PRE-COLONIAL LIFE AND CULTURE

HOUSES Nipa Huts made of nipa, bamboo and wood, usually grouped in villages along the river banks Tree Houses built on top of trees for protection against enemies, common to the Kalingas and Bagobos Boat Houses still use by the Badjaos of Sulu Sea because the sea is their source of living CLOTHES AND ORNAMENTS Male Attire Kangan a long sleeves jacket without collar. Its color indicated social rank. Red upper class Blue or Black lower class Bahag a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist and between the legs. Putong head gear or hut Female Attire Baro o Camisa wide sleeved jacket Tapis a piece of cloth wrapped around the waist Patadyong or saya a short loose skirt Men and women were barefooted Men and women wore gold ornaments TATTOOS Men tattooed their bodies: To enhance their physical appearance To show their war record The Visayan were the most tattooed people Las Islas de Pintados Pintados SOCIAL CLASSES Maharlika nobles -Consist of datus, their families and relatives Men of nobility were called Gat or Lakan Dayang or Lakambini Timawas Freemen -Composed of born free and emancipated slaves Alipin slaves -Lowest class -Among the Tagalogs: Namamahay more of a serf than a slave Saguiguilid real slave -Among the Visayans: Tumataban served only when ask to Tumarampuk rendered only one day of service Ayuey rendered three days of service CAUSES OF SLAVERY Birth a baby born to slave parents Ganap na Alipin both of your parents were slaves

Kalahating Alipin one parent was slave, the other free Mala-Alipin from a parent who was half-slave, and the other is free Captivity in wars Purchase Failure to pay debts Punishment for Crimes WOMEN IN SOCIETY Women were regarded highly in Pre-hispanic times They were recognized as equal to Spain Could succeed as rulers of barangay Could engaged in trade and commerce Had executive right of naming their children Served as officiated priestess in prehispanic religious rituals: Katalona Tagalog Babaylan Visaya Baliana Bicol GOVERNMENT -No official government -Barangay was the unit of government consisted of 30 to 100 families Datu/Raha/Hari/Sultan chieftain as a chieftain had vast powers: Chief Executive implementation of laws Legislator enactment of laws upon the counsel and advice from village elders Chief Judge Supreme Commander in times of war How a Datu obtained his position? Inheritance a son of a datu became a datu after his fathers death Strength strongest warrior became a datu in case no heir to the position Wisdom wisest man could also become a datu Wealth richest man could also be choses as datu RELIGION Paganism -Polytheistic Bathala the supreme god, creator of heaven and earth Sidapa god of death Agni god of fire Idianale god of agriculture Offered sacrifices to ancestral spirits: Anitos Tagalogs Diwatas Visayans Believed in immortality of soul and life after death. Islam MARRIAGE CUSTOMS Three prerequisites to marriage:

Giving of dowry called Bigay-Kaya which consisted of gold, land or slaves given by the bridegroom to the parents of the bride. Panghihimuyat payment for mothers nocturnal effort in rearing the girl to womanhood. Himaraw reinbursement for the amount spent in feeding the girl to womanhood. Bigay-suso given to wet nurse Lovers Servitude the groom worked in the brides household for a period of time BURIAL AND MOURNING PRACTICES Three special mourning customs: Laraw mourning for a datu Maglahe mourning for men Morotal mourning for women Some of the practices: Wore white clothes during mourning period Pasiyam none consecutive days of prayer Tibawan a play in honor of the dead Before burial the corpse was washed, dressed and embalmed, buried near the house, in a cave, or a high place overlooking the sea Foods, clothes, gold, weapons, and sometimes slaves buried with the dead. WRITING Ancient Filipino alphabet originated from India Consisted of 4 vowels and 14 consonants Materials in early writing: A sharp-pointed piece of iron called SIPOL, was used as pen or sometimes tip of a dagger or knife As paper, the early Filipinos used the tree barks, banana leaves and other plant leaves. LITERATURE Ancient Filipino both had oral and writted literature: Types of Literature: Sabi or Kasabihan maxim Sawikain or Salawikain saying Bugtong riddle Epics: Hudhod at Alim Ifugao Biag ni Lam-Ang Ilocos Bantugan, Indarapatra and Sulayman - Moro MUSIC AND DANCES Musical Instruments Kudyapi Tagalog guitar Gangsa Igorot gong Kulintang Maranao xylophone Dances Kumintang love dance Dadansoy Visayan dance of the Tuba gatherers Mahinhin Tagalog courtship dance