Energy and the Environment Final Exam Practice Questions 1) (omit the calculation) What is , the efficiency of an engine?

How can you use the operating temperatures of an engine to find ? Example: An engine burns coal at a temperature of 500 C and releases heat to the atmosphere at 25 C. What is the efficiency of this engine? 2) Suppose a fuel has a molecular mass of 235 g/mol, and it burns with an energy of 270 kJ/mol. To produce electricity, it is burned in an engine where the efficiency is 61%. If you want to produce 23,000 Joules of electrical energy, how much of this fuel would you have to burn? O

C H . Given that the bond H 3) The molecule of formaldehyde looks like this: energy for O-H is 467 kJ, the bond energy for O-C is 336 kJ, the bond energy for C-H is 416 kJ, the bond energy for O=O is 498 kJ/mol, and the bond energy for C=O is 803 kJ, what is the energy expected when 100 g of formaldehyde is burned at 70 C to form water and CO2? 4) What does a volt measure? What does a Watt measure? What is a kilowatt-hour, and what does it have to do with energy? What is an amp? 5) Cu2+ + 2e- Cu: E0 = .34 V. Al3+ + 3e- Al: E0 = -1.66 V. Given this data, draw a diagram of a galvanic cell that uses copper and aluminum as its electrodes. Which electrode is the anode? Which is the cathode? What are the oxidation and reduction half reactions? What is the balanced net equation? What is the voltage that can be expected to come from this cell? 6) What is a fuel cell, and what makes it work? What are its advantages? 7) What are the different kinds of electric cars? What are hybrid vehicles? 8) What other alternative forms of powering cars are available (at least in theory)? 9) What are the advantages and disadvantages of using H2 as a fuel? 10) Suppose you have .025 L of an aqueous solution of Sodium EDTA (molecular mass = 372.2 g/mol). This solution is .150 M. You add 25 mL of water to this solution. What is the new concentration in molarity? In mg/L? In ppm? In ppb? 11) If you have a .075 M solution and you want to make a .050 M solution, what should you do to the solution you have in order to get it? 12) If you have distilled water and solid NaCl (molecular mass = 58.5 g), how can you make a .500 L solution of .100 M NaCl? 13) To prepare barbituric acid, the procedure calls for .640 g of diethyl malonate. The molecular mass of diethyl malonate is 160.17 g/mol, and its density is 1.055 g/mL. What volume should you add so that only .640 g will be added? (Hint: Theres a red herring in this problem.) 14) You may use the table on page 204 to help you with the next two problems. Which is more electronegative, S or Al? Is LiCl likely to form an ionic bond? Is MgO? Why or why not? Is LiCl more likely to form an ionic bond than LiF? Why or why not? Will any of these bonds be polar? 15) Is O more electronegative than F? Is O more electronegative than S? In a bond between S and F, where are the electrons most likely to located? 16) H2O. HF. Cl2. NH3. Zn. CO2. H2S. CH4. Which are polar molecules and which are not? Why? 17) Whats the difference between a polar covalent bond and an ionic bond?

Energy and the Environment Final Exam Practice Questions 18) What is a hydrogen bond? How is it different from a covalent bond? J 19) Water has a specific heat of 4.184 . How much energy would it take to raise C * g the temperature of 10 g of water 4.00 C ? 20) How is water unusual regarding freezing point, boiling point, density, and specific heat? What is the explanation for this behavior, and what does this have to do with the fact that ice floats on water? 21) Why do water pipes burst in the winter and not in the summer? Will this effect occur in gasoline pipes? 22) What is an electrolyte? 23) What is the difference between a cation and an anion? What are polyatomic ions? 24) What does it mean that like dissolves like? Why is this rule generally valid? 25) What is a detergent (or a soap), and why does it work the way it does? 26) What is hard water, and what are its disadvantages? 27) Are sulfates generally soluble? Are sulfides? Are nitrates? Chlorides? Hydroxides? Carbonates? Which group(s) in the periodic table is (are) always soluble? (Hint: The elements contained within them are metals.) 28) What are acids? What are bases? What happens when they are put into water? 29) What is dissociation? What is ionization? How are they different? 30) Give an example of a neutralization reaction that results in the salt KNO3. 31) What happens in a titration of an acid with a base? 32) What is the endpoint of a titration? What happens when the endpoint is passed? 33) What does [H+] mean? What does [OH-] mean? What is the relationship between [H+] and [OH-] in an aqueous solution? 34) [H+] * [OH-] = ? 35) If the concentration of hydronium ions in an aqueous solution is 2.00*10-3 M, what is the pH of this solution? If the pH of an aqueous solution is 2.70, what is [H+]? What is [OH-]? 36) What makes something acidic, basic, or neutral? What does this have to do with pH? 37) What is the pH of pure water with nothing in it? What is the pH of normal rain (not acid rain)? Why are they not the same? 38) If a 275 g sample of coal contains 11% S, how much SO2 can be produced when the coal is burned? How much SO3? 39) Name some problems for which solutions have been attempted, but whose attempted solutions caused other serious problems. 40) What is nuclear fission, and what particle is used to start it? 41) How does a chain reaction happen? 4 9 12 42) 2 He+ 4 Be 6 C + ? How many neutrons are generated in this nuclear reaction?
1 238 0 43) 0 n+ 92 U ?+ 2 1 e What is the missing element? What are its atomic number and its atomic mass? 238 4 234 44) In the nuclear decay reaction of 92 U 2 He+ 90Th , what kind of radiation is

emitted? If one mole of

238 92

4 U has a mass of 238.0003 g, the resultant 2 He has a 234 90

mass of 4.0015 g, and the resultant

Th has a mass of 233.9942 g, what is the

Energy and the Environment Final Exam Practice Questions mass defect (change in mass on going to products)? What is the energy (in Joules/mole) given off by this reaction? ( E = mc 2 , where c = 3.00*108 meters/second, the speed of light.) Note: Dont forget to change grams to kilograms. 45) What are , , and radiation, and what nuclear particles to they represent? Which ones are charged, and what charges do they have? 46) If you have 360 g of a radioactive material with a half-life of 5 days, how much will remain after 15 days? After 25 days? 47) Consider a 60,000 Watt industrial machine. If burning 1 gram of coal can produce 30 kJ of energy, how much coal must be burned in a power plant of 30% efficiency in order to run this machine for a full 8 hour work day? If a nuclear power plant had 235 the same efficiency as this coal burning power plant, and one mole of 92 U has a
235 mass defect of .0037 g, how much 92 U will have to react in order to run the same machine for 8.0 hours? (Hint: Use E = m c2 to find the mass of uranium required.) 48) What are the advantages to using nuclear energy? What are the disadvantages? 49) Predict the formulas of the ionic compounds formed from reaction of the following pairs of elements: a) Al and O b) Ca and Cl c) Ba and Se d) Ga and F