Digestive system diseases.

Common Digestive Diseases As mentioned above, any of the organs that is a part of the digestive system can get affected with diseases that are classified as digestive diseases. Digestive system can be affected with a number of diseases. While, some of them affect a particular organ or a part of that organ, some others may affect more than one organ. The following is a list of digestive system diseases, that are commonly found in humans.

Ulcer is one of the common diseases of the digestive system. Ulcers are open sores on lesions that can develop on the walls of the esophagus, stomach and duodenum. This condition can be caused by various factors, like, stress, lifestyle, medications, etc. Duodenal ulcers are the most common form, which is followed by stomach ulcers.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is one of the most common diseases of the digestive system and the characteristic feature of this condition is heartburn. Otherwise known as acid reflux disease, this condition is caused by the abnormal reflux of the contents in the stomach (including acids) to the esophagus. Gastritis is another digestive system disease that is caused by bacterial infection, regular use of medications, like, NSAIDs, excess alcohol consumption, etc. Gastritis can cause bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, indigestion and abdominal pain. When the food movement from the stomach to the small intestine gets too slow or stops totally, then the condition is called gastroparesis. The symptoms of gastroparesis include nausea, heartburn, upper abdominal pain, vomiting, bloating, etc. This condition is caused by the malfunctioning of the stomach muscles and is treated with medications to stimulate those muscles.

Celiac disease or gluten intolerance is another among the common digestive system diseases and is a type of autoimmune disease that affects the small intestine. In people with this condition, the immune system reacts to gluten in some food products (like wheat), causing damage to the small intestine walls, thereby hindering nutrient absorption. Celiac disease symptoms include diarrhea, pain, bloating, pain, anemia, etc.

Common diseases of the digestive system includes Crohn's disease, which is characterized by the inflammation of the walls of the digestive tract. While, the intestines are found to be mainly affected by Crohn's disease, even other parts of the digestive tract may develop this condition. Symptoms include ulcers, diarrhea, abdominal pain, blood in stools, etc.

Another such inflammatory condition of the intestine is ulcerative colitis, that is mainly found to affect the large intestine. This is also a type of inflammatory bowel disease and is characterized by ulcers, blood in stools, abdominal pain, etc. Untreated ulcerative colitis can lead to perforation of colon and other complications. Diverticulosis is a condition that affects the large intestine or colon and is characterized by formation of pouches on the colon wall. These pouches bulge outwards, causing pain and discomfort. Along with bloating and constipation. Inflammation of these pouches is called diverticulitis that can cause fever, nausea, severe pain, etc.

Constipation is one of the common digestive system diseases and disorders. It can be caused by many different factors, like, lifestyle, diet, medications and medical conditions, etc. It can be defined as infrequent bowel movements (less than three times a week), along with hard to pass dry stools. Constipation can be relieved with laxatives. Lifestyle changes and treatment of the underlying problem can relieve this condition, which is among the most common diseases of the digestive system.

One of the digestive system disorders that affect the rectum is rectal prolapse, wherein the walls of the rectum bulge outward through the anal opening. This condition is categorized into three types, as per the degree of prolapse. Causes for this condition can be different, but, old age and constipation are very common among them. In most cases, rectal prolapse treatment is done with surgery.

Anal fissures are cracks or cuts on the skin that lines the lower part of the rectum, called anus. This condition is characterized by rectal bleeding and pain. It is mainly caused by hard stools, that are difficult to expel. Other causes for anal fissures include anal sex, syphilis, HIV, etc. Most of the acute anal fissures disappear within a few days, chronic ones may take two to four weeks to subside. Some of them may require surgery too.

Respiratory System diseases

Classification
Respiratory diseases can be classified in many different ways, including by the organ or tissue involved, by the type and pattern of associated signs and symptoms, or by the cause (etiology) of the disease.

[edit]Inflammatory

lung disease

Characterised by a high neutrophil count, e.g. asthma, cystic fibrosis, emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder or acute respiratory distress syndrome.[1] Allergic reactions due to exposure to certain agents (i.e. foods) are a relatively common cause of acute respiratory disease. Some common examples include sea foods prawns, some fatty fish, radish, arrow root, lady's finger, lemon, moong dhal, peanuts, water content spinach, curd, bananas, grapes, pomegranates, berries, custard apple, ice creams, etc. In summer, bad weather condition mean sandy and dusty weather or some may affect in winter also. [edit]Obstructive

lung diseases

Obstructive lung diseases are diseases of the lung where the airways (i.e. bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli) become reduced in volume or have free flow of gas impeded, making it more difficult to move air in and out of the lung. [edit]Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), which includes asthma an example of an obstructive lung disease, is where the airways become damaged, causing them to narrow. [edit]Asthma Asthma is another example of an obstructive lung disease, (and of an inflammatory lung disease). Asthma attacks can be brought on by triggers, such as air pollution, tobacco smoke, factory fumes, cleaning solvents, infections, pollens, foods, cold air, exercise, chemicals and medications. Triggers are highly individual and may not be related to allergens. Many asthmatics are not allergic to common allergens such as mold, ragweed, dust or pollens. Asthma is a difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles [edit]Restrictive

lung diseases

Restrictive lung diseases (also known as interstitial lung diseases) are a category of respiratory disease characterized by a loss of lung compliance,[2] causing incomplete lung expansion and increased lung stiffness. E.g. in infant respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS). [edit]Respiratory

tract infections

Infections can affect any part of the respiratory system. They are traditionally divided into upper respiratory tract infections and lower respiratory tract infections. [edit]Upper respiratory tract infection The most common upper respiratory tract infection is the common cold however, infections of specific organs of the upper respiratory tract such as sinusitis, tonsillitis, otitis media, pharyngitis and laryngitis are also considered upper respiratory tract infections. [edit]Lower respiratory tract infection The most common lower respiratory tract infection in is pneumonia, a lung infection. Pneumonia is usually caused by bacteria, particularlyStreptococcus pneumoniae in Western countries. Worldwide, tuberculosis is an important cause of pneumonia. Other pathogens such as viruses and fungi can cause pneumonia for example severe acute respiratory syndrome and pneumocystis

pneumonia. A pneumonia may develop complications such as a lung abscess, a round cavity in the lung caused by the infection, or may spread to the pleural cavity. [edit]Respiratory

tumors

Tumours of the respiratory system are either malignant or benign. [edit]Malignant tumors Malignant tumors, or cancers of the respiratory system, particularly lung cancers, are a major health problem responsible for 15% of all cancer diagnoses and 29% of all cancer deaths.[3] The majority of respiratory system cancers are attributable to smoking tobacco. The major types of respiratory system cancer are:

Small cell lung cancer Non-small cell lung cancer

Adenocarcinoma Large cell undifferentiated carcinoma

Other lung cancers (carcinoid, Kaposis sarcoma, melanoma) Lymphoma Head and neck cancer Pleural Mesothelioma, almost always caused by exposure to asbestos dust.

In addition, since many cancers spread via the bloodstream and the entire cardiac output passes through the lungs, it is common for cancermetastases to occur within the lung. Breast cancer may invade directly through local spread, and through lymph node metastases. After metastasis to the liver, colon cancer frequently metastasizes to the lung. Prostate cancer, germ cell cancer and renal cell carcinoma may also metastasize to the lung. Treatment of respiratory system cancer depends on the type of cancer. Surgery (usually removal of part of the lung, a lobectomy or an entire lung, a pneumonectomy), chemotherapy and radiotherapy are all used. The chance of surviving lung cancer depends on the cancer stage at the time the cancer is diagnosed and is only about 14-17% overall.[4] In the case of metastases to the lung, treatment can occasionally be curative but only in certain, rare circumstances. [edit]Benign tumors Benign tumors are relatively rare causes of respiratory disease. Examples of benign tumors are:

Pulmonary hamartoma Congenital malformations such as pulmonary sequestration and congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM).

[edit]Pleural

cavity diseases

Pleural cavity diseases include emphysema and pleural mesothelioma which are mentioned above.

A collection of fluid in the pleural cavity is known as a pleural effusion. This may be due to fluid shifting from the bloodstream into the pleural cavity due to conditions such as congestive heart failure and cirrhosis. It may also be due to inflammation of the pleura itself as can occur with infection, pulmonary embolus, tuberculosis, mesothelioma and other conditions. A pneumothorax is a hole in the pleura covering the lung allowing air in the lung to escape into the pleural cavity. The affected lung collapses like a deflated balloon. A tension pneumothorax is a particularly severe form of this condition where the air in the pleural cavity cannot escape, so the pneumothorax keeps getting bigger until it compresses the heart and blood vessels, leading to a life threatening situation. [edit]Pulmonary

vascular diseases

Pulmonary vascular diseases are conditions that affect the pulmonary circulation. Examples of these conditions are[citation needed]

Pulmonary embolism, a blood clot that forms in a vein, breaks free, travels through the heart and lodges in the lungs

(thromboembolism). Large pulmonary emboli are fatal, causing sudden death. A number of other substances can also embolise (travel through the blood stream) to the lungs but they are much more rare: fat embolism (particularly after bony injury), amniotic fluid embolism (with complications of labour and delivery), air embolism (iatrogenic - caused by invasive medical procedures).

Pulmonary arterial hypertension, elevated pressure in the pulmonary arteries. Most commonly it is idiopathic (i.e. of

unknown cause) but it can be due to the effects of another disease, particularly COPD. This can lead to strain on the right side of the heart, a condition known as cor pulmonale.

Pulmonary edema, leakage of fluid from capillaries of the lung into the alveoli (or air spaces). It is usually due to

congestive heart failure.

Pulmonary hemorrhage, inflammation and damage to capillaries in the lung resulting in blood leaking into the alveoli. This

may cause blood to be coughed up. Pulmonary hemorrhage can be due to auto-immune disorders such as Wegener's Granulomatosis andGoodpasture's syndrome. [edit]Diagnosis

Respiratory diseases may be investigated by performing one or more of the following tests

Chest x-ray Pulmonary function test Computed tomography scan Culture of microorganisms from secretions such as sputum Bronchoscopy Biopsy of the lung or pleura Ventilation - perfusion scan Ultrasound scanning can be useful to detect fluid such as pleural effusion

[edit]Epidemiology

Respiratory disease is a common and important cause of illness and death around the world. In the US, approximately 1 billion "common colds" occur each year.[5] In the UK, approximately 1 in 7 individuals are affected by some form of chronic lung disease, most commonlychronic obstructive pulmonary disease, which includes asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.[6] Respiratory diseases (including lung cancer) are responsible for over 10% of hospitalizations and over 16% of deaths in Canada.[7]

Circulatory System diseases

Common Circulatory System Diseases and Disorders The primary function of the circulatory system is to supply oxygen, hormones and other essential nutrients to the body cells and tissues. In this cycle, it also does the work of replacing carbon dioxide with oxygen. Any disturbance or irregularity in this circulatory cycle leads to certain health conditions, which may be mild to severe. The following is a list of circulatory system disorders: Angina Angina, characterized by severe and recurrent chest discomfort and pain, is caused due to lack of blood supply and/or oxygen supply in the muscles of the heart. Basically, it is manifested as a complication by the constriction of the blood vessels. Angina is often considered as a warning sign of an impending heart attack. Arrhythmia The major symptom of arrhythmia is irregular heart rhythm, in which the heart beats abnormally at a slower or faster rate. In most cases, arrhythmia is congenital and results from a heart defect. Based on the severity of arrhythmia, medication, surgical procedure and implanting pacemakers are followed in order to regulate heart rhythm. Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis is a blood circulation problem, resulting from accumulation of fatty deposits in the walls of the blood vessels, especially arteries. Over a period of time, the arterial walls harden and lose their elasticity. Arteries are primarily affected by atherosclerosis. Complication of atherosclerosis include cardiovascular disease and heart attack. Cardiomyopathy Common circulatory system diseases and disorders include cardiomyopathy, which is caused due to weakening of the heart muscles or myocardium. In the early stages, the ventricular muscles or muscles of the lower heart chamber are affected. If left untreated, it spreads to the upper heart muscles. In severe cases, cardiomyopathy can result in congestive heart failure and at times, death. Congenital Heart Defect Congenital heart defect is present at birth and may be mild or severe. The fetus may show incomplete and/or abnormal development of the heart organ, causing symptoms like heart murmur in infants. The exact cause of congenital heart disease is not known. In some cases,genetic problems cause this defect, while others develop without any reason. Coronary Artery Disease Coronary artery disease, also known as coronary heart disease, is by far the most common disease of the circulatory system. It is caused due to accumulation of plaque in the coronary arterial walls, which indirectly impairs the blood supply to the heart. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death all over the world. Hypertension Hypertension or high blood pressure is one of the common disorders of the circulatory system. Over here, the blood pressure (systolic and diastolic) reading remains higher than the recommended level. Hypertension increases the risk of heart attack and other heart diseases. Hypercholesterolemia As the name signifies, hypercholesterolemia pr high cholesterol is characterized by an elevated cholesterol level. There are two primary types of cholesterol, namely, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) or bad cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) or good cholesterol. Presence of high amounts of bad cholesterol (LDL) increases the risk for heart diseases and stroke. Peripheral Vascular Disease Peripheral vascular disease affects the blood circulation to the extreme portions of the body, including the arms and legs. Peripheral artery disease is the most common type of peripheral vascular disease, which is the deposition of fatty acids in the arterial walls. Symptoms of peripheral vascular disease are tingling, numbness and other complications. This was in brief in regards to what are disorders of the circulatory system. The increased statistics regarding circulatory system diseases and disorders is mainly contributed by today's hectic lifestyle, less physical activity and bad food habits. Obesity, stress, smoking and other unhealthy habits are also risk factors for circulatory system disorders. Early diagnosis, correct therapeutic treatments and following a healthy lifestyle habits are crucial for combating these circulatory system diseases and disorders. p.s paki edit nlng huh. Ako na ang nagsearch , ako pa mageedit? LOL. Kaw nalang haa, nagbabasa pa ko eh x) SDTG<33

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