Anaerobic respiration

Most organisms are aerobic-They carry out aerobic respiration. A few organisms are anaerobic They carry out anaerobic respiration. There are two kinds of anaerobic: 1-Obligite respiration Live permanently in O 2 deficit condition. May even be poisoned by O 2 E.g. clostridium tetanus (tetanus)clostidiry obtained (botalion) Found in damged him jood rich in pittein Caused fatal form G food poisoning

2-facultative anaerobic
Respire anaerobically when O 2 is parent but it is absent or in short supply, they resort to anaerobic respiration E.g. Skeletal muscles Annalisa in mud Gut tapeworms. Yeast

Biochemistry of anaerobic repopulation

Step1 The first part is glycolsis, glycolsis occurs in every living cell on earth, 2 molecules of pyruvate are made and 2 reduled NAD molecules are made. Step2 The hydrogen on the NADH+ H+ can't be oxidized to water in the absence of oxygen instead it is added back to the pyruvate so its potential to release energy (through the electron transport system) is wasted. The paths for anaerobic respiration are shown by this diagram Animals

2-Fungi

Alcohol fermentation in yeast

Glucose C6 H12 O6 2 ethanol+2 Carbon Dioxide +2ATP 2C2H5OH+2CO2+2ATP

Lactate Fermentation in mammalian muscle Glucose C6H12O6 2lactate +2 ATP 2CH3H6O3+2ATP

The energy locked in lactic may be liberated at a later stage if oxygen becomes available. Then lactate is converted to pyruvate in the liver this pyruvate is then decarboxylated to an acetyl group and enters the kerb's cycle, just as in aerobic respiration 36 ATP are released. Just as we learnt so the total output is unaffected and 38 ATP are produce in total.

Oxygen debt due to the exercises

When a sudden change is made from rest to exercises a higher rate of oxygen uptake is immediately required for aerobic respiration to occur at a fast enough rate. This is usually not achieved in the body for several minutes The amount of oxygen needed-the amount supplied =the oxygen deficit During this time anaerobic respiration is carried out to provide the ATP needed for muscle activity Although it can only produce 2 ATP molecules per glucose molecule it happens very rapidly at 2 1/2 times the rate of ATP aerobic respiration This can be maintained for a short period of time e.g. for 400m race or the short period of activity during tennis and football It is not useful for endurance sports like marathon running which are entirely aerobic After exercise extra oxygen is still taken in by rapid and deep breathing for a period of time known as the RECOVERY PERIOD. The quantity of extra oxygen taken in is called the OXYGEN DEPT. It is used to oxidize the lactate in the muscle tissue. During recovery. lactate first diffuses into the blood and is carried to the liver to be converted to pyruvate and NADH+H+(reduced NAD) pyruvate entries the Kerb's cycle to be oxidizes as in aerobic respiration. The total production of reduced NAD from glucose end up being the same as if only aerobic respiration had occurred from the start.

Investigating factors affecting the rate of anaerobic respiration:

Optimum temperature for yeast growth is 25-45`C Study practical 42 page 101 "comprehensive practical biology" respiration in yeast and the effect of temperature. Plan modification to the protocol for studying effect of A) glucose concentration B) ethanol concentration (High concentration of ethanol tall yeast cells)