Throuhg Yubinf

8/26/2009 1
ARIFF OTHMAN
THROUGH TUBING PRODUCTION LOGGING

CHAPTER 3
Well Diagnosis & Treatments (SKM4513) Chapter 3: Through Tubing Production Logging 1 ARIFF OTHMAN Well Diagnosis & Treatments (SKM4513) Chapter 3: Through Tubing Production Logging 2
Its began 1930s. A record of one or more in-situ measurements that describe the nature and behavior of fluids in or around the borehole during production or injection. Measurement can be made under dynamic as well as static conditions. The usefulness of production logging: 1. Integrity of well hardware 2. Integrity of the cement sheath 3. Well performance 4. Formation evaluation
INTRODUCTION
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ARIFF OTHMAN Well Diagnosis & Treatments (SKM4513) Chapter 3: Through Tubing Production Logging 3
1) Integrity of Well Hardware

Well hardware: casing, tubing, packers, plugs, nipples, sleeves, or any other device placed in the wellbore during production & injection cycle. o Are there casing, tubing or packer leaks? o Is there internal or external corrosion damage? Provide great help in determining the condition of wellbore device.
Fig. 3.1: Integrity of well hardware.
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2) Integrity of the Cement Sheath

Cement sheath must provide good seal between casing and the fm. o Is there flow behind casing through inadequate primary cementing? o Is flow inside casing moving into thief zones? Fig 3.2 shows how poor cement job allows water channeling down to the production zone.
Fig. 3.2: Integrity of cement sheath.
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3) Well Performance
Very broad & is one where production logging can be the most helpful. o Are some zones not contributing? o Are some zones contribute only gas, or only water? o Are contributing zones producing up to the potential shown by other data sources? o What does the injection profile look like? o Where the injected fluids going? o How much injected fluids into each zone? Fig 3.3 shows how uneven advancement of a flood front can effect the well performance in a water flooding.
Fig. 3.3: Well performance.
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4) Formation Evaluation
Fm evaluation through casing. o Where is the WOC, or/and GOC? o What are the initial fluid saturations in each zone? o What fluid saturation changes have occurred? Is it due to production, or extraneous fluid movement? o Is the reservoir being depleted in the desired manner?
o Which zones need to be stimulate? o Where did stimulation fluids go? o Did stimulation achieve the desired result? Fig 3.4 shows the location of gas cap.
Fig. 3.4: Formation evaluation.
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A well can be either in 1. Dynamic State, or 2. Static State when production logs are run.
PRODUCTION LOGGING TOOLS

1) Dynamic State
3 main parameters to determine a. Flow b. Fluid identity c. Temperature 8/26/2009 7
a) Flow
Measure with either Spinner Type flowmeter or Radioactive Tracer Tool.
a Continuous Flowmeter b Packer Flowmeter
i Flowmeters ii Radioactive Tracer Tool
Fig. 3.5: Flowrate measuring instruments.

o o o o
Continuous Flowmeter (CF) is used to: determine production or injection profile locate tubing or casing leaks analyze fracturing or acidizing operations determine PI Packer Flowmeter: similar to CF, low volume of q.
Radioactive Tracer Tools is uses to o determine injection profile
o locate channeling behind casing o locate location of tubing & casing leaks. 8/26/2009 8
b) Fluid Identity
To identify the wellbore fluid identity multiphase flow The type of device used are: i. Grandiomanometer ii. Densimeter iii. Watercutmeter.
under
i) Grandiomanometer
Measure changes of p gradient & then scaled directly to fluid density.
Fig. 3.6: Gradiomanometer.
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ii) Densimeter
Is part of an Inflatable Combination Tool (Fig 3.7) along with Flowmeter & Watercutmeter. Fluids are diverted through a measuring section Densimeter will measure average density via vibrating cylinder (calibrated).
Fig. 3.7: Inflatible Combination Tool.
iii)Watercutmeter
Also a part of an Inflatable Combination Tool (Fig 3.7). Measure the apparent percentage of water in the flow stream passing through the tool Its sensor measure the frequency dielectric property of fluids. 8/26/2009
10
c) Temperature
It is measure using High Resolution Thermometer. The sensing element is a metallic filament change with T. resistance
Fig. 3.8: High Resolution Thermometer.

Is an assembly of several device to make up a tool string. Assembled together in a cylindrical container, ranging 1.5 5, 10 100 in length. The choice of tools be assembled (to measure flow rate, fluid identity & temperature) are depend on the flowrate of the well. Example 1: o Packer Flowmeter, Densimeter & can be assembled into one tool, Inflatible Combination Tool (Fig 3.7). o Most effective in low q, cant be used in q over 700 bpd.
Wireline Logging Tools

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Example 2: o Continuous Flowmeter, Gradiomanometer & Temperature Tool can be assembled into a Production Combination Tool (Fig 3.8). o Used in relatively high q, above 400 bpd. Radioactive Tracer Tool is effective in most q wells. principally used in injection
Fig. 3.8: Production Combination Tool.

2) Static State
Measure static bottomhole parameters. Used after the initial completion Provide very valuable assistances to Production Logging tools. Static state logging tools: a. Thru-Tubing Caliper b. Electromagnetic Thickness Gauge c. Production Fluid Sampler d. Cement Bond Log e. Gamma Ray f. Neutron g. Pulsed Neutron 8/26/2009 12
a) Thru-Tubing Caliper
Run in tubing or in the casing below the tubing to record a hole size profile. Also run in open hole completions to determine hole size. Has three arm averaging caliper utilizing a variable resistor to record the position of the arms. Give hole size o for interpretation of flowmeters, o to select packer seating points, & o to locate casing deterioration.
Fig. 3.9: Thru-Tubing Caliper.
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b) Electromagnetic Thickness Gauge

Used to inspect casing for corrosion or other damage. Basically the sonde measure electromagnetic signal
passing through the casing generated by its & then compare to known average casing thickness. Available for casing & tubing (current info.).
Fig. 3.10: Electromagnetic Thickness Gauge
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c) Production Fluid Sampler

Used to recover a representative volume of wellbore fluids PVT chamber, all under pressure. The sample is taken very slowly keeping the sampled fluids from being subjected to any p during the sampling process. The sample is sealed after being taken and brought to the surface under bottomhole conditions.
Fig. 3.11: Production Fluid Sampler
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d) Cement Bond Log

Used to: o determine the integrity of the cement sheath, o check the effectiveness of squeeze cementing, o locate the cement top, & o check for damage to the cement sheath by high pressure testing or injection. A continuous measurement of the amplitude of sound pulses after they have traveled a length of casing. The amplitude of a pulse if the pipe is unsupported and if the casing vibration is dampened by the cement sheath in well-cemented pipe. Comes both in thru-tubing and casing sizes
Fig. 3.12: Cement Bond Tool.
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ARIFF OTHMAN
Well Diagnosis & Treatments (SKM4513) Chapter 3: Through Tubing Production Logging 31
e) Gamma Ray
Used to: o provide accurate depth control in conjunction with a CCL, o locate radioactive tracers, o log lithology changes thru casing, & o measure shale content in sands. Measures the natural radioactivity of fm. The rays are detected by a GeigerMeuller counter or a more efficient Scintillation counter.
Fig. 3.13: Gamma Ray Tool.
f) Neutron
Used to: o log lithology thru pipe, o provide accurate depth control in conjunction with a CCL, o obtain an index of porosity, o to locate gas-liquid contacts, & o monitor gas storage wells. Also known as Gamma Ray - Neutron Log Recording of powerful g-rays of capture" which are induced by the bombardment of neutrons from a source in the tool.
Fig. 3.14: Gamma Ray-Neutron Tool.
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The major variations in the neutron curve are caused by changes in the hydrogen concentration within the fm. The "captured g-rays" are detected by Geiger-Meuller
detectors shielded so as to block out the low energy natural gamma rays.
g) Pulsed Neutron
o o o o Used to: locate hydrocarbons behind pipe, correlate to open hole logs, monitor reservoirs, & evaluate fluid saturation thru pipe.
A measurement of the spectrum of g-rays emitted by a fm bombarded by high-energy neutrons. The rate of the neutron capture depends on the neutron capture cross sections of the elements making up the fm and the porosity. Chlorine has a very high capture cross section and is the dominate element in the capture process.
Fig. 3.15: Thermal Neutron Decay Time Tool
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Due to the scope of this subject, most interpretation will be done on Production Logging devices used in logging wells in the Dynamic State. 1. Continuous Flowmeter 2. Packer Flowmeter 3. Gradionamometer 4. Densimeter 5. Watercutmeter 6. Radioactive Tracer 7. Temperature
INTERPRETATION of PRODUCTION LOGS

1) Continuous Flowmeter
Does a very good job of measuring q: flow, q. single phase
Generally fluid v should be approximately 20 ft/min for
good results, e.g. the min. q in 4 casing is about 400 bpd & in 7 casing is about 1000 bpd. If the dhole size & mfluid do not change, the log can be scaled as a % of total flow (Fig 3.16). 8/26/2009 19
Fig. 3.16: Continuous Flowmeter interpretation.

The procedure is as follows: a. With the well shut in or below all the perforations, the spinner turns due to the tool velocity only. This spinner velocity (rps) is the zero flow line. b. The maximum spinner velocity above all the perforations is the total flow line. Divide the distance from zero flow line to 100% flow line into 10 equal segments. c. Now find the contribution from each zone of interest by finding the per cent contribution of each zone (difference in percent flow above and below the zone) and multiply this by the total flow. 8/26/2009 20
vspinner is affected mainly by vfluid, dhole, & mfluid. o vfluid o dhole want to determine; Thru-Tubing caliper;
o mfluid vary and affects the spinner velocity in most producing wells especially in two or three phase flow down hole calibration is necessary for accurate q determination. The downhole calibration curve may be determined by recording two or more curves at different cable speeds (Figure 21). (Detail procedures, refer pg 142 144, Production Operation Course II Well Diagnosis). Continuous Flowmeter most effective applications: o Production and Injection Profiles
o location of leaks (tubing, casing & packer)

Fig. 3.17: Continuous Flowmeter Downhole calibrations.
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2) Packer Flowmeter
Used to measure q measure abs. q @, & affect of mfluid to spinner minute. q < about 700 bpd. All the flowing fluid passes thru the metering section, o o
Fig 3.18 chart plotting spinner vs. q for a particular packer flowmeter tool (determined empirically in a laboratory) straight forward to use. q< Its usages is similar to Continuous Flowmeter 700 bpd. Due to the small flow area thru the tool p (upper limit 700 bpd).
As the q ,
Fig. 3.18: Packer Flowmeter Low Flow Spinner Response.
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3) Gradionamometer
Fluid identity identification tools Used primarily in q & is compatible to the CF for profile analysis in two phase flow. Cautious: can be easily misinterpreted. Familiarize with example, Fig 3.19, theoretical log.
Fig. 3.19: Example of Gradiomanometer interpretation.
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In conjunction with a flowmeter, percentage of each component in a two-phase mixture can be to determined quantitatively.
The device measures the downhole fraction or holdup of the heavy phase in a two-phase mixture.
M
M L H H L
YH
(1
YH)
YH - holdup of heavy phase
rM - density of mixture measure by Gradiomanometer rH - density of heavy phase rL - density of light phase
or .................. (3.1)
QT & YH can be related interpretation. and QH QL YHQT QT QH YH(1 YH)AvS
allow quantitative
QH - heavy phase flowrate QT - total flow from flowmeter YH - heavy phase holdup from Gradiomanometer A - area of casing vS - slippage velocity. The velocity at which the light phase bubbles thru the heavy phase due to density difference QL - Light phase flowrate
.................. (3.2) .................. (3.3) 8/26/2009 24

Method of solving multiphase flow:
o QT
from flowmeter reading.
o YH from Eqn. (1) or by taking the r of the mixture from the Gradiomanometer & using Fig 3.20. o vS from Fig 3.21 and the area of the casing can be computed. o QH o QL use Eqn. (3.2). use Eqn. (3.3).
Fig. 3.20: Holdup determination from Gradiomanometer data.
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Fig. 3.21: Slippage velocity determination.

4) Densimeter
Also measures the average r of the flowing fluids (mixture). Flowing fluids pass thru a small diameter metering section at high velocity minimized the effects of slippage between the phases when measured. Response in cycles per second. Calibrated in two fluids of known r (e.g. air & water, plotted on Fig 3.22). 8/26/2009 26
Fig. 3.22: Densimeter grid paper.

X (apparent watercut in the tool), e.g. for oil-water mixtures, can be computed from the r index by,
m
m o w o
(1 X)
X - watercut index
rm - density index rw - density of water ro - density of oil or .................. (3.4)

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For q > 100 bpd, X = downhole watercut. For q < 100 bpd, used an empirical chart for that particular tool to obtain X (e.g. Fig 3.23). Then, QW XQT For gas-oil mixtures and gas-water mixtures the r index is determined in the same manner as the oil-water mixture. .................. (3.5)
Fig. 3.23: Watercut index for flowrate less than 100 bpd.
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For q > 100 bpd (common when gas is in the flow stream), the oil cut and X are computed from:
m g w g
Y - oil cut
rm - density index ro - density of oil rg - density of gas
.................. (3.6) For gas-oil mixture Then, for QO QO YQT .................. (3.7)
X - water cut
rm - density index rw - density of water rg - density of gas
.................. (3.8) For gas-water mixture Then, for QW Qw

m g w g
YQT .................. (3.9)
8/26/2009 29
5) Watercutmeter
Measures the X in a two-phase of oil-water mixture. Only give qualitative respond in gas-water mixtures. X index can be determined from the X meter grid paper (Fig 3.24). Has to be calibrated in oil and water at the surface.
The X index is corrected to downhole X by using an appropriate chart (Fig 3.25). To correct to downhole X, the QT from the flowmeter must be used. The amount of water in the flow stream at any point is the X times the QT.
Fig. 3.24: Watercutmeter grid paper.
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Fig. 3.25: Corrected to downhole watercut for 1 11/16 Watercutmeter.

6) Radioactive Tracer
Used primarily in water injection wells It is a very versatile tool; o o o obtaining injection profiles, check for channeling behind pipe, & locate tubing, casing, and packer leaks. Fig 3.26 is an example of RT application. q can be computed from:
2 2
(dh dt )h Q 8.904 4t
Q - flowrate (bbls/d) dh - diameter of casing in inches dt - diameter of tool in inches h - distance between detectors in inches t - time from velocity shot in seconds 8.904 - conversion from in3/sec to bbls/d
.................. (3.10) 8/26/2009 31

Fig. 3.26: Example of Radioactive Tracer application.

Range of vfluid to use RT
o If, 2 ft/min < vfluid < 100 ft/min o If, vfluid > 100 ft/min
direct
Continuous Flowmeter
o If, vfluid < 2 ft/min Controlled Interval Log, Fig 3.27 (dispersion of radioactive slug prevents an accurate determination of fluid velocity). 8/26/2009 32
Fig. 3.27: Controlled Interval Log

7) Temperature
has the broadest application of any of the PLT. Along with Tracer the only tools (in the dynamic category) that can investigate what is happening outside the pipe. Fig 3.28 basic anomalies appearing on TL. In liquid flow upward, the following points are typical: o The temperature curve is vertical at the point of entry. o The curve stays above the static gradient in upward flow. o The curve goes horizontal back to the gradient if the flowing fluid exits the borehole. 8/26/2009 33
Fig. 3.28: Temperature Log Anomalies

In liquid down flow the following exists: o The temperature curve is vertical at the point of entry. o The curve stays below the static gradient in down flow. o The curve goes horizontal back to the gradient if the flowing fluid exits the borehole. In gas flow, the curves are like the liquid curves except there may be cooling anomalies at the entry and exit points.
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Major uses Fig 3.29
water injection wells. application of TL in injection well.
The size of the shut-in anomalies depend on the following: o rate of fluid injection o length of injection period o temperature difference between injected fluid and formation o temperature variation during injection o thermal conductivity of the beds o thermal capacity of the beds o geometry of the system.
Fig. 3.29: Application of Temperature Log in injection well.
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Fig. 3T.1: Continuous Flowmeter interpretation .
Tutorial: Question 1
An oil well, shown in Fig 3T.1, has a total production rate of 2200 bpd. Determine the contribution of each perforation zones?
Tutorial: Question 2
An oil well, shown in Fig 3T.2, began producing excessive salt on initial completion (270 lbs/1,000 bbl at flowrate of 2,000 bopd, up to 4,000 lbs/1,000 bbl at 5,000 bopd). Water entry from the lower intervals P-1 and P-2 was suspected. The PLT runs of Figure X, made with the well shut-in at the surface, indicate downhole crossflow. Interpret the log responses if the tubing ID is 4 . 8/26/2009 36
Fig. 3T.2: Shut-in survey locating excessive water production and downhole cross flow.

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8/26/2009 1

THROUGH TUBING PRODUCTION LOGGING

1) Integrity of Well Hardware

Fig. 3.1: Integrity of well hardware.

2) Integrity of the Cement Sheath

Fig. 3.2: Integrity of cement sheath.

Fig. 3.3: Well performance.

Fig. 3.4: Formation evaluation.

PRODUCTION LOGGING TOOLS

i Flowmeters ii Radioactive Tracer Tool

Fig. 3.5: Flowrate measuring instruments.

Radioactive Tracer Tools is uses to o determine injection profile

Fig. 3.8: High Resolution Thermometer.

Wireline Logging Tools

Fig. 3.8: Production Combination Tool.

Fig. 3.9: Thru-Tubing Caliper.

b) Electromagnetic Thickness Gauge

Fig. 3.10: Electromagnetic Thickness Gauge

c) Production Fluid Sampler

Fig. 3.11: Production Fluid Sampler

d) Cement Bond Log

Fig. 3.12: Cement Bond Tool.

INTERPRETATION of PRODUCTION LOGS

Generally fluid v should be approximately 20 ft/min for

Fig. 3.16: Continuous Flowmeter interpretation.

o location of leaks (tubing, casing & packer)

Fig. 3.17: Continuous Flowmeter Downhole calibrations.

Fig. 3.18: Packer Flowmeter Low Flow Spinner Response.

Fig. 3.19: Example of Gradiomanometer interpretation.

YH - holdup of heavy phase

QT & YH can be related interpretation. and QH QL YHQT QT QH YH(1 YH)AvS

.................. (3.2) .................. (3.3) 8/26/2009 24

Method of solving multiphase flow:

from flowmeter reading.

Fig. 3.20: Holdup determination from Gradiomanometer data.

Fig. 3.21: Slippage velocity determination.

Fig. 3.22: Densimeter grid paper.

rm - density index rw - density of water ro - density of oil or .................. (3.4)

rm - density index ro - density of oil rg - density of gas

rm - density index rw - density of water rg - density of gas

.................. (3.8) For gas-water mixture Then, for QW Qw

YQT .................. (3.9)

Fig. 3.24: Watercutmeter grid paper.

Fig. 3.25: Corrected to downhole watercut for 1 11/16 Watercutmeter.

.................. (3.10) 8/26/2009 31

Fig. 3.26: Example of Radioactive Tracer application.

Range of vfluid to use RT

Fig. 3.27: Controlled Interval Log

Fig. 3.28: Temperature Log Anomalies

Major uses Fig 3.29

water injection wells. application of TL in injection well.

Fig. 3.29: Application of Temperature Log in injection well.

Fig. 3T.1: Continuous Flowmeter interpretation .

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