associated with hazardous industries Reduction of standards e.g. automobile emission norms Power of unaffected individuals to lodge a complaint Over 10,000 NGOs (20 times increase in last 15 years) Compliance levels - Approx.45% for all enterprises Official consents - rubber stamp approvals Import of toxic substances/ industries Product standards (Toxicity, LCAs, social criteria) textiles, leather, foods, spices Climate change - Emerging opportunity; Long term challenge for business (India, China)

Risk linkages
Business Risks
Project delays/ cost overruns Business interruptions Legal fines/ penalties/ liabilities Delays in approvals Resource shortages/costs (water, power) Poor worker productivity P k d i i Barriers to export mkts Pollution Habitat destruction Hazardous wastes/ mtls Resource scarcity/ degradation Social issues (eg. child labour, wkg conditions, displacement)

Legal pressures Public pressures International standards Resource shortages

Financial Risk

What Cause Environmental Risk?

ISSUES Air Emissions Wastewater Discharge Hazardous Waste Resource Consumption Improper operational Practices IMPACTS Health Impacts on Humans Land Contamination Degradation of Environmental Resources Resources. Accidents / emergencies Occupational Hazards

Key Environmental Issues

Air Pollution Water Pollution Hazardous Waste / Materials Use of Ozone Depleting Substances Use of constant Organic Pollutants Use of Poly-chlorinated Biphenyl

RISK DRIVERS Enforcement of legal Requirement Community Pressure Judicial Intervention Expectations of Foreign partners

Environmental Risk

Air Pollution
Sector 1. Mini Cement Plant 2.Pesticides 3.Dye & Dye Intermediates 4. Foundry Polluting Streams Key Pollutants Raw Material Handling elements in dust. Crushing Cement Mill Boilers, Process emissions Boilers, Process emissions Drying & grinding Scrap & charge preparation Fluxing & metal melting Quenching NOx, HCL, etc NOx, Sox,H2S, HCl. Sector 1. Textile

Water Pollution
Polluting Streams Bleaching Mercerising Dyeing & Printing Washing Key Pollutants Heavy metals, phenolic compounds, spent caustic, COD. chlorides, phenolic compounds, heavy metals, organic chemicals, trace metals,

HC, CO, NOx, metal oxides fumes.

2.Dye & Left over mother liquor Dye Washing & Intermediat Finishing es Filtration Batch Reactions

Water Pollution
Sector 3.Small Distilleries Polluting Streams Malting Steeping/germination Drying Kilning Brewing Extraction Fermentation Soaking Chrome Splitting Shaving Finishing Key Pollutants Suspended solids, Ammonical nitrogen. Sector 1. Textile

Hazardous Waste
Polluting Streams ETP sludge. Boiler ash Textile Chemical Residue Pesticide id P ti id residue ETP sludge Expired Pesticides Dust from APCEs Key Pollutants Heavy metals, phenolic compounds Heaxchlorocyclohe H hl l h xane, Hexachlorobenzene cyanides, phenols, heavy metals & traces of pesticides

2.Pesticides 2 P ti id

4.Tannries

suspended solids, Chromium, Boron, sulphides

Hazardous Waste
Sector 3.Dye & Dye Intermediates Polluting Streams Process sludge ETP Sludge Key Pollutants Sodium sulphate, Naphthalene, Heavy metals, organic compounds, dust from air filtration sys e , a a o system, incinerator ash Methanol, ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, phenol, waste starches.

Ozone Depleting Substances

Sector Process Pollutants 1. Engineering Manufacturing of CFCs units refrigerators and ACs Use of Solvents for degreasing like CTC 2. 2 Cosmetics Mixed with perfumes Production of 3.Plastic & allied Products Polyurethane Production of Poly styrene

4. Pharmaceutic al Industry

Process residues Spent catalyst Expired drugs Off specification products

Occupational Health and Safety Hazards

Sector 1. Dye & Dye Intermediates Process Charging Process reactions Steam generation Scrap & charge preparation Metal Melting Milling Metal Cutting Fabrication Milling Occupational Hazards Fugitive Emissions Exposure to Hazardous Chemicals Exposure to High Temp. High Nose levels levels. Exposure to High Temp Injuries due to moving machine parts High Nose levels. Injuries due to moving machine parts

Occupational Health and Safety Hazards

Sector Process Accidents 1. Pesticide Storage of Poisonous Leakage of poisonous Industry Chemicals / gas. gases / Chemicals Explosion Storage of Fuel 2. Foundry Metal Melting Explosion of Furness due to high concentration of CO.

2. 2 Foundry

3.Engineering units

3.Organic chemical industry

Storage of Poisonous Leakage of poisonous Chemicals / gas (Cl2). gases / Chemicals Explosion Storage of Fuel

Key Social Issues

Child Labour Forced Labour Wages Discrimination Freedom of expression and Right to collective bargaining Disciplinary Action Resettlement and Rehabilitation

Environmental laws

Environmental Regulations in India

Year
1974 1975 1977 1978

Environmental Regulations in India

Year
1981 1986 1986

Environmental Regulations
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Amendments,1988 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act Amendments. 2003 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Rules

Environmental Regulations
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, Amendments, 1987 The Environment (Protection) Act, Act Amendments,1991 The Environment (Protection) Rules Amendments, 2003

Environmental Regulations in India

Year
1989

Environmental Regulations in India

Year
1994 1994

Environmental Regulations
The Hazardous Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, Amendments, 2003 Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical Rules, Amendments, 2000 The Public Liability Insurance Act/ Rules, 1992 The Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules,

Environmental Regulations
Environmental (Protection) Rules Environmental Clearance Amendments in the Environment (Protection) Rules, "Public Hearing made mandatory

1989

1991 1996

Environmental Regulations in India

Year 1997 1999 2000 2000 Environmental Regulations The National Environment Appellate Authority Act Draft notification on Siting Guidelines for Industrial Projects Noise Pollution (Regulations and Control) Rules Ozone Depleting Substance Rules