Vector Analysis 1

Vector Analysis 2
VECTOR FIELD
A vector field is a function that assigns each point in
domain Q to one vector F

A vector field F(x,y,z) in R
3
is written as
k z y x w j z y x v i z y x u z y x F

) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( + + =
Examples of a vector field are wind velocity,
gravitational force, water flow, velocity of compressed
fluids, etc.

A vector field F(x,y) in R
2
is written as
j y x v i y x u y x F

) , ( ) , ( ) , ( + =

Vector Analysis 3
GRAPHING A VECTOR FIELD
Choose the domain Q, the set of ordered
pairs (x,y).
Assign each ordered pair (x,y) with the
corresponding vector function.
Write down the required vector function
Draw the vector function.
Vector Analysis 4
Sketch the graph of the vector field
j x i y y x F

+ = ) , (
If Q = { } 4 4 4 4 ) , ( s s s s y , x y x
Take (-4,4)
j i F

4 4 ) 4 , 4 ( =
Take (-3,4)
j i F

3 4 ) 4 , 4 ( =
Take (-2,4)
j i F

2 4 ) 4 , 4 ( =
.
Take (3,4)
j i F

4 4 ) 4 , 4 ( + =
Take (4,4)
j i F

4 4 ) 4 , 4 ( + =
.
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
4
1
2
3
y
x
Q
Vector Analysis 5
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-4
-3
-2
4
1
2
3
y
x
Vector Analysis 6
SCALAR FIELD
A scalar field is a function that assigns each
point in domain Q to one scalar (real number)
In R
3
it is written f(x,y,z)
Examples of a scalar field are work,
temperature, heat, energy, potential function,
etc.
In R
2
it is written as f(x,y)
Vector Analysis 7
GRADIENT
If a scalar function f(x,y,z) is continuous and differentiable
with respect to variables x, y, z over a domain, then the
gradient of f denoted by grad (f) is
k
z
f
j
y
f
i
x
f
f grad


c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= ) (
or
f
f k
z
j
y
i
x
f grad
V =
)
`

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=

) (


is called the differential operator vector and the symbol
V is called del or sometimes known as nabla.
k
z
j
y
i
x

c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
where
Vector Analysis 8
If f (x,y,z) = x
2
yz
2
, determine grad (f ) at the point (1,2,3).

f (x,y,z) = x
2
yz
2
,

k
z
f
j
y
f
i
x
f
f grad


c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= ) (
k
z
yz x
j
y
yz x
i
x
yz x


c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2 2 2
k yz x j z x i xyz


2 2
2 2 2 2
+ + =
At the point (1,2,3),
we have

k j i f grad


) 3 )( 2 ( ) 1 ( 2 ) 3 ( 1 ) 3 )( 2 )( 1 ( 2 ) (
2 2 2 2
+ + =
k j i


12 9 36 + + =
Vector Analysis 9
DIVERGENCE
The divergence of a vector field
k z y x w j z y x v i z y x u z y x F

) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( + + =
is denoted by div F and is given by
F F div

V =
div F is always a scalar.
x
w
y
v
x
u
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=


Vector Analysis 10
If F (x,y,z) = x
2
y i + 2y
3
zj + 3zk, determine its div F

3 6 2
2
+ + = z y xy
If F (x,y,z) = x
2
y i + 2y3zj + 3zk,

z
z
y
z y
x
y x
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
) 3 ( ) 2 ( ) (
3 2
div F =




F V



Vector Analysis 11
CURL
The curl of a vector field
k z y x w j z y x v i z y x u z y x F

) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( + + =
is denoted by curl F and is given by
F F

V = curl
Curl F is always a vector.
w v u
z y x
k j i
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

Vector Analysis 12
If F (x,y,z) = x
2
y i + 2y
3
zj + 3zk, determine its curl F

If F (x,y,z) = x
2
y i + 2y3zj + 3zk,

= V F
curl F =

z z y y x
z y x
k j i
3 2
3 2
c
c
c
c
c
c

k x i y

2 3
2 =








Vector Analysis 13
LINE INTEGRAL
Let C be a smooth path in R
2
with parametric equations
), (t x x = ), (t y y =
b t a s s
. Further let u(x,y), v(x,y) be
continuous functions along C, then
} }
'
=
C C
dt t x t y t x u dx y x u ) ( )) ( ), ( ( ) , (
. ) ( )) ( ), ( ( ) , (
} }
'
=
C C
dt t y t y t x v dy y x v
The integral
}
C
dx y x u ) , (
is called line integral
with respect to x.
Vector Analysis 14
The integral
}
C
dy y x v ) , ( is called line integral
with respect to y.
Integrating
, ) , (
}
C
dx y x u
}
C
dy y x v ) , (
must be expressed in
terms of parameter t.
Thus when x = x(t), y = y(t) then
dx = x'(t)dt, dy = y' (t)dt.
Normally the line integral is written in the form of partial
differential i.e,
dy y x v dx y x u
C
) , ( ) , ( +
}
Vector Analysis 15
Evaluate the line integral

dy x dx y
C
) ( +
}
along the curve

C : y = 4x
2
from (1,4) to (0,0).

Writing y = x
2
in the parametric

equation by letting x = t, y = 4t
2
x
O
y
(1,4)
(0,0)
y x = 4
2
dx = dt, dy = 8tdt 0 < t < 1
dy x dx y
C
) ( +
}
} }
+ =
0
1
0
1
2
) 8 ( ) 4 ( dt t t dt t
t = 1
t = 0
Vector Analysis 16
}
=
0
1
2
4 dt t
0
1
3
3
4
(

=
t
3
4
=
Notice that the beginning point of the curve will be the
lower limit of the integral, whereas the ending point will
be the upper limit of the integral.

The limits must be the values of parameter t.

(1,4)
(0,0)
y x = 4
2
t = 0, the upper limit
t = 1, the lower limit
Vector Analysis 17
LINE INTEGRAL
WITH PIECEWISE CURVES
If there are n curves connected each other in R
2
to form a
curve, then such a curve is known a piecewise curve.
C
1
C
2
C
3 C
4
Let C be the piecewise curve, then C = C
1
C
2
. C
n
} } } }
+ + + =
n
C C C C
dg f dg f dg f dg f ...
2 1
Vector Analysis 18
Evaluate the line integral

dy xy dx y x
C
) (
2

}
along the curve

C : y = x
2
from (0,0) to (1,1) and along y = x from (1,1) and
back to (0,0).

Let the curve be C = C
1
C
2

C
1
: From (0,0) ke (1,1) along
y = x
2
x = t, y = t
2
0 < t < 1.

x
O
y
(1,1)
(0,0)
2
1
: x y C =
dx = dt, dy = 2tdt
t = 1
t = 0
x y C = :
2
Vector Analysis 19
( ) x ydx xydy
C
2
1

}
}
=
1
0
2 2 2
) 2 ( tdt tt dt t t
}
=
1
0
4
dt t
5
1
=
C
2
: From (1,1) ke (0,0) along y = x x = t, y = t

0 < t < 1.

dx = dt, dy = dt
}

2
) (
2
C
xydy ydx x
}
=
0
1
2
) ( ttdt tdt t
}
=
0
1
2 3
dt t t
12
1
=
Hence

} } }
+ =
2 1
) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 2
C C C
xydy ydx x xydy ydx x xydy ydx x
60
7
12
1
5
1
= + =
Vector Analysis 20
LINE INTEGRAL
IN VECTOR FORM
be a vector field in R
2
and C
j y x v i y x u y x F

) , ( ) , ( ) , ( + =
Let
is a smooth curve with position vector
j t y i t x t r

) ( ) ( ) ( + =
with a < t < b The expression
dt
dt
r d
F r d F
C
C
} }
(

}
(

+ =
b
a
dt
dt
dy
t y t x v
dt
dx
t y t x u )) ( ), ( ( )) ( ), ( (
| |
}
'
+
'
=
b
a
dt t y t y t x v dt t x t y t x u ) ( )) ( ), ( ( ) ( )) ( ), ( (
which is essentially the line integral along C.
In conclusion is the line integral along C whose
}

C
r d F

vector field F acts on position vector r(t).

Vector Analysis 21
Evaluate the line integral

}

C
r d F

if

C : x
2
+

y
2
= 4

is a circle from (2,0) to (-2,0).
The parametric equations
for x
2
+

y
2
= 4 is x = 2cos t,
y = 2sin t.
j x i y F

+ =
and

The position vector is
j t i t t r

sin cos ) ( 2 2 + =
dt j t i t r d ) cos sin ( 2 2 + =

dt j t i t j t i t r d F ) cos sin ( ) cos sin (
} }
t t
+ + =
0 0
2 2 2 2

Vector Analysis 22
dt t t sin cos
}
t
=
0
2 2
4
dt t cos
}
t
=
0
2 4 0 =
The same result is obtained if we use parametric-t method.
i.e x = 2cost, y = 2sint

0 < t < t.

dx = - 2sintdt, dy = 2costdt



} }
+ =
C C
xdy ydx r d F

}
t
+ =
0
2 2 2 2 ) cos ( cos ) sin ( sin tdt t tdt t
dt t t sin cos
}
t
=
0
2 2
4
dt t cos
}
t
=
0
2 4 0 =
Vector Analysis 23
LINE INTEGRAL
IN ARC LENGTH FORM
Let f be a continuous on R
2
and C is smooth curve
given by parametric equations
x = x(t) y = y(t) a < t < b
then the line integral of f along C is
}
b
a
ds y x f ) , (
dt
dt
dy
dt
dx
ds
2 2
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
Since
( )
} }
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
a
b
a
dt
dt
dy
dt
dx
t y t x f ds y x f
2 2
) ( ), ( ) , (
Vector Analysis 24
Evaluate

}
C
ds y x f ) , (
C : x

= t
4
y = t
3
< t < 1
x
y
y x f = ) , ( and

if

C : x

= t
4
y = t
3

2 3
3 , 4 t
dt
dy
t
dt
dx
= =
}
b
a
ds y x f ) , ( becomes

dt t t
t
t
ds
x
y
b
a
2 2 2 3
1
2 1
4
3
) 3 ( ) 4 ( + =
} }
dt t t
t
4 6
1
2 1
9 16
1
+ =
}
Vector Analysis 25
dt t
t
t
9 16
2
1
2 1
2
+ =
}
dt t t 9 16
2
1
2 1
+ =
}
| |
1
2 1
2 3 2
) 9 16 (
48
1
+ = t
) 13 25 (
48
1
2 3 2 3
=
) 13 13 125 (
48
1
=
tdt du t u 32 9 16
2
= + =
du u
}
=
2 1
32
1
dt t t 9 16
2
+
}
2 3
48
1
u =
( ) 9 16
48
1
2
+ = t
Vector Analysis 26
There are three choices of evaluating a line
integral i.e by calculating,
1.
dy y x v dx y x u
C
) , ( ) , ( +
}
2.
}

C
r d F

3.
}
C
ds y x f ) , (
Vector Analysis 27
COMPUTING WORKS
USING LINE INTEGRAL
When an object is given a force F at a position r along a
smooth curve, then the amount of works done W is
}
=
C
r d F W

x
y

r t ( )
C


Vector Analysis 28
dy y x v dx y x u W
C
) , ( ) , ( + =
}
}
=
C
r d F W

To calculate the amount of works W, we must use line

integral, ie
The work done W is always a scalar !
OR
Vector Analysis 29
An object is moving in a force field

along the upper circle x
2
+

y
2
= 1 from (1,0) to (-1,0) and
back along x-axis to the original starting point. Calculate
the work in bringing the object.
The work done is W = W
1
+ W
2

F x y i x y j = + + + ( ) ( )
2 2
where W
1
is the work done in
bringing from (1,0) to (-1,0) along
C
1
: x
2
+

y
2
= 1 x = cos t, y = sin t.

Its position vector is
j t i t t r

sin cos ) ( + =
dt j t i t r d ) (cos ) sin ( + =

x
) 0 , 1 ( ) 0 , 1 (
C
1
Vector Analysis 30
x
( , ) 1 0 ( , ) 1 0
C y
1
2 2
1 x : + =
C
2
0 y : =

F x y i x y j = + + + ( ) ( )
2 2
j t t i t t F

) sin (cos ) sin (cos
2 2
+ + + =
}
=
1
1
c
r d F W

| | | |dt j t i t j t t i ) cos sin ( ) sin (cos
0

+ + + =
}
t
j t t i

) sin (cos + + =
| |dt t t t t cos sin cos sin
0
2
}
t
+ + =
dt
t t
t
}
t
(

+
+
+ =
0

2
2 sin
2
2 cos 1
sin
t
(

+ + =
0
4
2 cos
4
2 sin
2
cos
t t t
t
Vector Analysis 31
C y
1
2 2
1 x : + =
C
2
0 y : =
x
( , ) 1 0 ( , ) 1 0
|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|
+
t
+ =
4
1
0 0 1
4
1
0
2
1
.
2
2
t
+ =
W
2
is the work done in
bringing from (-1,0) to (1,0)
along C
2
: y

= 0 x = t, y = 0.

Its position vector is
j i t t r

0 ) ( + =
dt i r d

=
}
=
2
2
c
r d F W

| | | |dt i j t i t

+ =
}

1
1
2
dt t
}

=
1
1
2
3
2
=
The work in bringing the object is W = W
1
+ W
2
.
3
2
2
2 +
t
+ =
j t i t j x y i y x F

) ( ) (
2 2 2
+ = + + + =
Vector Analysis 32
In general, the value of the line integral defends on
the path of integration C, but in certain cases the
integral will be the same for all paths in a given region
D with the same initial point and ending point.
A line integral that has the
same value for any curve
C on a given region D with
given end points is said to
be independent of path.
1
C
C
2
C
3
D
Vector Analysis 33
LINE INTEGRAL IN SPACE
Line integral in a plane can be extended to space. Let
C be a smooth space curve given by the parametric
equations
x = x(t), y = y(t), z = z(t) a < t < b
or by a vector equation
k t z j t y i t x r

) ( ) ( ) ( + + =
then line integral in space is of the form
dz z y x R dy z y x Q dx z y x P
C
) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( + +
}
where (x,y,z,dx,dy,dz) are all expressed in terms of
the parameter t.
Vector Analysis 34
In vector notation, if F is a continuous vector field
defined on a smooth curve C given by vector function,
b t a t r s s ), (

then the line integral of F along C is

} } }
=
'
=
C C
C
ds T F dt t r t r F r d F

) ( )) ( (
The line integral in R
3
if we choose an arc length,
with the smooth space curve
x = x(t) y = y(t) z = z(t) a < t < b
then the line integral of f along C is
( )
} }
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
b
a
b
a
dt
dt
dz
dt
dy
dt
dx
t z t y t x f ds z y x f
2 2 2
) ( ), ( ), ( ) , , (


Vector Analysis 35
Evaluate
where C consist of the line
segments as shown in the
diagram.
}
+
C
dz dy yx dx z x ) 3 (
2 2
1
1
1
C
1
C
2
C
3
We see that C =
C C C
1 2 3

} } } }
+ + =
2 2 1

C C C C
}
+
C
dz dy yx dx z x ) 3 (
2 2
+ + =
}
1
) 3 (
2 2
C
dz dy yx dx z x + +
}
2
) 3 (
2 2
C
dz dy yx zdx x
}
+ +
3
) 3 (
2 2
C
dz dy yx zdx x
Vector Analysis 36
Its parametric equation is : x = t, y = t, z = 0,
0 1 s s t
0 , , = = = dz dt dy dt dx
= +
}
1
) 3 (
2 2
C
dz dy yx dx z x ( ( )) t dt t dt
2
0
1
3
0 3 0
}
+
}
=
1
0
3
dt t
4
1
=
C
1
: the line from (0,0,0) to (1,1,0)
Its vector equation is 0 , , 0 , 1 , 1 0 , 0 , 0 ) ( t t t t r = + =

Vector Analysis 37
Its parametric equatioan is : x = 1, y = 1, z = t,
0 1 s s t
dt dz dy dx = = = , 0 , 0
( ) x zdx yx dy dz
C
2 2
3
2
+
}
) 3 ) ( 1 (
1
0
dt dt dt t + =
}
dt
}
=
1
0
3
= 3.
C
2
: the line from (1,1,0) to (1,1,1)
Its vector equation is t t t r , 1 , 1 1 , 0 , 0 0 , 1 , 1 ) ( = + =

Vector Analysis 38
C
3
: the line from (1,1,1) to (0,0,0)
Its vector equation is t t t t t r = + = 1 , 1 , 1 1 , 1 , 1 1 , 1 , 1 ) (

Its parametric equatioan is : x = 1 - t, y = 1 - t, z = 1 - t,

dt dz dt dy dt dx = = = , ,
( ) x zdx yx dy dz
C
2 2
3
3
+
}
) 3 ) 1 ( ) 1 (
3
1
0
3
dt dt t dt t + =
}
}
=
1
0
3 dt
=- 3
Vector Analysis 39
}
+
C
dz dy yx dx z x ) 3 (
2 2
+ + =
}
1
) 3 (
2 2
C
dz dy yx dx z x
+ +
}
2
) 3 (
2 2
C
dz dy yx zdx x
}
+ +
3
) 3 (
2 2
C
dz dy yx zdx x
3 3
4
1
+ =
4
1
=
Therefore,
Vector Analysis 40
Evaluate
where C is a curve given by a vector
}

C
r d F

2 0 . ) (
3 2
s s + + = t k t j t i t t r

and
k xy j xz i yz F

+ + =
. ) (
3 2
k t j t i t t r

+ + = . 3 2 ) (
2
k t j t i t r

+ + =
'

k xy j xz i yz F

+ + =
k tt j tt i t t


) ( ) ( ) (
2 3 3 2
+ + =
k t j t i t


3 4 5
+ + =
k t j t i t F

3 4 5
+ + =
Vector Analysis 41
dt t r t r F r d F
C
C
} }
'
= ) ( )) ( (

becomes
( ) (
2
0
3 4 5
}
+ + = k t j t i t


) 3 2
2
dt k t j t i


+ +
dt t t t
}
+ + =
2
0
5 5 5
) 3 2 (
dt t
}
=
2
0
5
6
| | 64
2
0
6
= = t
Vector Analysis 42
CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELD
A vector field F is said to be conservative if there exists a
scalar function f such that
f F V =

Thus F = 2xi + x
2
j is conservative with scalar f = x
2
y
is checked by
f j
y
i
x
f |
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= V

|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+
c
c
= j
y
f
i
x
f

j x i x

2
2 + =
F

=
F is conservative.




Vector Analysis 43
Is there any easy test to determine whether F conservative?
If F is conservative, how a scalar function f be found?


Before answering these questions, we need to introduce
some new terminology.
Simple Curve
A curve r = r(t) a < t < b is said to be simple if both ends do
not intersect.
A curve r = r(t) a < t < b may be open or close.




Vector Analysis 44

r a ( )

r b ( )
=

r a ( )

r b ( )

r a ( )

r b ( ) =

r a ( )

r b ( )
Not simple and open
Not simple but closed
Simple and open Simple and closed
Vector Analysis 45

r a ( ) ) (b r

=

r a ( )

r b ( )

r a ( )

r b ( )
CONNECTED REGION
A region containing a simple and close curve is called
simply connected region.
Simply connected
Not simply connected
Vector Analysis 46
To determine whether F is conservative, use the following
theorem
If j y x v i y x u y x F

) , ( ) , ( ) , ( + = where u dan v have continuous

first partials in the open, simply connected region D,
then F(x,y) is conservative in D if and only if
x
v
y
u
c
c
=
c
c
throughout D.
If F(x,y) is conservative then there exists a scalar potential
function f such that
f F V =

How to obtain f ?



Vector Analysis 47
Show that the vector field

F x y i x y j = + + + ( ) ( ) 2 2
is conservative and then find a scalar potential function f
for F.

F x y i x y j = + + + ( ) ( ) 2 2 y x v y x u + = + = 2 , 2
x
v
y
u
c
c
= =
c
c
2
x
v
y
u
c
c
=
c
c

ve. conservati is ) 2 ( ) 2 ( j y x i y x F

+ + + =
Since F conservative, then f F V =

Vector Analysis 48
=
c
c
+
c
c
j
y
f
i
x
f

j y x i y x

) 2 ( ) 2 ( + + +
y x
y
f
y x
x
f
+ =
c
c
+ =
c
c
2 , 2
) ( 2
2
2
y c yx
x
f + + =
Differentiate with respect to y, ) ( 2 y c x
y
f
'
+ =
c
c
Equating
) ( 2 y c x
y
f
'
+ =
c
c
y x + = 2
y y c =
'
) (
C
y
y c + =
2
) (
2
Hence,
.
2
2
2
2 2
C
y
yx
x
f + + + =
Choose to integrate with respect to x,
Vector Analysis 49
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF
LINE INTEGRALS
Let F be conservative field on region D and let f be the
scalar potential function for F. Then if C is any
piecewise smooth curve lying entirely within D, with
initial P (x
0
,y
0
) and terminal point Q (x
1
,y
1
) we have
Thus, this line integral is
independent of path in D.
) ( ) ( P f Q f r d F
c
=
}

1
C
C
2
C
3
D
| |
) , (
) , (
1 1
0 0
) , (
y x
y x
y x f =
) , ( ) , (
0 0 1 1
y x f y x f =


P (x
0
,y
0
)
Q (x
1
,y
1
)
Vector Analysis 50
Show that the vector field
j y x i x y F

) ( ) (
2 2
+ + =
is conservative and then calculate if C is any curve
from (0,0) to (1,1)
}

c
r d F

j y x i x y F

) ( ) (
2 2
+ + =
2 2
, y x v x y u + = =
x
v
y
u
c
c
= =
c
c
1
F is conservative

Since F is conservative, then f F V =

Vector Analysis 51
=
c
c
+
c
c
j
y
f
i
x
f

j y x i x y

) ( ) (
2 2
+ +
2 2
, y x
y
f
x y
x
f
+ =
c
c
=
c
c

) (
3
3
x
y
xy f | + + =
Differentiate with respect to x,
) ( 0 x y
x
f
|
'
+ + =
c
c

Choose to integrate with respect to y,

Equating
2
) ( x y x y
x
f
= |
'
+ =
c
c
2
) ( x x = |
'

c
x
x + = |
3
) (
3
Vector Analysis 52
According to the fundamental theorem of line integral,
) 1 , 1 (
) 0 , 0 (
3 3
3 3
(

+ =
}
x y
xy r d F
c

3
1
3
1
) 1 ( 1
3 3
+ =
1 =
Hence,
c
x y
xy f + + =
3 3
3 3
F is independent of path. Hence

Vector Analysis 53
If u(x,y) and v(x,y) are continuous on some open
connected region D, then the following statements are
equivalent:
j y x v i y x u y x F a

) , ( ) , ( ) , ( ) ( + =
is a conservative vector field
on the region D.
0 ) ( =
}
C
r d F b

for every piecewise smooth closed curve

in D.
}

C
r d F c

) (
is independent of the path from any point
P in D to any point Q in D for every piece smooth
curve in D.
Vector Analysis 54
If F is a vector field defined on all of R
3

whose component functions have
continuous partial derivatives and curl
F = 0, then F is a conservative vector
field



Vector Analysis 55
Given F = y
2
z
3
i + 2xyz
3
j +3xy
2
z
2
k is a vector field.
F F

V = curl
2 2 3 3 2
3 2 z xy xyz z y
z y x
k j i
c
c
c
c
c
c
=

j z y z y i xyz xyz

) 3 3 ( ) 6 6 (
2 2 2 2 2 2
=




k yz yz

) 2 2 (
3 3
+
= 0
Show that F is conservative
Vector Analysis 56
Given F = y
2
i + (2xy +e
3z
) j + 3ye
3z
k is a conservative
vector field. Find a function f such that F = Vf
k ye j e xy i y F
z z

3 3 2
3 ) 2 ( + + + =
Since F = Vf , then
k
x
f
j
y
f
i
x
f


c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
,
2
y
x
f
=
c
c

, 2
3z
e xy
y
f
+ =
c
c
z
ye
z
f
3
3 =
c
c





Vector Analysis 57
Integrating
2
y
x
f
=
c
c
with respect to x, we get
) , ( ) , , (
2
z y g xy z y x f + =
where g(y,z) is a constant with respect to x.
Differentiating this expression with respect to y, we
have.
y
g
xy
y
f
c
c
+ =
c
c
2
And comparison with
, 2
3z
e xy
y
f
+ =
c
c
gives
.
3z
e
y
g
=
c
c
Vector Analysis 58
Thus integrating this expression with respect to y
we obtain
) ( ) , (
3
z h ye z y g
z
+ =
Hence
) ( ) , , (
3 2
z h ye xy z y x f
z
+ + =
Finally, differentiating with respect to z, we have
z
ye
z
f
3
3 =
c
c
So the desired function is
K ye xy z y x f
z
+ + =
3 2
) , , (
z
h
ye
z
f
z
c
c
+ =
c
c
3
3
Comparing with then
0 =
c
c
z
h
i.e
K z h = ) (
where K is a constant.
Vector Analysis 59
GREENS THEOREM
Let D be the simple connected region with a
piecewise smooth boundary C, oriented counter
clockwise. If a vector field
dA
y
M
x
N
dy N dx M
D C

|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= +
}} }
y f x =
2
( )
y f x =
1
( )
D
C
1
C
2

is continuous and has continuous first partial
derivatives on D, then
F = M(x,y)i + N(x,y)j

Vector Analysis 60
Greens Theorem cannot be applied to every line
integral. Among other restrictions, the curve C
must be simple and closed. When Greens
Theorem does apply, however, it can save time.
The notation
}
+
C
Ndy Mdx
is sometimes used to
Indicate that the line integral is calculated
using the positive orientation of the closed
curve C.
Vector Analysis 61
Evaluate
}
+
C
dy xy dx x
4
where C is the triangular curve
consisting of the line segments from (0,0) to (1,0), from
(1,0) to (0,1), and from (0,1) to (0,0).
x y =1
D
C
(0,0) (1,0)
(0,1)
Notice that D enclosed by C
is simple and C has positive
orientation. Then using
Greens Theorem, we have
Vector Analysis 62
}
+
C
dy xy dx x
4
}}
(

c
c

c
c
=
D
dA x
y
xy
x
) ( ) (
4
dydx y
x
) 0 (
1
0
1
0
} }

=
dx
y
x
}

(
(

=
1
0
1
0
2
2
dx x
}
=
1
0
2
) 1 (
2
1
1
0
3
) 1 (
6
1
(

= x
6
1
=
Vector Analysis 63
Use Greens Theorem to evaluate the integral
}

C
xydy ydx x
2
where C : y = x
2
from (0,0) to (1,1) and along y = x from
(1,1) and back to (0,0)
(0,0)
C
1
: y = x
2
(1,1)
C
1
: y = x

Because M = x
2
y and N = - xy
y
x
N
=
c
c

2
nd a x
y
M
=
c
c
Applying Greens Theorem,
we have
Vector Analysis 64
}

C
xydy ydx x
2
}}
=
D
dA x y ) (
2
} }
=
1
0
2
2
) (
x
x
dydx x y
dx y x
y
x
x
2
1
0
2
2
2
(
}
(
(

=
dx
x
x
x

2 2
3
1
0
2
3
2
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
1
0
3 4 5
6 4 10
3
(
(

=
x x x
60
7
=
Vector Analysis 65
Evaluate
circle x
2
+ y
2
= 9.
, ) 1 7 ( ) 3 (
4 sin
}
+ + +
C
x
dy y x dx e y
where C is the
x
y
-3
3
3
-3
The region D bounded by C is
the disk, x
2
+ y
2
< 9.
So change the Cartesan
coordinates to polar
coordinates.
D
We have
Vector Analysis 66
}
+ + +
C
x
dy y x dx e y ) 1 7 ( ) 3 (
4 sin
dA e y
y
y x
x
D
x
) 3 ( ) 1 7 (
sin 4
}}
(

c
c
+ +
c
c
=
u =
} }
t
d rdr 4
2
0
3
0
dA
D
}}
= ) 3 7 (
| | u =
}
t
d
r
2
0
3
0
2
2
4
t = 36
Vector Analysis 67
From the last two examples, we found that the
double integral was easier to evaluate than the line
integral. But sometimes its easier to line integral and
Greens Theorem is used in the reverse direction. For
instance when we wish to find the area of region D
where the area is
}}
=
D
dA A 1
From Greens Theorem

} }}
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
C D
dy N dx M dA
y
M
x
N
Comparing the two expressions, we have
1 =
c
c

c
c
y
M
x
N
Vector Analysis 68
There are several posibilities
0 y) (x, = M x N = y) (x,
y) (x, y M = 0 y) (x, = N

2
1
y) (x, y M =
y N
2
1
y) (x, =
Then, taking M(x,y) = 0 and M(x,y) = x
}} }} }
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
D D C
dA dA
y
M
x
N
xdy
Also, taking M(x,y) = -y and M(x,y) = 0
Vector Analysis 69
Then the Greens Theorem gives the formula for area A
) ( 2
}
= ydx xdy A
}} }} }
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
D D C
dA dA
y
M
x
N
ydy
Adding the last two results, we have
) (
2
1
}
= ydx xdy A
Vector Analysis 70
Find the area enclosed by the ellipse.
1
2
2
2
2
= +
b
y
a
x
The ellipse has parametric equation, x = a cost,
y = b sin t, 0 < t < 2t. Using the formula
) (
2
1
}
= ydx xdy A
dt t a t b dt t b t a ) sin )( sin ( ) cos )( cos (
2
1
2
0
=
}
t
}
t
=
2
0
2
dt
ab
ab t =
Vector Analysis 71
Green Theorem for Finite Union
We now extend the Greens Theorem to the case
where D is a finite union of simple closed regions.
Of Simple Regions
Let D is as shown in the diagram
D
1
D
2
D = D
1
D
2
, where D
1
and D
2
are both simple
Appling Greens Theorem,
to D
1
, we get

1 3 1
dA
y
M
x
N
dy N dx M
D C C
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= +
}} }

C
3
-- C
3
C
1
C
2
Vector Analysis 72
And also to D
2
, we get

2 3 2
) (
dA
y
M
x
N
dy N dx M
D C C
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= +
}} }

Adding the two equations, the line integrals along
C
3
and C
3
cancel, we get

2 1
dA
y
M
x
N
dy N dx M
D C C
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= +
}} }

which is Greens Theorem for D = D

1
D
2
with its
boundary C = C
1
C
2.
Vector Analysis 73
Evaluate
}
+
C
dy xy dx y 3
2
where C is the boundary of
the semi annular region D in the upper half-plane
between the circles x
2
+ y
2
= 1 and x
2
+ y
2
= 4.
4
2 2
= + y x
1
2 2
= + y x
Greens Theorem gives
}
+
C
dy xy dx y 3
2
dA y
y
xy
x
D
) ( ) 3 (
2
}}
(

c
c

c
c
=
. dA y
D
}}
=
Vector Analysis 74
This can be written in polar coordinates, where as
}
+
C
dy xy dx y 3
2
} }
t
u u =
0
2
1
) sin ( d dr r r
u u
(
(

=
}
t
d
r
sin
3
0
2
1
3
u u =
}
t
d sin
3
7
0
| | cos -
3
7
0
t
u =
3
14
=
D = {(r,u)|1 < r < 2, 0 < u < t}
Vector Analysis 75
Green Theorem for Non
We now extend the Greens Theorem to the
case where D is not simply-connected
regions as shown in the diagram.
Simply-connected Regions
Divide D into two regions D
1
and D
2
by
means of the lines as shown.
D

C
2
C
1
Applying Greens Theorem, we have
D
1
C
2
C
1
dA
y
M
x
N
dA
y
M
x
N
dA
y
M
x
N
D D D

2 1
}} }} }}
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
} }
c c
+ + + =
2 1

D D
dy N dx M dy N dx M
D
2
Vector Analysis 76
Since the line integrals along the common
boundary lines are in opposite direction,
they cancel and we get
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
}}
dA
y
M
x
N
D
} }
+ + +
2 1

C C
dy N dx M dy N dx M
which is Greens Theorem for the region D
Vector Analysis 77
Let D be the region inside the ellipse
1
4 9
2 2
= +
y x
and outside the circle
. 1
2 2
= + y x
Evaluate the line
integral
}
+ +
C
2
) 2 ( 2 dy x x xy where C = C
1
+ C
2
is the
boundary of D as in the diagram.
C
1
C
2
D
Appling Greens Theorem to
the region D using the
boundary C
1
+ C
4
+C
2
+ C
3
to
obtain
C
3
C
4
Vector Analysis 78
}
+ +
C
2
) 2 ( 2 dy x x xy
dA x x
D
) 2 2 2 (
}}
+ =
}}
=
D
dA 2
) of area ( 2 D =
) circle of area - lipse el of area ( 2 =
) 1) ( - ) 3 )( 2 ( ( 2
2
t t =
t =10
Vector Analysis 79
Calculating Work Done
Using Greens Theorem
If D is simply-connected regions with a
simple closed curve C then the work done by
the force field

F M x y i N x y j = + ( , ) ( , )
is calculated by
W F dr
C
=
}

}} }
|
|
.
|

\
|
c
c

c
c
= + =
D C
dA
y
M
x
N
Ndy Mdx

Vector Analysis 80
Calculate the work done by a force

F x y x xy i x y y y j ( , ) ( ) ( sin ) = + +
2 2 2
2
C y x
1
2
: =
C y
2
1 : =
C x
2
0 : =
( , ) 0 1
( , ) 1 1
( , ) 0 0

F x y x xy i x y y y j ( , ) ( ) ( sin ) = + +
2 2 2
2
along the given curve.
W x xy dx x y y y dy
C
= + +
}
( ) ( sin )
2 2 2
2
= +
|
\

|
.
|
}}
c
c
c
c x
x y y y
y
x xy dA 2
2 2 2
( sin ) ( )
Vector Analysis 81
( )
=
}}
4 2 xy xy dA
=
} }
2
2
1
0
1
xydydx
x
| |
=
}
xy dx
x
2
1
0
1
2
=
}
( ) x x dx
5
0
1
=

(
x x
2 6
0
1
2 6
=
1
3
Vector Analysis 82
SURFACE INTEGRAL
Let S be the surface of z = f(x,y)
with R is the the projection of S
on the xy-plane.

S
dA f f y x f y x g dS z y x g
R
y x
S
1 )) , ( , , ( ) , , (
2 2
}} }}
+ + =
If f, f
x
and f
y
are continuous on
R and g is a continuous
function on S, the the surface
integral }}gdS is defined as

Vector Analysis 83
Evaluate
}}
S
yzdS
where S is the part of the plane
x + y + z = 1 that lies in the first octant
On S, we have z = f(x) = 1 x y,
So,
}} }}
=
S S
dS y x y yzdS ) 1 (
dA f f dS
y x
1
2 2
+ + =
where
dA y x y yzdS
R S
}} }}
+ + = 1 ) 1 ( ) 1 ( ) 1 (
2 2
f
x
= -1, f
y
= -1
Vector Analysis 84
dydx y xy y
x
} }

=
1
0
1
0
2
) ( 3
dx
y xy y
x
}

(
(

=
1
0
1
0
3 2 2
3 2 2
3
dx x
}
=
1
0
2
) 1 (
6
1
3
| | . ) 1 (
24
3
1
0
4
x =
.
24
3
=
Vector Analysis 85
Evaluate
}}
S
zdS
where S is the portion of the
paraboloid x
2
+ y
2
+ z = 4 lying above the xy-plane.
On S, we have z = f(x) = 4 x
2
y
2
, f
x
= -2x, f
y
= -2y
So,
}} }}
=
S S
dS y x zdS ) 4 (
2 2
dA y x dS 1 4 4
2 2
+ + =
where
dA y x y x zdS
R S
}} }}
+ + = 1 4 4 ) 4 (
2 2 2 2
Vector Analysis 86
u + = + +
} } }}
t
d dr r r r dA y x y x
R
2
0
2
0
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 4 ) 4 ( 1 4 4 ) 4 (
The region R is the circle, x
2
+ y
2
= 4, therefore we
use polar coordinates.
Hence,
u =
} }
t
d du u u
2
0
17
1
2 3 2 1
) 17 (
32
1
8
1 4
2
du
rdr r u = + =
u
(
(

=
}
t
d
u u
2
0
17
1
2 5 2 3
5
2
3
34
32
1
.
60
41
17
60
289
t t =
17 2
1 0
= =
= =
u r
u r
Vector Analysis 87
AREA OF SURFACE
In a special case of surface integrals
when g(x,y,z) = 1, then
dA f f dS
R
y x
S
1
2 2
}} }}
+ + =
We have discussed this formula earlier.
dA f f y x f y x g dS z y x g
R
y x
S
1 )) , ( , , ( ) , , (
2 2
}} }}
+ + =
becomes
Vector Analysis 88
ORIENTED SURFACE
The surface has a unit normal vector N at each point.

Before proceeding to define a surface integral over
a vector field, we need to know the concept of
oriented surface.
In mbius strip there is one sided surface.
P
At point P, as we travel along the mid strip, the
direction of unit N finally is opposite to the direction
where we begin.

Vector Analysis 89
Let us consider a two sided surface.
For every point (x,y,z) there are two possible unit
normal vectors N.
x
N

y
z
The surface is said to be orientable.
One surface is positively orientable while the
other is negatively orientable.

Vector Analysis 90
The examples of positively orientable and
negatively orientable respectively, are as follows.
N

Positively orientable
(outwards)
Negatively orientable
(inwards)
Positively orientable
(outwards)
Negatively orientable
(inwards)
Vector Analysis 91
HOW TO CALCULATE UNIT VECTOR N

Let the equation of the surface S is ) (x,y g z =
0 ) ( = x,y g z
Write the equation as
0 ) ( ) , , ( = = x,y g z z y x G
k j g i g z y x G
y x

+ + = V ) , , (
Unit vector, N is
k j g i g
k j g i g
z y x G
z y x G
N
y x
y x

+ +
+ +
=
V
V
=
) , , (
) , , (

(outwards)
k j g i g
k j g i g
z y x G
z y x G
N
y x
y x

=
V
V
=
) , , (
) , , (
(inwards)
Vector Analysis 92
Evaluate outward unit normal for the plane,
x + y + z = 1
0 1 ) , , ( 1 = + + = = + + z y x z y x G z y x
Given
k j i z y x G


+ + = V ) , , (
Outward unit vector, N is
k j i
k j i
z y x G
z y x G
N

+ +
+ +
=
V
V
=
) , , (
) , , (
( ) k j i N


+ + =
3
1

Vector Analysis 93
SURFACE INTEGRAL
OVER VECTOR FIELD
Let F be a continuous vector
field defined on an oriented
surface S.

Let N be unit normal.

Then the surface integral of F
over S is

}}

S
dS N F

The integral is also called flux
of F over S.





N

F
Vector Analysis 94
1 = + + z y x
k y x j z i xy F


) ( + + + =
For the surface S
1
:
0 1 ) , , ( = + + = z y x z y x G
Outward unit vector, N is

The surfaces of the tetrahedron
consists of S
1
, S
2
, S
3
, S
4
The equation of S
1
is

Evaluate surface integral of F over the surfaces of
the tetrahedron x + y + z = 1 in the first octant, if
1 :
1
= + + z y x S
Vector Analysis 95
( )
1
3
xy z x y + + +
( )
1
3
1 xy x y x y + + + ( )
( )
1
3
1 xy +
=
=
=
dA g g dS
y x
1
2 2
+ + = Since then
dA dS 3 =
y x y x g =1 ) , (
, 1 , 1 = =
y x
g g
k j i
k j i
z y x G
z y x G
N

+ +
+ +
=
V
V
=
) , , (
) , , (
( ) k j i N


+ + =
3
1
( )



F N xyi zj x y k = + + + ( )
( )
1
3


i j k + +
Vector Analysis 96

F NdS
S

}}
( )
1
3
1 xy
R
+
}}
3 dA =
( )
xy dydx
x
+

} }
1
0
1
0
1
=
( )
xy
y dx x x x dx
x
2
0
1
0
1
3 2
0
1
2
2 2 +

(
= +

} }
13
24
=
=
0 = x
For the surface S
2
:
Outward unit vector, N = -i
The equation of S
2
is
( ) 0 ) 0 ( ) ( ) ( = = = + + + = y xy i k y x j z i xy N F

0 0
1
0
1
0
2
= =
} } }}
y
S
dzdy dS N F

1
0 :
2
= x S
i N

=

F

Vector Analysis 97
For the surface S
3
:
Outward unit vector, N = -j
The equation of S
3
is y = 0
( ) z j k y x j z i xy N F = + + + = ) ( ) (

} } }}

=
1
0
1
0
2
x
S
zdzdx dS N F

}

(
(

=
1
0
1
0
2
2
dx
z
x
}

=
1
0
2
2
) 1 (
dx
x
6
1
=
0 :
3
= y S

j N

=

F
Vector Analysis 98
The surface integral for S
4
:
Outward unit vector, N = -k
The equation of S
4
is z = 0
( ) ) ( ) ( k k y x j z i xy N F



+ + + =
} } }}

+ =
1
0
1
0
) (
2
x
S
dydx y x dS N F

}

(
(

+ =
1
0
1
0
2
2
dx
y
xy
x
}

=
1
0
2
2
) 1 (
dx
x
3
1
=
The total surface integral for the tetrahedron is
13
24 24
1
3
1
6
1
0 = +
0 :
4
= z S
) ( y x + =
k N

=

F

Vector Analysis 99
THE ALTERNATIVE METHOD
The alternative way of calculating surface
integral of F over S is as follows.
Let
k z y x R j z y x Q i z y x P F


) , , ( ) , , ( ) , , ( + + =
be the vector field, then
The surface integral
dA g g
g g
k j g i g
k R j Q i P dS N F
y x
y x
y x
S
1
1
) (
) (
2 2
2 2
+ +
+ +
+
+ + =
}} }}

dA k j g i g k R j Q i P
R
y x
}}
+ + + = ) ( ) (

dA R Qg Pg dS N F
R
y x
S
}} }}
+ = ) (


Vector Analysis 100
Evaluate surface integral of F over the paraboloid
z = 4 x
2
y
2
above a square 0 < x < 1, 0 < y < 1

k zx j yz i xy F


+ + =
Let S be the portion of the
surface z = g(x,y) = 4 x
2
y
2


and
y g x g
y x
2 , 2 = =
k zx j yz i xy F


+ + = z R yz Q xy P = = = , ,
dA R Qg Pg dS N F
R
y x
S
}} }}
+ = ) (

becomes
(1,1,0)
(0,1,0)
(1,0,0)
(1,0,3)
(0,0,4)
(0,1,3)
(1,1,2)
2 2
4 y x z =
Vector Analysis 101
dA z y yz x xy dS N F
R S
}} }}
+ = ) ) 2 ( ) 2 ( (

dA y x x y x y y x
R
}}
+ = ) 4 ( ) 4 ( 2 2 (
2 2 2 2 2 2
dydx xy x x y x y y y x
} }
+ + =
1
0
1
0
2 3 4 2 2 2 2
) 4 2 2 8 2 (
dx x
x x
}
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ + =
1
0
3
2
15
34
3
11
3
180
713
=
Vector Analysis 102
THE DIVERGENT THEOREM
(GAUSSS THEOREM)
Let G be a simple solid region and let S be
the surface of G, given with positive
(outwards) orientation. Let F be a vector
field whose component functions have
continuous partial derivatives on an open
region that contains G then

dV F div dS N F
G S
}}} }}
=



Vector Analysis 103
k y x j z i xy F


) ( + + + =

Given
k y x j z i xy F


) ( + + + =
) ( ) ( ) ( y x
z
z
y
xy
x
F +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
0 0 + + = y
y =
dV F div dS N F
G S
}}} }}
=


From divergence theorem, the surface integral is
G
Evaluate surface integral of F over the surface of the
tetrahedron x + y + z = 1 in the first octant, if
Vector Analysis 104
dV y
G
}}}
=
} } }

=
1
0
1
0
1
0
x y x
ydzdydx
G
| |
} }

=
1
0
1
0
1
0
x
y x
ydydx z
} }

=
1
0
1
0
) 1 (
x
dydx y x y
}

=
1
0
3
6
) 1 (
dx
x
1
0
4
24
) 1 (
(
(

=
x
24
1
=
We have calculated this problem
Using the surface integral
}}

S
dS N F

which gives the same result.
The two examples verify the divergence theorem
Vector Analysis 105
Evaluate surface integral of F over all surfaces of
the cube x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0 and z = 1 if
k z j y i x F


2 + + =
Given
) 2 ( ) ( ) ( z
z
y
y
x
x
F
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
= V
4 2 1 1 = + + =
dV F div dS N F
G S
}}} }}
=


From divergence theorem, the surface integral is
) cube the of volume ( 4 4 = =
}}}
dV
G
4 =
k z j y i x F


2 + + =
Vector Analysis 106
STOKES THEOREM
Stokes Theorem can be regarded as an extension of
Greens Theorem. Stokes Theorem relates a surface
integral over a surface S to a line integral around the
boundary curve of S.


Stokes Theorem
Let S be an orientable piecewise
smooth surface, that is bounded by a
simple, closed, piecewise smooth
boundary curve C with positive
orientation.

Let F be a vector field whose
component have continuous partial
derivatives on open region that
contains S, then

}} }
=
S C
dS N curlF r d F

}}
V =
S
dS N F

S
Vector Analysis 107
Evaluate
}

C
r d F

by using Stokes Theorem for

with C is the circle
k y j x i z F

3 2
2 + =
in the xy-plane with counterclockwise
orientation looking down the positive z-axis.
1
2 2
= + y x
Given a vector field k y j x i z F

3 2
2 + =
3 2
2 y x z
z y x
k j i
F kurl c c c c c c =

k j z i y


2 2
2
+ + =
Vector Analysis 108
For the plane z = 0 f(x,y,z) = z
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 0 0
1 , 0 , 0
+ +
=
V
V
=
f
f
N

= = 1 , 0 , 0
dA dS =
2 1 , 0 , 0 2 , 2 , 2 = = z y N F Curl

1
2 2
= + y x
0 = z
(circle) (circle)
N = k N = k

1
2 2
= + y x
0 = z
(circle) (circle)
N = k N = k

Using Stokes Theorem
}} }
=
S C
dS N curlF r d F

}}
=
S
dS 2
}}
=
R
dA 2
} }
t
u =
2
0
1
0
2rdrd
| |
}
t
u =
2
0
1
0
2
d r
}
t
t = u =
2
0
2 d