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EXERCISES OF RELATIVE CLAUSES I. Decide whether the relative pronoun is a subject pronoun or an object pronoun. 1.

Do you know the girl who I danced with? 2. Do you know the girl who danced with me? 3. The apples that are lying on the table are bad. 4. The apples that we bought in the shop are bad. 5. We will stay at a hotel which is not far from the beach. 6. We will stay at a hotel which my friend has recommended to us. 7. That is a museum which I like very much. 8. That is a museum which lies in the heart of the town. 9. This is the man who Barbara visited in Scotland. 10. This is the man who lives in Scotland. II. Choose the correct relative pronoun or relative adverb. 1. A castle is a place .a king or queen lives. 2. An actress is a woman .plays in films or theatre plays. 3. This is the girl .mother is from Canada. 4. This is the time of the year .many people suffer from hayfever. 5. The flowers ..grow in the garden are beautiful. 6. The woman is sitting at the desk is Mr Winter's secretary. 7. I cannot remember the reason he wanted us to leave. 8. Jane, ..mother is a physician, is very good at biology. 9. She didnt see the snake .was lying on the ground. 10. Do you know the shop. Andrew picked me up? 11. I dont know the name of the woman to..I spoke on the phone. 12. Towns..attract tourists are usually crowded in the summer. 13. The sun,..is one of millions of stars in the universe, provides us with heat and light. 14. Which is the European country..economy is growing the fastest? 15. Sarah,..you met yesterday, works in advertising. 16. I am afraid the numbers..I chose didnt win the prize. 17. Electronics is a subject about .I know very little. 18. Mark, car had broken down, was in a very bad mood. 19. Your friend, name I cant remember, made a lot of noise. 20. The river from..we get our water-supply is nearly empty. III. Combine the sentences with relative clauses. (Decide whether to use commas or not.) 1. A monk is a man. The man has devoted his life to God. A monk 2. I have one black cat. His name is Blacky. I have .. 3. A herbivore is an animal. The animal feeds upon vegetation. A herbivore 4. Carol plays the piano brilliantly. She is only 9 years old. Carol

5. Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia. Sydney 6. Three youngsters were arrested by the police. They had committed criminal offences. The police 7. The World Wide Web has become an essential part of our lives. It was invented by Tim Berners-Lee. Tim Berners-Lee .. Combine the sentences using a relative clauses without a relative pronouns (Contact Clauses). 1. I watched a film last night. The film was interesting. The film.. 2. Carly helps a man. The man is my teacher. The man.. 3. We ate chicken at the restaurant. It was delicious. The chicken.. 4. The boy is very nice. I know him from school. The boy 5. The shoes are too big. My grandma bought them for me. The shoes V. Join the following sentences 1/ I read a book. It was written by a friend of mine. 2/ A man got on the bus. He was carrying a lot of money in a box. 3/ In the street, there were several people. They were waiting for the shop to open. 4/ Britain imports many cars. They were made in Japan. 7/ Most of people recovered quickly. They were injured in the crash. 9/ The children were playing football in the schoolyard. They were my students. 10/ Vietnam exports a lot of rice. It is grown mainly in the south of the country. VI. Relative clause with preposition 1. The teacher is Mr. Mike. We studied with him last week. -->The teacher with whom we studied last week is Mr. Mike. 2. The problem has been discussed in class. We are very interested in it. 3. Many diseases are no longer dangerous. People died of them many years ago. 4. Do you see my pen? I have just written with it. 5. I like standing at the window. I can see the part from this window. 6. We are crossing the meadow. We flew kites over it in our childhood. 7. They are repairing the tubes. Water is brought into our house through the tubes. 8. In the middle of the village there is a well. The villagers take water from it to drink. 9.This is a race opportunity. You should take advantage of it to get a better job. 10. The boy is my cousin. You made fun of him.

If a preposition is used with the relative pronoun, this preposition can either precede the pronoun or follow the verb. In the second case we can use the same pronouns as when the pronoun is in the object role. Otherwise we use whom or which. The house in which the famous poet was born is now a museum. The house which the famous poet was born in is now a museum. The house that the famous poet was born in is now a museum. The house the famous poet was born in is now a museum. Suzanne, with whom I am in love, got married yesterday. Suzanne, who I am in love with, got married yesterday. At which point (when) and in which case (if so) are used in non-defining clauses. I watched the match until the end of the first half, at which point I decided to go home. If there is a fire, the alarm will go off, in which case leave the building at once. DEFINING AND NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES A. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DEFINING AND NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES I. Defining relative clauses identify nouns: these clauses tell us which person, thing, etc the speaker means. Examples: 1. I spoke to the woman who owns the hotel. (who owns the hotel tells us which woman) 2. The house which Sue has bought is over 100 years old. (which Sue has bought tells us which house) II. Non - Defining relative clauses do not tell us which person, thing, etc the speaker means: these clauses give more information about a person or thing already identified. Examples: 1. Kens mother, who is 69, has just passed her driving test. (who is 69 does not tell us which woman; we already know that it is Kens mother) 2. Sues house, which is in the centre of town, is over 100 years old. (which is in the centre of town does not tell us which house; we already know that it is Sues house) III. Non - Defining relative clauses are more common in a formal style, especially in writing. When we write these clauses, we put comas at the beginning and at the end of the clause. Examples: 1. Last week I met Sue, who told me she was going on holiday soon. 2. Frank Morris, who is one of my best friends, has decided to go and live in France. B. PRACTICE EXERCISE 01 COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING WHO, THAT OR WHICH, BUT ONLY WHERE NECESSARY LEAVE A BLANK IF POSSIBLE. 1. Maria, has only been in Britain for a few weeks, speaks excellent English. 2. Who was the girl you were speaking to just now? 3. My sister, .. wasnt feeling very hungry, didnt want to go to the restaurant. 4. I lost all my money .. you gave me. 5. This is the letter came in todays post. 6. Mr and Mrs Woods, . live next door to us, have gone on holiday. 7. Brighton, .. a tourist centre on the south coast of England, is about 85 kilometres fromLondon.

8. Sydney, .. has apopulation of more than three million, is Australias largest city. C. NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH WHOSE WHERE WHEN AND WHOM. I. We can use WHOSE, WHERE and WHEN in non-defining relative clauses. Examples: 1. Tina Harris, whose brother is the actor Paul Harris, is a good friend of mine. 2. We visited a town called Christchurch, where we had lunch in an italian restaurant. 3. Were going on holiday in September, when the weather isnt so hot. II. We can also use whom instead of who when it is the object of the verb in a non defining clause. Example: - Sarah Ross, who/whom you met in Madrid last summer, will be at the party tonight. D. PRACTICE EXERCISE 02 SITUATION: Peter is going to the United States next year. Complete what he says about his visit using whose, who/whom, where and when. Im going to the States at the beginning of January (1) ., hopefully, it wont be too cold. Im flying to New York, (2) . my friend Brian has been living for the past two years. Im really looking forward to meeting his American girlfriend Cyndy, (3) .. I met when they both came over to London last year. Cyndy, (4) .. brother is quite a famous jazz musician, has promised to take me to Greenwich Village, (5) . there are a lot of jazz clubs. After two weeks in New York, Ill take the Greyhound bus to Cleveland. Ohio. Im going to stay there with my Aunt jackie, (6) .. son my cousin Abe I met last summer in England. Then, if I have enough money, Ill travel south to New Orleans. I hope to get there by the first two weeks of February, (7) the Mardi Gras Festival takes place. E. RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH PREPOSITIONS + WHICH AND WHOM I. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES a.We can use a preposition before which and whom in a defining relative clause. Examples: 1. Thats the town in which he was born. 2. The people with whom I stayed were very kind. b. But in everyday speech, it is more usual to put the preposition at the end of the clause and to leave out the pronoun which, whom, etc. Examples: 1. Thats the town he was born in. 2. The people I stayed with were very kind. II. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES a. In a formal style, we also use a preposition before which and whom in a non defining relative clause. Examples: 1. Shes studying chemistry, about which I know very little. 2. Mr and Mrs Morris, with whom we went on holiday, live in Bristol. b. But in everyday speech, it is more usual to put the preposition at the end of the clause and to use

who instead of whom. 1. Shes studying chemistry, which I know very little about. 2. Mr and Mrs Morris, who we went on holiday with, live in Bristol. c. Notes: We cannot leave out the pronoun which, who in a non defining clause. G. PRACTICE EXERCISE 03 A. JOIN EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES WITHOUT USING WHO, WHOM OR WHICH. 1. The restaurant was in West Street. We went to it. ................................ . 2. The woman is a good friend of mine. I borrowed the money from her. ................................ . 3. The man is Sues cousin. I introduced you to him. ................................ .. 4. The hotel overlooked the sea. We stayed at it. ................................... 5. The shop is closed. I bought the shoes from it. ................................ ... 6. The people like him very much. He works with them. ................................ .... B. JOIN EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES USING (i) WHO, or WHICH, and (ii) A PREPOSITION + WHOM OR WHICH. 1. Mr Jones is a teacher at Anns school. I was talking to him a moment ago. (i) ............................. (ii) ............................ 2. Peters party is next Saturday evening. We are all invited to it. (i) .............................. (ii) ............................. 3. Mr Mason apologized for the mistake. We complained to him. (i) .............................. (ii) ............................. 4. The film Family Life is showing next week. Ive heard good reports about it. (i) .............................. (ii) ............................. H. WHICH REFERRING TO A WHOLE CLAUSE 1. We can use which to refer back to a whole clause. 2. A coma is used before the relative clause. 3. Which is always used (not that) Example:

1. He offered to help me. This was very kind of him. (This = the fact that he offered to help me) 2. He offered to help me, which was very kind of him. (which = the fact that he offered to help me) I. PRACTICE EXERCISE 04 JOIN EACH IDEA IN A WITH THE MOST SUITABLE IDEA IN B USING WHICH. A. 1. She lent me the money. 2. They had to wait for over an hour. 3. There was a lot of snow on the roads. 4. I knew you didnt want to go to the concert. 5. There was a bus strike. 6. There was a delicious smell coming from the kitchen. B. a. This made driving dangerous. b. It made us all feel very hungry. c. That is why I didnt buy you a ticket. d. It meant I had to take a taxi. e. This annoyed them very much. f. This was very generous of her. ======================================================================== ============= THE KEYS TO PRACTICE EXERCISES WILL BE UPDATED AFTER THE LECTURE IN CLASS (04/01/2010)

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RELATIVE CLAUSES PART 01 (THIS LESSON WAS LECTURED ON MONDAY 28/12/2009 - WITH KEYS TO EXERCISES)THNG BO V BI KIM TRA HC TRNH S 02

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A. THE DEFINITION OF RELATIVE CLAUSE 1. WHAT IS A RELATIVE CLAUSE? A relative clause is a clause which we use to give information about something or somebody without starting another sentence. By combining sentences with a relative clause, our texts become more fluent and we can avoid repeating certain words. - Examples: a. I spoke to the woman who owns the hotel (I spoke to the woman. She owns the hotel.) b. - Did you see the letter which came this morning (Did you see the letter. It came this morning) B. DEFINING AND NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES 1. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES - Defining Relative Clauses give us important information which tells us exactly who or what is

being referred to. Examples: - That book which you lent me is really good. - The man who is talking to you is my teacher. 2. NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES - Non Defining Relative Clauses add extra information, separated by comas in writing and which or who is always used as a relative pronoun. Examples: - Peter, who sits behind me, comes from the U.S.A. - Peters house, which is behind the cinema, is very expensive. C. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH WHO, THAT AND WHICH 1. We use who for people. - The man who interviewed me was very nice. (= The man was very nice. He interviewed me) 2. We use that for things. The keys that were on this table have disappeared. 3. We can use which instead of that (to talk about things) in a defining relative clause. - The keys which were on this table have disappeared. 4. In an informal style, it is also possible to use that instead of who (to talk about people) The man that interviewed me was very nice. (= The man was very nice. He interviewed me) D. APPLICATION EXERCISE A JOIN EACH PAIR OF SENTENCES USING WHO FOR PEOPLE AND THAT FOR THINGS. 1. Thats the woman. She works in the post office. ......................................................................... 2. The man wasnt English. He spoke to us. ......................................................................... 3. Hes the man. He painted my house. ......................................................................... 4. What is the name of the boy? He telephoned you. ......................................................................... 5. Whats happened to the money? It was on my desk. ......................................................................... 6. They are the people. They offered Sue a job. ......................................................................... 7. The car has now been found. It was stolen. ......................................................................... 8. Shes the person. She gives me a lift to work everyday. ......................................................................... 9. The lock has now been repaired. It was broken. ......................................................................... 10. Most of people are very nice. They work in Peters office. ......................................................................... E. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES WITHOUT WHO, THAT AND WHICH NOTE: Who That and Which can be the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of Defining Relative Clause. Examples: - Marianne is the girl WHO invited us to the party. (Marianne is the girl. SHE invited us to the party) (WHO is the Subject)

- Marianne is the girl WHO we met last night. (Marianne is the girl. We met HER last night) (WHO is the Object) 1. We often leave out who, that or which when they are the objects in defining relative clauses. But we cant leave them out when they are the subjects in the defining relative clauses. - Marianne is the girl we met last night. - Have you seen the book I put on this table? 2. We can use WHOM instead of WHO (for people) when it is the object of the verb in a relative clause. But WHOM is quite formal and not very common in everyday speech. Instead, we use who or that (or leave them out) Examples: I met a woman WHOM I know. I met a woman (who) I know. F. APPLICATION EXERCISE B COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING WHO FOR PEOPLE AND THAT FOR THINGS; IF IT IS POSSIBLE TO LEAVE OUT WHO OR THAT, WRITE THEM IN BRACKETS. 1. John Murray is the man ............ owns the Grand Hotel. 2. The man .......... we spoke to wasnt very nice. 3. This is the sweater .............. I bought on Saturday. 4. What is the name of the company ........... you work for? 5. A bi-lingual person is someone ................... can speak two languages equally well. 6. Whos that boy .................... Sally is dancing with? 7. Are these all the letters .................. came in this mornings post? 8. Have you found the money .................. you lost? 9. The people .................. used to live in that house have moved. 10. I dont like films ..................... are very violent. G. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH WHOSE, WHERE, WHEN AND WHY/THAT 1. WHOSE: - We use whose in relative clauses (in places of his, her, their, etc) to talk about possession. Examples: - (Ive got a friend. HIS brother is an actor.) = Ive got a friend WHOSE brother is an actor. - (They are the people. THEIR house caught fire.) = They are the people WHOSE house caught fire. 2. WHERE, WHEN and WHY/THAT a. We can use WHERE (for places) and WHEN(for times) in relative clauses. Examples: - The factory where I work is going to close down. - Is there a time when we can meet? b. After the word reason we can use WHY or THAT in relative clauses Example: - Is there a reason why/that you want to leave now? c. We can leave out WHEN, WHY and THAT. - Is there a time we can meet? - Is there a reason you want to leave now? d. We can also leave out WHERE if we use a preposition. Example: - The hotel we stay at was very small. H. APPLICATION EXERCISE C I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS USING WHOSE, as in the example. Example:

- Whos Mrs Barnes? (Her husband teaches at Annies school.) - Shes the woman whose husband teaches at Annies school. 1. Whos Jim Owen? (His flat was broken into.) ......................... 2. Who are Mr and Mrs Peters? (Their children were injured in the accident) .......................... 3. Whos that girl? (Her brother works in the post office.) .......................... 4. Who are those people? (Their credit cards were stolen.) .......................... 5. Who are you? (My mother phoned the police.) .......................... II. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING WHERE, WHENor WHY/THAT 1. Thats the church . Ken and kate were married. 2. Did they tell you the reason they wanted you to do that? 3. Whats the name of the restaurant . you had lucnh? 4. I can remember a time .. there was no television. 5. Is that the hospital .. you had your operation? 6. I dont understand the reason . he was late. 7. Do you remember the time . your car broke down on the motorway? ======================================================================== ========= KEYS TO EXERCISES D. APPLICATION EXERCISE A 1. Thats the woman. She works in the post office. - Thats the woman who works in the post office. 2. The man wasnt English. He spoke to us. - The man who spoke to us wasnt English. 3. Hes the man. He painted my house. - Hes the man who painted my house. 4. What is the name of the boy? He telephoned you. - What is the name of the boy who telephoned you? 5. Whats happened to the money? It was on my desk. - Whats happened to the money that was on my desk? 6. They are the people. They offered Sue a job. - They are the people who offered Sue a job. 7. The car has now been found. It was stolen. - The car that was stolen has now been found. 8. Shes the person. She gives me a lift to work everyday. - Shes the person who gives me a lift to work everyday. 9. The lock has now been repaired. It was broken. - The lock that was broken has now been repaired. 10. Most of people are very nice. They work in Peters office. - Most of the people who work in Peters office are very nice. F. APPLICATION EXERCISE B COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING WHO FOR PEOPLE AND THAT FOR THINGS; IF

IT IS POSSIBLE TO LEAVE OUT WHO OR THAT, WRITE THEM IN BRACKETS. 1. John Murray is the man WHO owns the Grand Hotel. 2. The man (WHO) we spoke to wasnt very nice. 3. This is the sweater (THAT) I bought on Saturday. 4. What is the name of the company (THAT) you work for? 5. A bi-lingual person is someone WHO can speak two languages equally well. 6. Whos that boy (WHO) Sally is dancing with? 7. Are these all the letters THAT came in this mornings post? 8. Have you found the money (THAT) you lost? 9. The people WHO used to live in that house have moved. 10. I dont like films THAT are very violent. H. APPLICATION EXERCISE C I. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS USING WHOSE, as in the example. Example: - Whos Mrs Barnes? (Her husband teaches at Annies school.) - Shes the woman whose husband teaches at Annies school. 1. Whos Jim Owen? (His flat was broken into.) - Hes the man whose flat was broken into. 2. Who are Mr and Mrs Peters? (Their children were injured in the accident.) - They are the couple whose children were injured in the accident. 3. Whos that girl? (Her brother works in the post office.) - Shes the girl whose brother works in the post office. 4. Who are those people? (Their credit cards were stolen.) - They are the people whose credit cards were stolen. 5. Who are you? (My mother phoned the police.) - Im the person whose mother phoned the police. II. COMPLETE THE SENTENCES USING WHERE, WHENor WHY/THAT 1. Thats the church WHERE Ken and Kate were married. 2. Did they tell you the reason WHY/THAT they wanted you to do that? 3. Whats the name of the restaurant WHERE you had lucnh? 4. I can remember a time WHEN there was no television. 5. Is that the hospital WHERE you had your operation? 6. I dont understand the reason WHY/THAT he was late. 7. Do you remember the time WHEN your car broke down on the motorway?

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