CCNA 2 Reviewer There are four major phases to the bootup process: 1. One. Performing the POST. . 2. Two.

Loading the bootstrap program . . 3. Three. Locating and loading the Cisco IOS software . . 4. Four. Locating and loading the startup configuration file or entering setup mode . .

Static Routes: -This is a manually configured path that specifies how the router will get to a certain point using a certain path. Summary static routes: -This is several static routes that have been condensed into a single static route. Default route: -It is the route packets use if there is no other possible match for their destination in the routing table.

RIP characteristics include: Classful, distance vector routing protocol. . Metric is Hop Count . . Does not support VLSM or discontiguous subnets. . Updates every 30 seconds . .

RIP characteristics include: Rip messages are encapsulated in a UDP segment with source and destination ports of 520 . .

Default-information originate command : -This command is used to specify that the router is to originate default information, by propagating the static default route in RIP update. Boundary Routers: RIP automatically summarizes classful networks. . Boundary routers summarize RIP subnets from one major network to another. . Boundary Routers: RIP automatically summarizes classful networks. . Boundary routers summarize RIP subnets from one major network to another. .

2 rules govern RIPv1 updates: -If a routing update and the interface its received on belong to the same network then The subnet mask of the interface is applied to the network in the routing update. -If a routing update and the interface its received on belong to a different network then The classful subnet mask of the network is applied to the network in the routing update.

2 rules govern RIPv1 updates: -If a routing update and the interface its received on belong to the same network then The subnet mask of the interface is applied to the network in the routing update -If a routing update and the interface its received on belong to a different network then The classful subnet mask of the network is applied to the network in the routing update.

Conditions that can lead to routing loops include Incorrectly configured static routes. . Incorrectly configured route redistribution. . Slow convergence. . Incorrectly configured discard routes. .

The Metric Field in the Routing Table RIP: Hop count - Best path is chosen by the route with the lowest hop count. IGRP and EIGRP: Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, and Load - Best path is chosen by the route with the smallest composite metric value calculated from these multiple parameters. By default, only bandwidth and delay are used. IS-IS and OSPF: Cost - Best path is chosen by the route with the lowest cost. . Cisco's implementation of OSPF uses bandwidth.

The Metric Field in the Routing Table RIP: Hop count - Best path is chosen by the route with the lowest hop count. IGRP and EIGRP: Bandwidth, Delay, Reliability, and Load - Best path is chosen by the route with the smallest composite metric value calculated from these multiple parameters. By default, only bandwidth and delay are used. IS-IS and OSPF: Cost - Best path is chosen by the route with the lowest cost. . Cisco's implementation of OSPF uses bandwidth RIP Routing Information Protocol (RIP) was originally specified in RFC 1058. It has the following key characteristics: Hop count is used as the metric for path selection. If the hop count for a network is greater than 15, RIP cannot supply a route to that network. Routing updates are broadcast or multicast every 30 seconds, by default. IGRP Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a proprietary protocol developed by Cisco. IGRP has the following key design characteristics: Bandwidth, delay, load and reliability are used to create a composite metric. Routing updates are broadcast every 90 seconds, by default. IGRP is the predecessor of EIGRP and is now obsolete.

EIGRP Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) is a Cisco proprietary distance vector routing protocol. EIGRP has these key characteristics: It can perform unequal cost load balancing. It uses Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the shortest path. There are no periodic updates as with RIP and IGRP. Routing updates are sent only when there is a change in the topology.

Routing Protocols Distance vector Routing Protocol Distance vector routes are advertised as vectors of distance & direction. Distance vectorincomplete view of networktopology. Distance vectorGenerally, periodic updates.

Link state Routing Protocol Link state complete view of network . Link state topology is created. Link state updates are not periodic.

RIP Timers : In addition to the update timer, the IOS implements three additional timers for RIP: Invalid Flush Holddown Invalid Timer. If an update has not been received to refresh an existing route after 180 seconds (the default), the route is marked as invalid by setting the metric to 16. The route is retained in the routing table until the flush timer expires. Flush Timer. By default, the flush timer is set for 240 seconds, which is 60 seconds longer than the invalid timer. When the flush timer expires, the route is removed from the routing table. Holddown Timer. This timer stabilizes routing information and helps prevent routing loops during periods when the topology is converging on new information. Once a route is marked as unreachable, it must stay in holddown long enough for all routers in the topology to learn about the unreachable network. By default, the holddown timer is set for 180 seconds. The holddown timer is discussed in more detail later in this chapter.