THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPT.

OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY

SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER

NAME : Christopher Linton ID# : 806003089 LAB GROUP :L DATE PERFORMED : 13th April, 2007

DATE SUBMITTED : 18th April , 2007

TABLE OF CONTENTS
AIM PROCEDURE RESULTS SAMPLE CALCULATIONS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION REFERENCES APPENDIX 3 4 5 8 10 11 12 13

AIM
1. To perform three(3) tests on the single-phase transformer, namely the open-circuit test, the shortcircuit test and the load test. 2. To determine the equivalent circuit parameters and the efficiency and regulation of the transformer.

PROCEDURE
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The nameplate data on the transformer was recorded and using the 110/220V voltage ratio, the full-load current on the primary and secondary sides of the transformer were determined. Care was taken to ensure that the 110V side was taken as the primary side throughout the following exercises. OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST: The circuit for this test was connected as shown in figure 1 (see appendix). Using an auto-transformer, the applied voltage to the primary side was varied from zero to 125% of the rated voltage and six(6) values of open-circuit power, open-circuit voltage and magnetizing current were recorded. SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST: The circuit for this test was connected as shown in figure 2 (see appendix). The applied voltage to the primary side was varied using an auto-transformer and a range of primary current from zero to 125% of rated current was obtained, and six(6) values of short-circuit power, short-circuit voltage and short current were recorded. LOAD TEST The circuit for this test was connected as shown in figure 3 (see appendix). The auto-transformer was then set to supply rated voltage to the primary side of the transformer, varying the load from zero to 100% of the full load current. Six(6) values of input power, primary voltage, secondary voltage, primary current and secondary current were then recorded.

RESULTS
4

TABLE 1: RESULTS FOR THE OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST OPEN-CIRCUIT VOLTAGE MAGNETIZING CURRENT OPEN-CIRCUIT POWER VOC IM POC (VOLTS) (AMPS) (WATTS)

140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

0.186 0.45 0.24 0.135 0.105 0.08 0.06 0

73 46 37 30 24 17 10 0

TABLE 2: RESULTS FOR THE SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST SHORT-CIRCUIT SHORT-CIRCUIT SHORT-CIRCUIT POWER VOLTAGE PRIMARY CURRENT PSC ISC VSC (WATTS) (AMPS) (VOLTS)

12.6 9.8 7.1 4.0 8.2

PRIMARY VOLTAGE V1 (VOLTS)

9 7 5 3 6
TABLE 3: Results for the Load Test PRIMARY INPUT POWER SECONDARY CURRENT P1 VOLTAGE I1 (WATTS) V2 (AMPS) (VOLTS)

113 67.5 35.5 12 49

SECONDARY CURRENT I2 (AMPS)

120 119 114 112

2 4.4 8.4 12.7

250 500 975 1425

234 226 216 210

0.2 2.21 4.20 6.10

RO ()

TABLE 4: RESULTS FOR THE EQUIVALENT TRANSFORMER CIRCUIT XM VOC REQ XEQ () (V) () ()

VSC (V)

268.5 313

752.68 266.67

140 120

0.156 0.200

1.391 1.312

12.6 9.8

270 213.34 150 94.12 40

416.67 592.6 571.43 500 333.34

100 80 60 40 20

0.284 0.445 0.227

1.391 1.245 1.347

7.1 4.0 8.2

TABLE 5: RESULTS FOR THE EFFICIENCY AND REGULATION OF THE TRANSFORMER LOAD CURRENT EFFICIENCY REGULATION (A) (%) (%)

0.2 2.21 4.20 6.10

19.38 94.76 93.27 87.90

0 3.54 8.33 11.43

D.C PRIMARY RESISTANCE (RP) = 0.4 D.C SECONDARY RESISTANCE (RS) = 0.7

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS
OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST: POC = VOC2 6

73 R

R = 1402 R = 268.5

VOC = IM X XM 140 = 0.186 X XM XM = 752.7 SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST: PSC = ISC2 X REQ 113 = 92 X REQ REQ = 0.156 VSC = ISC X (REQ + jXEQ) VSC = ISC X (REQ2 + XEQ2) 12.6 = 9 X (0.1562 + XEQ2) XEQ = 1.391

CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY AND REGULATION: EFFICIENCY = OUTPUT INPUT = V2I2 + I22RS V1I1 + I12RP 7

= (234 X 0.2) + (0.22 X 0.7) (120 X 2) + (22 X 0.4) = 0.1938 = 19.38% REGULATION = VNL VFL VFL = 234 226 226 = 0.0354 = 3.54%

DISCUSSION
The short-circuit voltage is directly proportional to the shortcircuit current. The relationship between the short-circuit voltage and the magnetizing current is logarithmic in nature, and is of such

that as the magnetizing current increases as the short-circuit voltage increases. The maximum efficiency of the transformer was 94.76%, and this occurred at a load current of 2.21 Amps. The efficiency of a transformer can be defined as its ability to transfer power, with a minimum of power losses, but these power losses occur in two(2) groups, which are: 1. I2R losses in the primary and secondary windings. 2. Core losses due to hysteresis and eddy-currents. Although, in practice, the efficiency of a transformer can never be 100%, it can approach a maximum value, and this maximum value will occur when the I2R losses are equivalent to the core losses. The regulation of the transformer was 11.43% and this occurred at a load current of 6.1 Amps, the regulation is defined as the variation of the secondary voltage between no-load and full-load, and can be expressed as a percentage of the no-load voltage.

CONCLUSION
The conclusions that can be obtained from this experiment are as follows:

 Short-circuit voltage is directly proportional to the shortcircuit current. Form the graph, the maximum efficiency of the transformer was 94.76%. The regulation of the transformer is directly proportional to the load current.

REFERENCES
Edward Hughes, Electrical Technology, 7th Ed, Longman Publishers 10

APPENDIX
THIS SECTION CONTAINS THE SIGNED RESULTS OF THE EXPERIMENT AND GRAPHS:

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