For answering question #2 (how are they doing it?

) use the following types of Strategic Alliances and Joint Ventures

Note: Look for these types in the annual reports for each company. A company might be having more than one type of SA & JV activity. Report each type.

Joint Venture: Two or more firms create a legally independent company by sharing some of their resources and capabilities. Partners share the ownership of the JV. The sharing may be equal or unequal. Equity Strategic Alliance: When a company invests in the equity of another company with whom it has an alliance. Alternatively, both companies may invest in each others equity. These are strategic investments and not merely financial. A mere financial investment does not tantamount to becoming an alliance. Non-equity Strategic Alliance: Two or more firms develop a medium to long-term contractual relationship to share some of their unique resources and capabilities. Cross-Border alliances: Across borders/ international alliance. Cross-border JVs: Across borders/ international JVs. Vertical Strategic Alliances: Vertical alliances refer to the combination of two entities at different stages of value chain or different stages of the industrial or production process. For example, the alliance of a company engaged in the construction business with a company engaged in production of brick or steel would lead to vertical integration. Horizontal Strategic Alliances: this kind of alliances takes place between entities engaged in same stageof the value chain or the same businesses or competing businesses which are at the same stage of the industrial process. Vertical JVs: Vertical alliances refer to the combination of two entities at different stages of value chain or different stages of the industrial or production process. For example, the alliance of a company engaged in the construction business with a company engaged in production of brick or steel would lead to vertical integration. Horizontal JVs: this kind of alliances takes place between entities engaged in same stageof the value chain or the same businesses or competing businesses which are at the same stage of the industrial process. Franchising:

Licensing: Outsourcing:

For your understanding only: Strategic alliance is a bigger term. Joint Ventures are a subset of Strategic Alliances. Strategic Alliances Can be of two types- Equity or Non-equity Equity Contractual / Non Equity Strategic Alliance Can be of two types- Separate legal entity(JV) Mainly three types or not (Alliance) Joint Ventures Equity Alliance Licensing Franchising Outsourcing