1ST YEAR ENGLISH

OBJECTIVES:The student is able to 1. Communicate verbally and in writing fluently, intelligently and appropriately with colleagues, teachers professionals and non-professionals. 2. Improve speed in reading and comprehension. 3. Document clearly, concisely and precisely. SYLLLABUS: 1) PROSE: Contemporary English: An Anthology of Prose; Board of Editors, D.U.P. The following lessons are prescribed: i) Vikarm seth ii) Chidananda Das Gupta iii) Letter iV) Amrita Pritam V) Stephen Leacock Vi) M.K.Gandhi Vii) R.K.Narayan Viii) O.Henry iX) Kushwant Singh X) M.V.C.Jeffreys : : : : : : : : : : From Heaven Lake. Indian Cinema: Tradition and change Aurangazub to his teacher. Steanch of Kerosene My Financial Career To Students Next Sunday After twenty years. New York on 17 Dollars a Day. Mass culture.

2) POETRY: Magic of the Mose: An Anthology of poems Ed: by Prof.L.S.R.Krishna Sastry, Maruthi Publishing House, Hyderabad. The following poems are prescribed : i) William Shakespeare : ii) Alexander Pope : iii) William Blake : iV) William Wordsworth : V) Percy Byshe Shelley : Vi) John Keats : Vii) Alfred, Lord Tennyson : Viii) Ravindranath Tagore : ix) Robert Frost : x) Harindranath Chattopadyhaya: xi) A.K.Ramanujam : xii) Wole soyinka : Under the Greenwood Tree The Happy Man The Lamb Simon lee (The Old Huntsman) The Cloud. Bright Star Ulysses From Lovers Gift Unharvested The Earthen Globlet A River Telephone Conversation

A GRAMMER OF ENGLISH DR.T.VASUDEVA REDDY, COMMONWEALTH PUBLISHING HOUSE, HYDERABAD. i) ii) iii) iv) v) vi) vii) viii) Spelling Punctuation Vocabulary Parts of Speech Verb forms and Tenses Articles Prepositions Miscellaneous items.

B. Sc (MLT) 1ST YEAR ANATOMY

THEORY: The students of B.Sc. M.L.T. will not be doing the dissection of cadaver. Demonstrations should be given in such a way that they have as clear understanding of the human anatomy as possible. I. THE HUMAN BODY AS A WHOLE: Definitions, Subdivisions of Anatomy, Terms of location and positions, Fundamental Planes, Vertebrate structure of man and organization of the body cells and tissues. II. LOCOMOTION AND SUPPORT: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM: Types of bones, structure and growth of bone, divisions of the skeleton, Appendicular skeleton, Axial skeleton names of all the bones and their parts; joints classification, types of movements with examples. PRACTICALS - Demonstrations of all bones showing parts. Joints X-rays of all normal bones and joints. III. ANATOMY OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM: Spinal cord; Anatomy, functions reflex actions, Meninges, Brain: Hind Brain, Midbrain Forebrain Brain structure, location, functions, coverings of brain. Injuries to spiral cord and brain. IV. ANATOMY OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM: Heart size, location, coverings, chambers, blood supply, Nerve supply, Blood vessels, Geral plan of circulation, pulmonary circuit Names of arteries and veins and their positions lymphatic system. PRACTICAL: Demonstration to illustrate. Normal angiograms. V. ANATOMY OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM: Organs of Respiratory System Conducting portion Nose-nasal cavity, paranasal air sinuses, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchial Tree. Respiratory portion: Pleurae and lungs, brief knowledge of parts and position. PRACTICAL: Demonstration to illustrate.

VI. ANATOMY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: Components of Digestive system, Alimentary tract, Anatomy of organs of Digestive System Mouth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Biliary apparatus, Pancreas, Spleen-positions and brief functions. PRACTICAL: Demonstration to illustrate Normal X-rays to illustrate. VII. ANATOMY OF EXCRETORY SYSTEM AND REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM: Kidneys location, gross structure; Ureters, Urinary bladder, Urethra. Male Reproductive System: Testis, duct system. Female Reproductive System: Ovaries, Duct system, Accessory organs. PRACTICAL: III ustrations. VIII. ANATOMY OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM: Names of all endocrine glands and their positions; Hormones and their functions Thyroid, Parathroid, Pituitary and Adrenal glands, Gonads and islets of pancreas. HISTOLOGY IX. General Slides: 1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Fibro Cartilage 3. Elastic Cartilage 4. T.S & L.S.Bone 5. Blood Vessels 6. Tonsils 7. Spleen 8. Thymus 9. Lymph node 10. Epithelial Tissue 11. Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle 12. Peripheral nerve and optic nerve. X. Systemic Slides: 1. G.I.T. all 2. R.S. Lung, Trachea 3. Kidney 4. Endocrines- Pituitary Thyroid and Parathyroid - Adrenal - Pancreas. 5. Reproductive System : Uterus, Ovary, Testis.

1ST YEAR PHYSIOLOGY

1. Hematology: 1. BLOOD: Composition, properties and functions of Blood. 2. RBC: Size, shape, functions, count, Physiological variations of RBC count Polycythemia, Erythropoiesis. 3. HAEMOGLOBIN: Functions, concentration, Physiological variation of concentration; methods of determination of Hb. 4. WBC: Functions, Production, life span, count, luekocytosis, Leukopenia, Leukemia, DLC. 5. PLATELET: Size, Shape, count, production, Functions, Thrombocytoponic Purpura, bleeding time, clotting time. 6. BLOOD GROUPS: ABO and Rh grouping, criteria of classification, Antigen and Antibodies, percentage of distribution, Determination of Blood groups. Land Steiners Law, significance of Blood groups. 7. BLOOD TRANSFUSION: Indication, general qualities of a donor, matching of donors blood with recipients blood, universal donor and receipient concept. Blood grouping or typing, cross matching, mismatched blood transfusion: causes and complications, Rh factor and Rh factor incompatibility transfusion and erthyoblastosis foetalis. 8. HAEMOSTASIS: Vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation Definition, clotting factors Mechanism of blood clotting Intrinsic and Extrinsic. Intravascular blood clotting, disorders of clotting, Vit K deficiency bleeding, purpural Haemophilia. 9. ANTICOAGULANTS: Clasification, example and uses. 10. BLOOD BANK: 11. BLOOD INDICES: Color index, MCH, MCV, MCHC. 12. ESR and PCV: Determination, definition, values, variations, factors affecting, significance. 13. BLOOD VOLUME: Normal value, determination of blood volume and regulation of blood volume. 14. LYMPH- Lymphid tissue formation, circulation, composition and functions of Lymph. 2. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM 1. Heart Physiological Anatomy Nerve Supply circulation, properties of cardiac muscle. Junctional Tissues of Heart, pacemaker, Cardiac cycle, Intraventicular pressure curves. 2. CARDIAC OUTPUT: Definition, factors affecting, physiological variations, egulations of cardiac output. 3. BLOOD PRESSURE: Definition, Normal values, physiological variations, factors affecting regulation of BP, Hypotension and Hypertension, Determination of BP. 4. HEART RATE: Factors affecting, physiological variation, regulation of heart rate, Mareys Law, Bainbridge reflex, Cardiovascular shock Cardiac Shock, Septicaemic shock, haemorrhagic shock. 5. PULSE: Jugular pulse, radial pulse, triple response.

THEORY:

6. HEART SOUNDS: Cause, characteristics and significance. 7. ECG: Definition, determination, significance, coronary circulation. 4. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: 1. Functions of Digestive system. Physiological Anatomy of G.I.T.T.S. of Intestine, Nerve supply. 2. Structure and functions of salivary galands. Saliva-properties, deglutition stages and regulation. Structure and functions of the stomach. Properties, composition and functions of gastric juice. Regulation of gastric juice secretion. Gastric digestion Functions of pancreas, composition, Properties and functions of pancreatic juice, Regulation of secretion of pancreatic juice. Functions of liver, properties, composition and functions of Bile, Regulation of Bile secretion, Gall bladder functions and its emptying; jaundice. Functions of large intestine. Regulation of intestinal secretion, composition and functions of succus entericus. 3. Movements of small intestine Peristalsis, Pendular movement, Rhythmic movement, movement of large intestine. 4. Digestion and Absorption of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids; Defecation. 5. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 1. Functions of Respiratory system, Physiological Anatomy of Respiratory system, Respiratory tract, Respiratory Muscles, Respiratory organ-lung, Alveoli, Respiratory membrane, stages of Respiration. 2. Mechanism: of normal and rigorous respiration. Forces opposing and favouring expansion of the lungs. Lntra Pulmonary pressure. Negative intra pleural pressure, surface tension, recoil tendency of the wall. Hyaline membrane disease. 3. Transportation of Respiratory Gases:4. Transportation of O2: Direction, pressure gradient. Forms of transportation, Oxygenation of Hb. Quantity of O2 transported. 5. O2-Hb dissociation curve: factors affecting the curve, Bohrs effect and its significance, PH, 2,3 DPG, temperature. Transportation of CO2: Direction, pressure gradient, forms of transportation, chloride shift. Quantity of CO2 transported, RQ. 6. Spiro metry: Spiro gram, Spiro meter 7. LUNG VOLUMES: Tidal Volume, Inspiratory Reserve Volume, Expiratory Reserve Volume, Residual Volume, Lung capacities, Inspiratory Capacity, Functional Residual Capacity, Vital Capacity, timed vital capacity Forced Expiratory Volume 1, Forced Expiratory Volume 2, Forced Expiratory Volume 3, Total Lung Capacity, Minute Respiratory Volume, Alveolar Ventilation, Maximum Breathing Capacity. 8. REGULATION OF RESPIRATION: what? Why? How? Mechanisms of Regulation nervous and chemical regulation. Respiratory centre, Herring Bruer Reflexes. 9. Applied Physiology of Respiration:

10. Hypoxia, Cyanosis, Asphyxia, Dyspnoea, Dysbarism, Artificial Respiration, Apnoea. 6. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 1. Hormone: Definition, Local and General Hormones, properties of Hormones Mechnaism of action of Hormones AMP, Gene manipulation, Major Endocrine glands of the body and their location. 2. Pituitary: Situation, Master Endocrine gland; Anterior and Posterior Parts, Anterior pituitary Hormones, functions and regulation of secretion of each of them, Dwarfism Acromegaly, Gigantism. 3. Posterior Pituitory: ADH, and Oxytocin-source, (Chemistry) functions, regulation of secretion, diabetes insipidus. 4. Thyroid Gland: Physiological Anatomy and location Hormones secreted, Physiological functions, regulation of secretion endocrine disorders Hypo and Hyper secretion Goitre, Cretenism, Myxedema, Graves disease. 5. Adrenal Gland: Adrenal Cortex Hormones secreted: Gluco corticoids Mineralccorticoids, sex steroids, functions, regulation of secretion of cortisol, Aldosterone. 6. Endocrine Disorders Addisons disease, Cushings syndrome, Conns syndrome, Adrenogenital syndrome. 7. Adrenal Medulla: Functions of adrenaline and Nor-Adrenaline, Regulation of secretion, Pheochromocytoma. 8. Pancreas: Hormones of Pancreas: Insulin-functions and actions, regulation of sereation. Flucagon- Chemistry, functions and actions. Regulation of secretion. Regulation of blood glucose level; Diabetes Mellitus. 9. Parathyroid Gland: PTH functions and actions. Regulations of secretion, Hypo and Hyper secretion of PTH, tetany. 10. Calcitonine: Functions and actions, regulation of secretion, Regulation of blood calcium level. 7. NERVOUS SYSTEM 1. Functions of Nervous system: Neuron structure, classification and properities. Neuroglia, nerve fibeer classification, conduction of impulses-continuous and satisfactory. Velocity of Impulse transmission and factors affecting. Synapse structure, types, properties, receptors Definition, classification, properties. Reflex action unconditioned properties of reflex action. Babinskis sign, spinal cord, nerve tracts. Ascending tracts, Descending tracts pyramidal tracts, Extrapyramidal tracts. Functions of Medulla, pons, Hypothalamus, disorders, Cerebral cortex: lobes and functions, Sensory cortex, Motor Cortex, EEG.

2. CSF: formation, circulation, properties, composition and functions; Hydrocephalus, lumbar puncture. 3. Autonomic Nervous system : Sympathetic and parasympathetic - distribution and functions and comparison of functions. 8. SPECIAL SENSES 1. VISION:, Structure of Eye, functions of different parts, accommodation-changes taking place, and pathway. Refractive errors of eye and correction, Field of vision. Dark and light adaptation, visual cycl, structure of Retina Rods and cones, structure and functions, visual pathway, Effects of lesion at different sites in the visual pathway. Pupillary reflexes and their pathway, color vision: theories of - color vision, color blindness, tests for color blindness. 2. HEARING: Structure and functions of outer, middle and inner ear, cochlea, organ of Corti, mechanism of Hearing. Auditory pathway, Deafness and Tests for deafness. Rennis test. Webers test. 3. TASTE: Taste buds, primary taste, pathway for taste. 4. SMELL: Receptors, primary olfaction, olfactorypathway. 9. MUSCLE NERVE PHYSIOLOGY 1. Classification of Muscles, structure of skeletal Muscle, Sarcomere, contractile proteins, Neuromuscular junction. Transmission across. Excitation, contraction, coupling. Mechanism of muscle contraction, muscle tone, fatigue, Rigor mortis. 2. SKIN: Structure and functions. 3. Body Temperature : Measurement, Physiological variation, Regulation of body temperature by Physical, chemical and nervous mechanisms, role of hypothalamus, Hypothermia and fever. 4. Excretory System: Excretory Organs. 5. Kidneys: Functions of kidneys, structural and functional unit nephron, vasarecta, cortical and juxtamedullary Nephrons Comparison, juxta Glomerular Apparatus Structure and functions. Renal circulation peculiarities. 6. Mechanism of Urine formation: Ultrafiltration, criteria for filtration, GFR, Plasma fraction, factors affecting GFR. Determination of GFR, selective Rebsorption, sites of reabsorption, substances reabsorbed, mechanismsof Reabsorption of Glucose, Urea, H, chloride, aminoacids etc., Tublular maximum for Glucose, Renal Threshold, % of reabsorption of different substances, selective secretion, properties and composition of normal urine, urine output. Abnormal constituents in urine, Mechanism of Urine concentration, Counter Current mechanisms: Micturition, Innervation of Bladder, Cystourthrogram. 7. Diuretics: Water, Diuretics, Artificial Kidney, Renal Function Tests Plasma Clearnace Actions of ADH, Aldosterone, and PTH on Kidneys. 10. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM 1. Functions of Reproductive system, puberty, Male reproductive system functions of testis, spermatogenesis site, stages, factors influencing semen secretion. Endocrine functions of testis : ndrogens Testosterone structure and functions. Female reproductive system Ovulation, Menstrual cycle. Physiological changes during pregnancy, pregnancy test. Parturition. Family Planning methods; safe period pills, permanent methods. Actions of oestrogen, Progesterone, functions of placenta. Lactation: Composition of milk, factors controlling lactation.

1ST YEAR PHYSIOLOGY

PRACTICALS Study of Microscope and its uses Collection of blood and study of haemocytometer Haemoglobinometry Determination of specific gravity of blood White Blood Cell Count Red Blood Cell Count Determination of Blood Groups Leishmans staining and differential WBC count Determination of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Determination of packed cell volume Calculation of Blood Indices Fragility Test for R.B.C Determination of Bleeding Time Determination of Clotting Time Blood Pressure Recording Auscultation for Heart Sounds Artificial Respiration Determination of Vital Capacity

HOSPITAL PRACTICE AND PATIENT CARE

I. INTODUCTION TO HOSPITAL : Hospital set up, and functions: Patient: As an individual, the reaction of patient and his family to illness. - Qualities Professional and Ethical behaviour expected. - Role and responsibilities of a laboratory technician in the health team. II. HOSPITAL AND DEPARTMENTAL PROCEDURE: - Hospital staffing and organization - Departmental organization - Organisational set up of the hospital - Departmental organization III. COMMUNICATION: Inter personal relations and communications. - Definition - The nature and scope of communication - Principles of communications IV. a) RECORDS AND REPORTS - Introduction - The Patients Recording - Guides to recording - Commonly used terms and abbreviations - The admission sheet - Doctors record - Other records - Definition - Uses - Types of records - Responsibilities b) REPORTS: Oral and Written c) THE LEGAL IMPLICATIONS OF RECORDS - Negligence and Malpractice - Reporting Accidents - Patients Record - Confidential information V. CARE OF THE PATIENT: a) Maintaining therapeutic environment - Temperature - Lighting - Noise and humidity

- Cleanliness b) Psycho-social environment - Meaning and its importance VI. BASIC CARE NEEDS OF THE PATIENT 1) Hygiene needs: - Importance of maintaining good personal hygiene in health and disease. - Technicians role in maintaining goodpersonal hygience 2) Physical comforts - Meaning and its importance in health and disease. - Factors promoting and exhibiting physical comforts - Comfort devices and their uses. VII. CARE OF THE PATIENT: - Vital signs : Temperature, pulse, respiration and - Blood pressure : Normal and abnormal factors causing the variation. - Gastric lavage, Nasogastric aspiration. VIII. FIRST AID: - Shock - Hype-glycemia, Hypoglycemia - Poison consumption - Hazards in the department. IX . PRINCIPLES OF ASEPSIS; STERILISATION: - Methods of sterilization. Use of Central Sterilisation department. - Cross infection in the hospital. - Care and identification of instruments. X. ELEMENTARY PROCEDURES IN THE LABORATORY: - Preparation of the equipment. - Preparation of the Patient. - Collection of various samples for various tests. XI. DRUGS IN THE DEPARTMENT: Storge, classification, Labelling and checking, regulations regarding dangerous and other drugs, units of measurement. XII. PREPARATION OF PATIENTS FOR GENERAL LABORATIORY 1) INVESTIGATIONS: - Departmental instructions to OPD and ward staff. - Instructions to patients regarding their diet before investigations. - Instructions to staff nurses regarding collection of samples (eg. Sputum) - Precautions to be taken in collecting the samples for Bacteriological study. - Precautions to be taken in handling the hazardous specimens eg. Samples from patients of HIV & serum hepatitis. - Collections of samples from patients on parenteral fluids. 2) INFECTION:

- Bacteria, their nature and appearance. - Spread of infection, auto-infection or cross-infection - The inflammatory process; local tissue reaction, general body reaction, ulceration. - Asepsis. XIII. PRINCIPLES OF STERILIZATION: - Methods of sterilization. Use of central sterilization department. - Care and identification of instruments - Surgical dressings in common us, including filamented swabs - Elementary operating theatre procedure XIV. CHEMICALS USED IN LABORATORY: - Acids - Alkalis - Poisonous Substance like cyanide -Explosive substances - Others XV. INSTRUMENTS USED IN VARIOUS SECTIONS - Microscope - Colorimeter - Cell counter - Auto Analyser - Flame Photometer - Autoclave - Hot air oven - Incubator - Centrifuge - Stop watch XVI. LABORATORY PRINCIPLES: - General Laboratory techniques and procedures - Specimen collection and processing Basic Chemistry: - Concepts of Molecular Weight, Atomic Weight, Normality, Molarity, standards, Acids, bases, salts, - Concepts of acid base reactions and hydrogen ion concentration.