i

SUMMARY

Fluid mechanics is the study of forces and motions in fluids. The behavior of fluids is
important to process engineering. The chemical engineer most often is concerned with flow
through closed pipes with the moving fluid.
Pumps are devices for supplying energy or head to a flowing liquid in order to overcome
head losses due to the friction and also, if necessary, to raise the liquid to a higher level.
In this experiment we observed the working principle and characteristics of centrifugal
pump. A centrifugal pump raises the pressure of a liquid by giving it a high kinetic energy and
then converting that kinetic energy to injection work. The water pump on most automobiles is
typical centrifugal pump. In such a pump, the fluid flow in the central inlet into the eye of the
impeller is spun outward by the rotating impeller and flows out through the peripheral outlet.
There are many types of fittings and valves used in the pipes. These fittings and valves
disturb the normal flow lines and cause friction. Fittings are used to change the direction of
flow or to change the diameter of the pipe. Gate valves and globe valves are the most
common types of valves. In a gate valve, the diameter of the opening through which the fluid
passes is nearly the same as that of the pipe, and direction of flow does not change. Globe
valves are widely used for controlling the flow rate of fluid.
In this report, H-Q characteristics and efficiency of centrifugal pump were evaluated; the volumetric
flow rates, Reynolds number, friction factors, pressure drops under laminar and turbulent regimes in system
were calculated. We were plotted the system and pump curves.








ii

indekiler
SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................ i
1.0 AIM .................................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 RESULT ........................................................................................................................... 2
3.0 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................ 10
4.0 NOMENCLATURE ..................................................................................................... 12
5.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 13
6.0 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................... 14




















iii

List of Tables
Table 1. H-Q Characteristics of Centrifugal Pump for Valve 1 ................................................ 2
Table 2. Head, Power and Efficiency of the Centrifugal Pipe................................................... 2
Table 3. Operating Points for Each Pipeline ............................................................................. 2
Table 4. Frictional Losses in 1 inch and inch Pipe Line ........................................................ 3
Table 5. Data for Calculation of Frictional Losses .................................................................... 3
Table 6. Required Data for System Curve for First Pipeline ..................................................... 4
Table 7. Required Data for System Curve for Second Pipeline ................................................ 4
Table 8. Required Data for System Curve for Third Pipeline ................................................... 5
Table 9. Required Data for System Curve for Fourth Pipeline ................................................. 5
Table 10. Required Data for System Curve for Fifth Pipeline .................................................. 6
Table 11. Required Data for System Curve for Sixth Pipeline ................................................. 6
Table 12. Experimental and Optimum Flow Rates of the System ............................................ 7
Table 13. Flow Through Branching Pipe Method 1 .................................................................. 7
Table 14. Flow Through Branching Pipe Method 2 .................................................................. 7

















iv

List of Fiures
Figure 1. Change of Head, Efficiency and Power with respect to Volumetric Flowrate .......... 8
Figure 2. Relation between Volumetric Flow Rate and Pump Curve & System Curves for
Each Pipeline .............................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 3. Pump, 1
st
and 2
nd
System curves to Obtain Junction Point ........................................ 9
Figure 4. Pump, 1
st
and 3
rd
System curves to Obtain Junction Point ........................................ 9





















1

1.0 AIM
The aims of this experiment are :
to determine H-Q characteristics of a centrifugal pump by measuring its total head,
flow rate and efficiency.
to develop and discuss pump characteristic curves.
to observe the flow through straight and branching pipes.
to plot the system curves of each branch and to determine the optimum flowrate for
each branch.

























2

2.0 RESULT

Table 1. H-Q Characteristics of Centrifugal Pump for Valve 1
Position
of Valve
Flowrate(m
3
/s)
Pump Pressure(bar)
Voltage Current cos
A B
1 7.08E-05 3.2 3.18 226 2.27 0.97
2 2.31E-04 2.8 2.79 226 2.54 0.99
3 3.33E-04 2.6 2.55 221 2.68 0.99
4 4.75E-04 2.2 2.05 224 2.93 0.99
5 5.54E-04 2 1.8 224 3.01 1
6 6.00E-04 1.8 1.6 225 3.08 1
Fully
Open
6.63E-04 1.1 0.8 224 2.82 0.99

Table 2. Head, Power and Efficiency of the Centrifugal Pipe
Position of
Valve
Flowrate(m
3
/s) H(mWH) % Power(W)
1 7.08E-05 32.52 4.538558 22.5852
2 2.31E-04 28.49 11.36714 64.5994375
3 3.33E-04 26.25 14.62377 85.7475
4 4.75E-04 21.66 15.53466 100.9375
5 5.54E-04 19.37 15.61165 105.26
6 6.00E-04 17.33 14.71861 102
Fully Open 6.63E-04 9.68 10.07403 62.99925

Table 3. Operating Points for Each Pipeline
Valve No Flowrate(m
3
/s)
Pump Pressure(bar)
A B C
V
1
6.80E-04 1.1 0.8 _
V
2
5.90E-04 1.6 1.4 0.55
V
3
5.40E-04 1.8 1.6 1
V
4
5.00E-04 1.9 1.7 1.2
V
5
4.62E-04 2.02 1.9 1.43
V
6
4.23E-04 2.1 2 1.6
3

Table 4. Frictional Losses in 1 inch and inch Pipe Line

* Exist (E) * Non Exist (NE)

Table 5. Data for Calculation of Frictional Losses
(L/D)gate (L/D)globe (L/D)T.straight (L/D)T.branching (L/D)elbow 4f(L/D)flowmeter
113 340 21 60 30 30



First Floor Second Floor Third Floor Fourth Floor Fifth Floor Sixth Floor
1.5"
and 1"
Pipe
1/2"
Pipe
1.5"
and 1"
Pipe
1/2"
Pipe
1.5" and
1" Pipe
1/2"
Pipe
1.5"
and 1"
Pipe
1/2"
Pipe
1.5" and
1" Pipe
1/2"
Pipe
1.5"
and 1"
Pipe
1/2" Pipe
Pipe Length (m) 1.1 NE 1.1
(0.5+1.
25)
1.1
(0.5+1.25
+1.5)
1.1
(0.5+1.2
5+1.5+1
.5)
1.1
(0.5+1.2
5+1.5+1.
5+2)
1.1
(0.5+1.25
+1.5+1.5+
2+1.5)
Valve
Globe E(1) NE E(1) NE E(1) NE E(1) NE E(1) NE E(1) NE
Gate E(4) E(1) E(4) E(2) E(4) E(2) E(4) E(2) E(4) E(2) E(4) E(2)
T and Type
Straight E(5) NE E(6) NE E(5) E(1) E(5) E(2) E(5) E(3) E(5) E(4)
Branching E(5) NE E(5) E(2) E(5) E(2) E(5) E(2) E(5) E(2) E(5) E(2)
Elbow

E(2) NE E(2) NE E(2) NE E(2) NE E(2) NE E(2) NE
Flowmeter

E(1) E(1) E(1) E(1) E(1) E(1) E(1) E(1) E(1) E(1) E(1) E(1)
4

Table 6. Required Data for System Curve for First Pipeline

1 pipe pipe
Qass Re f Hf Re f Hf Hsystem
2.00 x10
-4
7355.42 0.01 0.433 12404.889 0.012 1.626 2.762
3.00 x10
-4
11033.13 0.0095 0.947 18607.334 0.011 3.653 5.370
4.00 x10
-4
14710.85 0.0093 1.665 24809.778 0.0105 6.488 9.016
5.00 x10
-4
18388.56 0.0089 2.543 31012.223 0.01 10.130 13.654
6.00 x10
-4
22066.27 0.0088 3.640 37214.667 0.0098 14.582 19.350
7.00 x10
-4
25743.98 0.0086 4.897 43417.112 0.00975 19.845 26.043
8.00 x10
-4
29421.70 0.0084 6.321 49619.556 0.0096 25.914 33.734



Table 7. Required Data for System Curve for Second Pipeline


1 pipe pipe
Qass Re f Hf Re f Hf Hsystem
2.00 x10
-4
7355.42 0.01 0.438 12404.889 0.012 2.248 4.639
3.00 x10
-4
11033.13 0.0095 0.959 18607.334 0.011 4.934 7.913
4.00 x10
-4
14710.85 0.0093 1.686 24809.778 0.0105 8.663 12.461
5.00 x10
-4
18388.563 0.0089 2.573 31012.223 0.01 13.366 18.171
6.00 x10
-4
22066.27 0.0088 3.684 37214.667 0.0098 19.149 25.211
7.00 x10
-4
25743.98 0.0086 4.955 43417.112 0.00975 26.030 33.536
8.00 x10
-4
29421.70 0.0084 6.395 49619.556 0.0096 33.867 43.012

5
Table 8. Required Data for System Curve for Third Pipeline

1 pipe pipe
Qass Re f Hf Re f Hf Hsystem
2.00 x10
-4
7355.42 0.01 0.433 12404.889 0.012 2.543 6.429
3.00 x10
-4
11033.13 0.0095 0.947 18607.334 0.011 5.544 10.011
4.00 x10
-4
14710.85 0.0093 1.665 24809.778 0.0105 9.698 14.975
5.00 x10
-4
18388.563 0.0089 2.543 31012.223 0.01 14.905 21.180
6.00 x10
-4
22066.27 0.0088 3.640 37214.667 0.0098 21.321 28.839
7.00 x10
-4
25743.98 0.0086 4.897 43417.112 0.00975 28.971 37.919
8.00 x10
-4
29421.70 0.0084 6.321 49619.556 0.0096 37.650 48.221



Table 9. Required Data for System Curve for Fourth Pipeline

1 pipe pipe
Qass Re f Hf Re f Hf Hsystem
2.00 x10
-4
7355.42 0.01 0.433 12404.889 0.012 2.839 8.225
3.00 x10
-4
11033.13 0.0095 0.947 18607.334 0.011 6.154 12.120
4.00 x10
-4
14710.85 0.0093 1.665 24809.778 0.0105 10.732 17.509
5.00 x10
-4
18388.563 0.0089 2.543 31012.223 0.01 16.444 24.219
6.00 x10
-4
22066.27 0.0088 3.640 37214.667 0.0098 23.493 32.511
7.00 x10
-4
25743.98 0.0086 4.897 43417.112 0.00975 31.913 42.361
8.00 x10
-4
29421.70 0.0084 6.321 49619.556 0.0096 41.433 53.504


6
Table 10. Required Data for System Curve for Fifth Pipeline

1 pipe pipe
Qass Re f Hf Re f Hf Hsystem
2.00 x10
-4
7355.42 0.01 0.433 12404.889 0.012 3.215 10.601
3.00 x10
-4
11033.13 0.0095 0.947 18607.334 0.011 6.929 14.896
4.00 x10
-4
14710.85 0.0093 1.665 24809.778 0.0105 12.049 20.826
5.00 x10
-4

18388.56
3
0.0089 2.543 31012.223 0.01 18.404 28.178
6.00 x10
-4
22066.27 0.0088 3.640 37214.667 0.0098 26.258 37.276
7.00 x10
-4
25743.98 0.0086 4.897 43417.112 0.00975 35.657 48.105
8.00 x10
-4
29421.70 0.0084 6.321 49619.556 0.0096 46.249 60.319



Table 11. Required Data for System Curve for Sixth Pipeline

1 pipe pipe
Qass Re f Hf Re f Hf Hsystem
2.00 x10
-4
7355.42 0.01 0.433 12404.889 0.012 3.510 12.396
3.00 x10
-4
11033.13 0.0095 0.947 18607.334 0.011 7.539 17.006
4.00 x10
-4
14710.85 0.0093 1.665 24809.778 0.0105 13.083 23.361
5.00 x10
-4
18388.563 0.0089 2.543 31012.223 0.01 19.943 31.218
6.00 x10
-4
22066.27 0.0088 3.640 37214.667 0.0098 28.430 40.949
7.00 x10
-4
25743.98 0.0086 4.897 43417.112 0.00975 38.599 52.547
8.00 x10
-4
29421.70 0.0084 6.321 49619.556 0.0096 50.032 65.602


7
Table 12. Experimental and Optimum Flow Rates of the System
Valve No Q
experimental
(m
3
/ s) Q
optimum
(m
3
/s) Error (%)
V
1
6.25 x10
-4
5.70E-04 8.73
V
2
6.07 x10
-4
5.20E-04 14.36
V
3
5.58 x10
-4
4.95E-04 11.23
V
4
5.28 x10
-4
4.60E-04 12.88
V
5
4.94 x10
-4
4.30E-04 12.90
V
6
4.59 x10
-4
4.00E-04 12.78


Table 13. Flow Through Branching Pipe Method 1
Valve No Flowrate(m
3
/s) Valve No Flowrate(m
3
/s)
V1
0.000524
V1
0.000630
V2
0.000259
V3
0.000154



Table 14. Flow Through Branching Pipe Method 2
Valve No Flowrate(m
3
/s) Valve No Flowrate(m
3
/s)
V1
0.000374
V1
0.000397
V2
0.000302
V3
0.000273



8

Figure 1. Change of Head, Efficiency and Power with respect to Volumetric Flowrate



Figure 2. Relation between Volumetric Flow Rate and Pump Curve & System Curves for
Each Pipeline

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007
P
o
w
e
r
[
J
/
s
]

H
(
m
W
H
)
&
E
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
c
y

Q(m
3
/s)
Pump Curve
Efficiency Curve
Power Curve
Poly. (Pump Curve)
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
0.0000 0.0001 0.0002 0.0003 0.0004 0.0005 0.0006 0.0007 0.0008 0.0009
H
(
m
W
H
)

Q(m3/s)
Pump Curve
1st System Curve
2nd System Curve
3rd System Curve
4th System Curve
5th System Curve
6th System Curve
9


Figure 3. Pump, 1
st
and 2
nd
System curves to Obtain Junction Point


Figure 4. Pump, 1
st
and 3
rd
System curves to Obtain Junction Point
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
0
1
0
0
.
0
0
0
1
5
0
.
0
0
0
2
0
0
.
0
0
0
2
5
0
.
0
0
0
3
0
0
.
0
0
0
3
5
0
.
0
0
0
4
0
0
.
0
0
0
4
5
0
.
0
0
0
5
0
0
.
0
0
0
5
5
0
.
0
0
0
6
0
0
.
0
0
0
6
5
0
.
0
0
0
7
0
0
.
0
0
0
7
5
0
.
0
0
0
8
0
0
.
0
0
0
8
5
H
(
m
W
H
)

Q(m3/s)
Pump Curve
1st System Curve
2nd System Curve
Q2
Q1 Q1+Q2
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
55.00
0
.
0
0
0
0
0
0
.
0
0
0
0
5
0
.
0
0
0
1
0
0
.
0
0
0
1
5
0
.
0
0
0
2
0
0
.
0
0
0
2
5
0
.
0
0
0
3
0
0
.
0
0
0
3
5
0
.
0
0
0
4
0
0
.
0
0
0
4
5
0
.
0
0
0
5
0
0
.
0
0
0
5
5
0
.
0
0
0
6
0
0
.
0
0
0
6
5
0
.
0
0
0
7
0
0
.
0
0
0
7
5
0
.
0
0
0
8
0
0
.
0
0
0
8
5
H
(
m
W
H
)

Q(m3/s)
Pump Curve
1st System
Curve
Q
Q Q1+Q
10
3.0 DISCUSSION
In this experiment, there are three experimental setups. Each of them is the parts of the
fundamentals of the fluid flow.
First set-up is the H-Q characteristics of centrifugal pump which is a device for supplying
head imported to the fluid by centrifugal force. Second setup is about determination of
operating conditions of the system. Final setup is the flow through the branching pipes where
the water is pumped from a reservoir to the branching pipe in different positions to determine
the flow rates and pressures.
In general, during the experiment, to decrease the human measuring errors, three
measurements are done to provide more sensitive results. After every change in flow rate, five
minutes are waited for the purpose of reaching steady state. The inlet pressure is taken as
constant and zero, as the system was open to atmospheric pressure and pressure values are
taken as gage not absolute. The pump is operated continuously and the flowmeters are fixed at
the reverse direction of the fluid in order to measure flowing. Water is chosen as a fluid due to
its low viscosity. The influence of the different frictional losses in different types of pipes
such as 1 and inches are taken into account. Moreover, choosing reference point is the most
important criteria for such energy balances, as it is chosen pump level in our experiment.
In the first part of the experiment, H-Q characteristics of a centrifugal pump are studied.
Volumetric flow rate, pressures of A and B, voltage, current and cos values are read for
different valve positions. The values are read from two flow meters and taken their average
values. Efficiency, power, electrical power and pressure (in meter water head unit) are
determined. The figure1 which shows the relationship between Q and H shows that while the
flow rate of water increasing, head is decreasing. Also while the flow rate of water increasing,
efficiency is increasing as proportional. Efficiency is determined between 4.53% - 10.07 %.
As expected, valve in the position has the highest friction coefficient, because more
resistance is occurred when the flow area in valve is in the smallest condition. . This means
that the system has highest friction loss for these circumstance. As the valve positions getting
increase like , 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 up to 7 the friction loss in valve is decreased. It is seen in
Figure 1 that, Q is directly proportional to the valve position and this can be explained by the
changes in the pressure values as the position of the valve changes.
The second part of experiment is determination of flow rates for different level. There
are six valves and they are in the different levels. Levels increase from first valve to six valve.
11
The volumetric flow rates decreases from first valve to last valve. Because length increases
and it causes the increase in the frictional loses. Frictional losses are calculated using 1 and
1/2 pipes and different number of straight and branching T , valves and pipe lengths in this
set. In this set system and pump curves for each pump are drawn. H
system
values are calculated
using Bernoulli equation with assumed Q values for each pipe. Some errors can be made
when determining the optimum point, because of reading wrong values during the
experiment. Also, optimum flow rates are read from the graph as 0,00004 for pipe1, 0,00013
for pipe2, 0,00003 for pipe3, 0,000025 for pipe4, 0,000095 for pipe5 and 0,00008 for last
pipe6. With using these values and experimental flow rate values errors are calculated.

Third step occurs with the branching pipes. This experiment is done between the
valves 1 and 2. The filling time of the second valve is greater than the first valve as expected.
The flow rates are calculated by theoretical and also by the experimental method. Trial and
error method is used in the calculation of the theoretical values. In the calculation procedure
total Q is assumed and H value is read from the moody diagram. At the range of the
calculation the friction factor was nearly constant. The flow rates obtained by theoretical
method are observed to be smaller than the experimental values. This difference may be
occurred because of the errors done while determining the filling times and also because of
the assumptions made in the calculations. Furthermore reading the f values from the moody
diagram is not a sensitive measurement so this also may have caused some errors.
In method two, the estimated H value is below the finish of the pump curve. The
estimated value was calculated with excel solver and line equations were used. By the help of
equations flow rates could be estimated.









12
4.0 NOMENCLATURE
D: Diameter [m]
g: Gravity [m/s
2
]
I: Ampere [A]
H: Head [mWH]
f: Friction factor -
P: Power [Watt]
P A : Pressure difference [mWH]
Q: Capacity [m
3
/s]
Re: Reynolds number -
t: Time [s]
v: Velocity [m/s]
V: Voltage [V]
z: Height [m]
: Viscosity [kg/ms]
q: Efficiency [%]
: Density [kg/m
3
]
u: Phase difference -
c: Porosity factor [mm]
L: Length [m]

Subscripts

0 : Reference point
1 : Pipe of first floor
2 : Pipe of second floor
3 : Pipe of third floor
4 : Pipe of forth floor
5 : Pipe of fifth floor
6 : Pipe of sixth floor
i : Inner
f : Frictional losses
j :Junction
13
5.0 REFERENCES

1. Peker, S, Helvac . , Akkanlar Mekanii, 1
st
edition, Literatr Yaynclk,
2003
2. De Nevers, Noel, Fluid Mechanics for Chemical Engineers, 2. Edition,
McGraw Hill, Singapore, (1991)
3. Chopey, Nicholas P., 1994, Handbook of Chemical Engineering Calculations,
2
nd
Ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc., Singapore.
4. Incropera, Frank P. And Dewitt, David P., 1996, Fundamentals of Heat and
Mass Transfer, 4
th
Ed., John Wiley and Sons Inc., USA.
5. McCabe, Smith C., Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, 3. Edition,
McGraw Hill, New York, (1976)
6. Holland, F.A., R. Bragg, Fluid Flow for Chemical Engineers, 2. Edition,
Edward Arnold, London, (1995)
7. Massey, B. S. Mechanics of Fluids, 5. Edition, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Ltd., London, (1983)
























14
6.0 APPENDIX

6.1 H-Q Characteristics of Centrifugal Pump


H-Q Characteristics of centrifugal pump for Valve 1:

s m
s
m
t
V
Q / 10 * 8.85
113
001 . 0
3 6 -
3
1
1
1
= = =

Pa bar P P H
i o pump
5
1 ,
10 * 3 . 4 3 . 4 0 3 . 4 = = = =

( )
u
=
u

=
cos cos
1 1 ,
1
1
VI
Q H
VI
Q P P
Pump
i o
q

( ) ( ) ( )
0.475241 100 *
99 . 0 * 3.65 * 221.6
/ 10 * 8.85 * / 81 . 9 * / 1000 * 10 * 3 . 4
3 -6 2 3 5
1
= =
A V
s m s m m kg Pa
q



Power
s
J
s
m
3.8055 10 * 3 . 4 * 10 * 8.85 P Q =
5
3
6 -
= = A

Head (H), Capacity (Q), Power (P) and efficiency () values for different valve
positions are tabulated in Table 2. H and Q, H and and H and P relations are illustrated
on the same graph in Figure 1.

6.2 Operation Points at Each Pipe Line
Data
Di (1 inch pipe) = 0.027 m
Di (1/2 inch pipe) = 0.0158 m

Pa.s
= 1000 kg/m
3

c ( for galvanized pipe) = 0.000152 m
[

]


For water; =1000 kg/m
3

=
-3
10 * 1.3 Pa.s
15
[

]


[

]


[

]



c/ D (for 1 inch pipe) = 0.005714
c/ D (for 1/2 inch pipe) = 0.00962



Mechanical energy balance between reference point 0 and 1;

(

) (

) (

V
0
=0 (stagnant point)
P
0
= P
1

The equation becomes,

) (

Q is chosen 2x10
-4
m
3
/ s from the graph.
Calculation For 1
st
Floor
For 1 pipe

f read from Moody Diagram = 0.01
16

, *[

]

[

]

[

]

+ } [*

{ [(

) ( ) () ( ) ( )] }
*[

+
= 0.4148

For pipe

f from Moody Diagram = 0.012

*[

]

[

+ [*

{ [(

) ()] } *[

+
= 1.70692

+
[ ]
[ ]
With other assumptions, all these

are calculated and shown in Table 4.




17

Calculation For 2
st
Floor
Mechanical energy balance between reference point 0 and 2;

(

) (

) (

V
0
=0 (stagnant point)
P
0
= P
2

The equation becomes,

) (

Q is chosen 2x10
-4
m
3
/ s from the graph.
For 1 pipe

f read from Moody Diagram = 0.01

, *[

]

[

]

[

]

+ } [*

{ [(

) ( ) () ( ) ( )] }
*[

+
= 0.43055

For pipe
18

f from Moody Diagram = 0.012

*[

]

[

]

[

+ [*

{ [(

) () ()] } *[

+
= 2.2476

+
[ ]
[ ]
With other assumptions, all these

are calculated and shown in Table 5.
Calculation For 3
rd
Floor
Mechanical energy balance between reference point 0 and 3;

(

) (

) (

V
0
=0 (stagnant point)
P
0
= P
3

The equation becomes,

) (

Q is chosen 2x10
-4
m
3
/ s from the graph.
For 1 pipe

f read from Moody Diagram = 0.01
19

, *[

]

[

]

[

]

+ } [*

{ [(

) ( ) () ( ) ( )] }
*[

+
= 0.43055

For pipe

f from Moody Diagram = 0.012

(( *[

]

[

]

[

]

) [

+
[*

{ [(

) () () ()] }
*[

+
= 2.5431

+
[ ]
[ ]
With other assumptions, all these

are calculated and shown in Table 6.

20


Calculation For 4
th
Floor
Mechanical energy balance between reference point 0 and 4;

(

) (

) (

V
0
=0 (stagnant point)
P
0
= P
4

The equation becomes,

) (

Q is chosen 2x10
-4
m
3
/ s from the graph.
For 1 pipe

f read from Moody Diagram = 0.01

, *[

]

[

]

[

]

+ } [*

{ [(

) ( ) () ( ) ( )] }
*[

+
= 0.43055

21
For pipe

f from Moody Diagram = 0.012

(( *[

]

[

]

[

]

) [

+
[*

{ [(

) () () ()] }
*[

+
= 2.8387

+
[ ]
[ ]
With other assumptions, all these

are calculated and shown in Table 7.
Calculation For 5
th
Floor
Mechanical energy balance between reference point 0 and 5;

(

) (

) (

V
0
=0 (stagnant point)
P
0
= P
5

The equation becomes,

) (

Q is chosen 2x10
-4
m
3
/ s from the graph.

22
For 1 pipe

f read from Moody Diagram = 0.01

, *[

]

[

]

[

]

+ } [*

{ [(

) ( ) () ( ) ( )] }
*[

+
= 0.43055

For pipe

f from Moody Diagram = 0.012

(( *[

]

[

]

[

]

) [

+
[*

{ [(

) () () ()] }
*[

+
= 3.2149

23

+
[ ]
[ ]
With other assumptions, all these

are calculated and shown in Table 8.


Calculation For 6
th
Floor
Mechanical energy balance between reference point 0 and 6;

(

) (

) (

V
0
=0 (stagnant point)
P
0
= P
6

The equation becomes,

) (

Q is chosen 2x10
-4
m
3
/ s from the graph.
For 1 pipe

f read from Moody Diagram = 0.01

, *[

]

[

]

[

]

+ } [*

]

24

{ [(

) ( ) () ( ) ( )] }
*[

+
= 0.43055

For pipe

f from Moody Diagram = 0.012

(( *[

]

[

]

[

]

[

)
[

+ [*

{ [(

) () () () ]
} *[

+
= 3.434

+
[ ]
[ ]
With other assumptions, all these

are calculated and shown in Table 9.

6.3 FLOW THROUGH BRANCHING PIPES(Method 1)
Mechanical Energy Balance with 0 to Junction

(

) (

) (

25

(( *[

]

[

]

[

]

[

)
[

+ *[

+


Mechanical Energy Balance with J to 1(outlet of 1
st
branch)

(

) (

) (

) (

(( *[

]

[

+ [*

]

Mechanical Energy Balance with J to 2(outlet of 2
nd
branch)

(

) (

) (

(( *[

]

[

]

[

+
[*

] ( [

]

) *[

+


Trial &Error Steps for Valve 1 and Valve 2

The calculations were done with the help of excel solver so with one iteration answer was
found.
Qt=0.000783 m
3
/s and from pump data H=34.144 mWH

From Re and E/D f is read 0.0844 from Moody Diagram

From Mechanical Energy balance

26
Assumption : Q1=0.000524 m
3
/s

From Re and E/D f is read 0.0844 from Moody Diagram


Q
2
=Q
t
-Q
1
=0.0002589

From Re and E/D f is read 0.0152from Moody Diagram

From Mechanical Energy balance

Our Qtotal assumption is suitable.



Trial &Error Steps for Valve 1 and Valve 2

The calculations were done with the help of excel solver so with one iteration answer was
found.
Qt=0.000784 m
3
/s and from pump data H=31.852 mWH

From Re and E/D f is read 0.0844 from Moody Diagram

From Mechanical Energy balance

Assumption : Q1=0.000630 m
3
/s

From Re and E/D f is read 0.0844 from Moody Diagram


27
Q
2
=Q
t
-Q
1
=0.000154

From Re and E/D f is read 0.0844 from Moody Diagram

From Mechanical Energy balance

Our Qtotal assumption is suitable.