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First year First Term: M.C.Q One or more of the given completions is/are correct, Choose answers. Pick the one correct answer

Microtechniques:
abcd1- Fixation (Mid,97-Sept.,99-Mid,99) prevents putrifaction and autolysis hardens the tissue supports the tissue, to facilitate cutting increase affinity of tissues to stain (Correct / a-b & d) 2- Fixation of fresh tissue is essential to(Mid,2000) remove water prevent deterioration replace alcohol clear the sections keep the cells alive (Correct / b ) 3- In dehydration of the tissue we use different grads of formaldehyde alcohol xylol paraffin wax hematoxylin (Correct / b ) 4- The aim of dehydration is to add water to the tissue add paraffin to the tissue remove water from the tissue remove paraffin from the tissue prevent postmortem decomposition (Correct / c ) 5- Clearing is done by placing the tissues in (Desc,89) Suza Bouin Zinker Xylol or benzol (Correct /d ) 6- The stain used for demonstration of the following: (Cairo,Mid,86-Jan,2000) a- Adipose C.T. b- Mast cells.. c- Myelin sheath d- Reticular fibers.

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What is the stain of choice for (Desc.,89- Mid,99) mitochondria Golgi body centrioles glycogen granules The most commonly used basic dye is (Mid,20000) Eosin Methylene blue Toluidine blue PAS Hematoxylin (Correct /e ) 9- The most commonly used acidicdye is a- Eosin b- Methylene blue c- Toluidine blue d- PAS e- Hematoxylin (Correct /a ) 10- Vital stain is (Mid, 97-Sept,97-Desc.,98) a- staining of dead tissue outside the body b- staining of a living cell inside the body c- staining of a living cell outside the body d- staining of a dead tissue inside the body (Correct / b) 11- Supravital stain is (Mid, 97-98-Mid,2000) a- staining of a living cell outside the body b- staining of a living cell inside the body c- staining of phagocytic cells. d- staining of reticulocytes (Correct / a & d) 12- Metachromasia(Desc.,98) a- staining of a tissue by the color of the original stain b- staining of a tissue by a color differs from the original stain c- staining of granules of mast cells by a red color after toludine blue d- staining of phagocytic cells by trypan blue (Correct / b & c)

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13- Metachromasia is a character of macrophages plasma cells mast cells fibroblasts fat cells (Correct / c)

14- Advantages of paraffin sections (Mid,97-98-Sept,97-99) ashort period of time blarge pieces of tissues could be used cexcellent for soft tissues as brain dsections are easily stained (Correct / a & d) 15- Advantages of celloidin sections (Mid,97) agives perfect sections, as no heat is used bshort period of time cexcellent for soft tissues as brain dsections are easily stained (Correct / a & c) 16- Paraffin sections are cut (for light microscope) at a 5 to 8 A 5 to 8 nm 5 to 8 um 5 to 8 mm 5 to 8 cm (Correct / c) 17- Which of the following is used to make fat visible (Sept.,98) Eosin Hematoxylin Sudan III Toluidine blue Mallory stain (Correct / c ) 18- Complete : (Desc.,89) Sections for E/M are cut by mounted on . and stained with.. abcde19- The purpose of the microscope is fixation staining mounting resolution clearing (Correct / d ) 20- Micrometer is equivalent to 10-3 mm 10-6 mm 10-9 mm 10-12 mm 10-15 mm (Correct / a )

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21- Nanometer is equivalent to 10-3 mm 10-6 mm 10-9 mm 10-12 mm none of the above (Correct / b) ____________________________________________________________

The cell
General features:
1abcde2abcdHuman cells vary in size from 4 to 200 A 4 to 200 nm 4 to 200 um 4 to 200 mm 4 to 200 cm (Correct / c ) The largest cell in human body (Desc.,89) lymphocytes fat cells RBCs Mature ova (Correct /d) 3- The following are membranous cell organoids except: (Sept.,98) mitochondria cell membrane lysosomes secretory vesicles ribosomes (Except / e) 4- The following are membranous cell organoids except: (Mid, 2001) mitochondria cell membrane microtubules lysosomes secretory vesicles (Except / c ) The following are non- membranous cell organoids except: microtubules ribosomes centrioles microfilaments cell membrane

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(Except / e )

The cell membrane

1abcd2abcdeabcdeabcde5abcThe plasma membrane (Mid,97- Mid,99) it appears as two dark layers, separated by a light one (trilaminar) consists of a lipid trilayer contains a glycocalyx on its external surface does not permit protein movement within the plane of the membrane (Correct / a & c) The cell membrane is composed of lipid protein carbohydrate all of the above none of the above (Correct / d ) 3- The cell membrane (Mid,2001 b) is structurally based on a lipid bilayer contains proteins which only acts as enzymes surrounds the nucleus in a single layer surrounds the individual ribosomes within the cell is maintained by vesicles derived from the Golgi (Correct / a & e ) 4- Fluid-phase micropinocytosis is acellular process that employs pseudopodia is directly visible with the aid of a light microscope occurs with the formation of small fluid-filled vesicles is narrowly selective or specific in the materials it takes in characterizes cell breakdown (Correct / c )

The plasma membrane is visible with the light microscope as thin basophilic line consists of a lipid trilayer contains a glycocalyx on its external surface ddoes not permit protein movement within the plane of the membrane (Correct / c ) 6- The plasma membrane (Mid,2000) a- is associated with certain cytoplasmic components b- consists of a lipid trilayer c- contains a glycocalyx on its external surface d- does not permit protein movement within the plane of the membrane (Correct / a & c ) 7- Glycocalyx is athe protein component of the cell membrane bthe carbohydrate component of the cell membrane cthe hydrophilic end of lipid dthe hydrophobic end of lipid ethe inner layer of the cell membrane (Correct / b)

Specializations or modifications of cell surfaces

1- Microvilli (Desc.,97) ainclude sterocilia bform the brush border in proximal tubule cells of the kidney cfacilitate absorption dcontain an axoneme composed of 9 peripheral doublet microtubules and a central pair of microtubules (Correct / a- b & c ) abcde2- Microvilli of epithelial cells (Mid,2000) are restricted in occurrence to the lining of digestive system are generally visible with light microscope develop into cilia increase the absorptive capacity of the cells are motile appendages ,chiefly of the basal plasma membrane (Correct / d )

3- Microvilli have the following characters except : ainclude sterocilia bfull of microfilaments ccontain an axoneme composed of a doublets dfacilitate absorption (Except / c ) abcde4- Sterocilia are long motile cilia true cilia long motile microvilli long microvilli short true cilia (Correct / d )

5- Sterocilia are amotile cilia bshort cilia cmotile microvilli dlong microvilli eterminal webs (Correct / d ) 6- The following can be found on the apical surface of simple columnar epithelium villi hemidesmosome desmosome basal lamina none of the above (Correct / e )

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Cell attachments:
1- Which of the following prevents the passage of unwanted materials into the body via adjacent epithelial cells azonula adherens bzonula occludens cmacula adherens dmacula occludens efascia adherens (Correct / b ) 2- The classical description of a junctional complex includes the following except: a- fascia occludens b- zonula occludens c- zonula adherens d- macula adherens (desmosome) ( Except / a ) 3- The classical description of a junctional complex includes which of the following components (Mid,2000) a- the fascia occludens bthe zonula adherens cthe nexus dthe zonula occludens (Correct / b & d ) 4- In epithelia, a junctional complex a- is the same as desmosome b- consists of two adjacent sets of internal laminae c- generally consists of three regions: zonula occludens, zonula adherens, and macula adherens d- usually contains a hemidesmosome eis composed of the peripheral cytoskeleton of two adjacent cells (Correct / c ) Epithelial cells have junctions of varying types a- occluding junction prevent lateral diffusion of membrane proteins b- adherent junctions interact with the actin filaments in cells c- desmosomal junctions interact with the actin filaments outside cells d- hemidesmosomes anchor cells to the basement membrane e- gap junctions have a role in intercellular communication (Correct / a- b- d & e ) 6- The macula adherens is called ajunctional complex btight junction cdesmosome dgap junction enexus (Correct / c ) 5-

7- The macula adherens is called ajunctional complex btight junction czonula occludens dzonula adherens edesmosome (Correct / e ) 8- Desmosome is amacula occludens bmacula adherens c- zonula occludens d- zonula adherens e- fascia occludens (Correct / b ) 9- Desmosome has the following characters except: ais a disk like attachment between cells bis located only between epithelial cells c- is specialized for adhesion d- is called macula adherns ( Except / b ) 10- Desmosome a- is a disk like attachment between cells b- is associated with filaments c- is specialized for adhesion d- is located only between epithelial cells (Correct / a b & c) 11- Hemidesmosome is located between athe basal surface of epithelial cell and its basement membrane bthe lateral surface of epithelial cell and its adjacent cell cthe smooth muscle cells dthe cardiac muscle cells ethe connective tissue cells (Correct / a ) 12- Gap junctions (Mid,2001 b) apermit the passage of large proteins from cell to cell bform part of the classical junctional complex cexist only between epithelial cells dare areas of low resistance for nerve stimulation (Correct / d )

The mitochondria
1- The power house of the cell is (Sept.,98) aGolgi apparatus bMitochondria cLysosomes dEndoplasmic reticulum eNucleus (Correct / b ) abcde2- The organoids that can duplicate themselves are Ribosomes Lysosomes Mitochondria Golgi apparatus none of the above (Correct / c )

3- The mitochondria (Mid,2000) areplicate independently from the cell bare the main site for oxidative phosphorylation chave an outer cell membrane dvary in morphology between different cell types econtain their own DNA & genetic materials (Correct /a- b- c d & e ) abcde4- The number of mitochondria present in a cell depends on its size shape energy requirements capability of division none of the above (Correct / c ) 5- The following are the characters of the mitochondria except: (Mid.,2001) a- they need special stain to be seen b- they have double membranes c- they can divide d- they contain DNA e- they contain some hydrolytic enzymes (Except / e ) 6- The following are the functions of the mitochondria except: aheat production in the brown fat bsites of krebs cycle cdrug detoxification dconcentration of calcium esynthesis of protein and lipids (Except / c )

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The Golgi apparatus

1- The Golgi apparatus is (Mid,97-Desc.,98-Sept.,99-Jan.,2000) a- the site of protein concentration b- has transfer vesicles associated with its outer convex surface (cis) face c- has secretory vesicles associated with its inner surface (trans) face d- synthesizes multivesicular bodies (Correct / a b & c) abcde2- At LM level Golgi apparatus can be demonstrated using (Sept.,98) Sudan black Bests carmine Silver impregnation Osmic acid none of the above (Correct / c) abcde3- Golgi apparatus synthesizes multivesicular bodies synthesizes protein that will be excreted is one of the cell inclusions all of the above none of the above (Correct / e) abcde4- The Golgi apparatus is the site of packing of secretory products of the cell the site of protein synthesis continuos with smooth endoplasmic reticulum capable of providing energy visible only by E/M (Correct / a) 5- The function of Golgi apparatus is/are chemical modifications of some secretory products distribution and package of the secretion into secretory vesicles segregation and package of hydrolytic enzymes into lysosomes distribution and recycling of various kinds of membranes all of the above (Correct / e) abcde6- The following are features of Golgi apparatus except: synthesis of proteins concentration of proteins package of proteins chemical modification of some secretory products segregation of hydrolytic enzymes into lysosomes (Except / a )

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7- The Golgi apparatus (June,2001) has condensing (secretory) vacuoles associated with its outer (cis) face has condensing(secretory) vacuoles associated with its inner (trans) face synthesizes multivesicular bodies functions in the synthesis of certain lipoprotein (Correct / b & d )

--------------------------------------------------------------------Endoplasmic reticulum
abcde1- Concerning rough endoplasmic reticulum, it is composed of membranous tubules and sacs the site of protein synthesis that will be secreted by he cell widely distributed throughout the cytoplasm its surface membrane is studded with ribosomes all of the above (Correct / e) 2- The function of rough endoplasmic reticulum is to synthesize a- lipid b- carbohydrate c- protein that will be secreted by the cell d- cytoplasmic protein necessary of the cell own existence e- glycogen (Correct / c) abcde3- The localized cytoplasmic basophilia indicates the presence of mitochondria Golgi apparatus rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum lysosomes (Correct / c) 4- Granular endoplasmic reticulum is most abundant in cell types that are involved in transport of calcium ions producing steroid hormones lipid metabolism detoxification of foreign compounds protein synthesis (Correct / e) 5- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (Mid,97) often occurs in the form of branching anastomosing tubules sometimes has ribosomes attached to its membranes is present in cells where drug detoxification is taking place is rarely found in skeletal muscle cells (Correct / a & c)

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6- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum sometimes has ribosomes attached to its membranes is rarely found in skeletal muscle cells areas of localized basophilia indicate its presence d- is present in cells where drug detoxification is taking place (Correct / d ) 7- One of the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is protein synthesis regulation of intracellular calcium distribution excretion maintain the skeleton of the cell phgocytosis (Correct / b ) 8- The function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum are the following except: lipid synthesis protein synthesis drug detoxification glycogen metabolism regulation of intracellular calcium distribution (Except / b ) 9- Organelles involved in the process of secretion (Desc.,89-Mid,97-98 Sept.,97-99) endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) Golgi body Cell membrane cytoskeleton (Correct / a & b) 10 - Secretory (Zymogen ) granules can be stained by a- Hematoxylin & eosin b- Trichrome stain c- silver stain d- osmium tetraoxide e- Sudan III (Correct / a ) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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lysosomes
abcde1- The following of are the functions of lysosomes except: phgocytosis pinocytosis exocytosis autophagy breakdown of some intracellular materials (Correct / c )

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2- Hydrolytic enzymes are found in Golgi apparatus RER SER Lysosomes Ribsosomes (Correct / d ) 3- Multivesicular bodies are primary lysosomes secondary lysosomes formed as a result of digestion of fluid material autophagic vacuoles Phagosomes (Correct / b & c ) 4- The site of lysosomes can be seen using a specific histochemical reaction called alkaline phosphatase acid phosphatase peroxidase succinic dehydrogenase PAS (Correct / b ) 5- Intracellular digestion is associated with lysosomes include the process of autophagy is involved in the turnover of organelles none of the above all of the above (Correct / e)

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6- Intracellular digestion is associated with lysosomes include the process of autophagy is involved in the turnover of organelles takes place within the Golgi apparatus all of the above (Correct / a b & c ) 7- Lysosomes lysosomes have a membrane H+ -ATPase capable of maintaining an acid environment the enzymes contained in lysosomes are also contained in peroxisomes vesicles from the Golgi take acid hydrolases to lysosomes fusion of an endosome with a vesicle containing acid hydrolases forms an endolysosome lysosomal storage diseases are caused by lack of specific lysosomal enzymes leading to accumulation of a metabolic product (Correct / a- c- d & e)

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8 - Autolysosomes is formed by (Sept.,96) afusion of primary lysosomes with phagosomes, containing endogenous substrates bfusion of primary lysosomes with pinocytic vesicles cfusion of primary lysosomes with warren out mitochondria (Correct / a & c) abcde9- Organelles most notable for producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide are lysosomes mitochondria Golgi bodies Peroxisomes genomes (Correct / d )
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Ribosomes
abcd1- Ribosomes (Mid,97) are attached to the surface of the inner nuclear membrane are organized into polysomes in cells synthesizing intracellular proteins are always associated with cell growth and regeneration of organelles consist of a large and a small subunits (Correct / b & d) 2- The function of free ribosomes is to synthesize lipid carbohydrate protein that will be secreted by the cell cytoplasmic protein necessary for the cell own existence all of the above (Correct / d) 3- The function of attached ribosomes to RER is to synthesize a- lipid b- arbohydrate c- protein that will be secreted by the cell d- cytoplasmic protein necessary for the cell own existence e- glycogen (Correct / c) 4- Ribosomes are acidophilic organoids surrounded by a single membrane surrounded by a double membrane attached to the immature face of Golgi body none of the above (Correct / e)

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5- Ribosomes are attached to the surface of the nuclear membrane are organized into polysomes in cells synthesizing intracellular proteins are always associated with a strand of mRNA are surrounded by a delicate thin membrane (Correct / b) 6- Ribosomal RNA is formed in the euchromatin the nucleolus the RER the hetrochromatin ribosomes (Correct / b)

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--------------------------------------------------------------------------Centrioles
abcd1- Centrioles do not self-replicate nine doublets of microtubules and one central single contain an inner core of actin filaments contain a 9 +0 configuration of microtubules (Correct / d) abcde2- Centrioles are associated with each of the following except: ciliogenesis (cilia formation) nine triplets of microtubules dynine arms that possesses ATP ase activity the ability to duplicate themselves development of mitotic spindle ( Except/ c) 3- At E/M level the centrioles shows a- nine triplets of microtubules and two central singles b- nine triplets of microtubules and no central singles c- nine doublets of microtubules and two central singles d- nine doublets of microtubules and no central singles e- nine doublets of microtubules and one central single (Correct / b ) abcd4- E/M picture of centrioles appears as (Sept.,96) 2 perpendicular cylinders, the wall of each 27 microtubules a central pair and 9 peripheral pairs of microtubules none of the above All of the above (Correct / a)

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5- In electron micrograh a cross section of the cilium shows(June,2001) nine triplets of microtubules and two central singles nine triplets of microtubules and no central singles nine doublets of microtubules and two central singles nine doublets of microtubules and no central singles nine doublets of microtubules and one central single (Correct / c) 6- At E/M level a cross section of basal body shows a- nine triplets of microtubules and two central singles b- nine triplets of microtubules and no central singles c- nine doublets of microtubules and two central singles d- nine doublets of microtubules and no central singles e- nine doublets of microtubules and one central single (Correct / b ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The cytoskeleton
abcd1- The cytoskeleton includes microtubules includes the microtrabecular lattice includes intermediate filaments includes actin filaments (Correct / a- b-c & d) 2- Microtubules have important role in carbohydrate metabolism oxidative phosphorylation water balance formation of cell spindle during mitosis none of the above (Correct / d) 3- Microtubules are formed from albumin tubulin actin globulin myosin (Correct / b ) 4- The function of microtubules is/are aformation of microtubules of the cells bformation of cell spindle during mitosis ctransport of substances within the cytoplasm dall of the above enone of the above (Correct / d )

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Cellular inclusions
abcde1- The following are regarded as cellular inclusions except : carbon particles pigments glycogen lipofuscin residual bodies (Except / e ) 2- At E/M glycogen is seen as non electron dense- particles membranous electron dense- particles non membranous electron dense- particles non membranous non electron dense- particles acidophilic small granules (Correct / c) 3- Glycogen can be demonstrated using H &E Sudan III Silver Bests carmine Osmic acid (Correct / d) 4- The most important and essential pigment in the body is carotene melanin hemoglobin carbon particles bilirubin (Correct / c) 5- Iron containing pigment is bilirubin lipochrome hemosiderin melanin carotene (Correct / c) 6- Which set of items below includes only those that are either cytoplasmic inclusions or that are found within some kind of cytoplasmic inclusions a- lipofuscin, glycogen, karyosome, lipid droplets b- melanin, lipid droplets, endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen c- hemosiderin, secretory granules, glycogen, lipofuscin d- endoplasmic reticulum, melanin, lipid droplets, Golgi bodies e- secretory granules, lipofuscin, melanosome, autosome (Correct / c)

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The nucleus
abcdeabcdeabcdeabcde1- The nucleus of inactive cell has hetrochromatin only euchromatin only hetrochromatin is predominant euchromatin is predominant equal amounts hetro & euchromatin (Correct / c) 2- The nucleus is always found one per cell an essential organelle present in all complete cells enclosed within a nuclear membrane enclosed within inner, intermediate, and outer unit membrane completely covered externally by the fibrous lamina (Correct / b & c ) 3- Hetrochromatin is predominant in : present in the nuclei of metabolically active cells present in the nuclei of metabolically inactive cells special type of stain type of cell organoids type of cell inclusions (Correct / b) 4- Hetrochromatin is condensed chromatin intensely basophilic predominant in inactive cells none of the above all of the above (Correct / e) 5- Euchromatin is predominant in : a- present in the nuclei of metabolically active cells b- present in the nuclei of metabolically inactive cells c- special type of stain d- type of cell organoids e- type of cell inclusions (Correct / a ) 6- Euchromatin of a cell is active in controlling the cells metabolic processes concentrated within the cells karyosomes metabolically active during mitosis more heavily stained by nuclear stains than is hetrochromatin typically complexed chemically with histones (Correct / a ) 7- Euchromatin contains the active genes the inactive genes both types of genes RNA none of the above (Correct / a )

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8- Chromatin is a component of the nucleolus nucleus cytoplasm intercellular space none of the above (Correct / b ) 9- The nucleolus is formed of protein & DNA protein & RNA chromatin protein only none of the above (Correct / b ) 10- The nucleolus is formed of hetrochromatin and euchromatin granular and fibrillar parts nucleolus associated and peripheral chromatin condensed chromatin extended chromatin (Correct / b ) 11- The nuclear pore is hexagonal in shape is bridged by a unit membrane is a transient structure allows for communication between the nucleus and the cytoplasm (Correct / d ) 12- DNA could be found in ribosomes Golgi apparatus mitochondria lysosomes none of the above (Correct / c ) 13- DNA contains the following nitrogenous bases except : Thymine Cytosine Uracil Adenine Guanine (Except / c ) 14- Ribosomal RNA is formed in hetrochromatin euchromatin nucleolus Golgi apparatus Mitochondria (Correct / c )

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15- Dense granules of RNA typically occur, among other places, within the pars granulosa of cytoplasmic nucleoli pars granulosa of membrane-bound nucleoli pars fibrosa of nuclear nucleoli pars granulosa of nuclear nucleoli nucleolus associated chromatin (Correct / d ) 16- The sugar in RNA is purine pyrimidine ribose desoxyribose essential for code formation (Correct / c ) 17-Define (Desc.,89) micro-tubular organizing center (MTOC) karyotyping Bar body 18- Bar body (Mid,97) is an inactive (coiled) X-chromosomes is a sex chromatin in somatic female cells is an inactive (coiled) Y-chromosomes during the interphase, appears as a drumstick stained with basic dyes Hx and Feulgon +ve (Correct / a- b & d) 19- Bar body (Mid,97) a- is an inactive (coiled) X-chromosomes in females b- is X-chromosomes in males c- is Y-chromosomes in males d- is XX-chromosomes in females e- is XY-chromosomes in males (Correct / a ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The life cycle of the cell

1- The life cycle of the cell (Desc.,97- Mid,99) includes an interphase and a complete cell division is the period between two cell divisions cis divided into three phases G1, S & G2 phases dincludes prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase (Correct / a) ababcde2- The centrioles is duplicated during synthesis (S) stage of interphase Gap two (G2) stage of interphase Gap one (G1) stage of interphase meiosis leptotene stage (Correct / a)

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3- The cell undergoes duplication of its nuclear DNA at a- synthesis (S) stage of interphase b- Gap two (G2) stage of interphase c- Gap one (G1) stage of interphase d- metaphase stage of mitosis e- meiosis (Correct / a) 4- Meiosis (Mid.,2001) a- is characterized by two cell divisions but only one includes replication of DNA. b- in its first cell division produces haploid cells. c- in its second cell produces sister chromatids d- in its first prophase is similar to that of mitosis. e- in its first prophase has tetrads formed, each representing homologous chromosomes. (Correct / a c & e ) 5- In dividing cells the nuclear membrane is fragmented during separation of chromosomes the nucleolus is involved in ribosomal biogenesis (synthesis) and is a prominent structure in dividing cells prophase and metaphase both occur in S phase of the cell cycle the final daughter cells which derive from meiosis are haploid control of the overall population may be regulated by apoptosis (death) (Correct / a- b- d & e ) 6-Prophase of the first meiotic division (Desc.,97-Mid,2000-June,2001) is the longest phase of meiosis it includes leptotene stage it includes diplotene stage it includes telophase (Correct / a-b & c ) 7- Chiasmata are formed in leptotene zygotene pachytene diplotene diakinesis (Correct / d ) 8- In normal conditions, highly specialized cells can divide usually divide have no capacity for further proliferation are in G2 phase of the cell none of the above (Correct / c ) MTOC is formed of in part by the two Centriole pairs that will form the mitotic spindle two kinetochores Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene (Correct / a )

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Karyotyping
abcde1- Mitosis may be arrested at metaphase by phytohemagglutinin colchicine antibiotics any toxic drug none of the above (Correct / b ) 2- The number of autosomes in human somatic cell is 22 chromosomes 22 pairs of identical chromosomes 23 chromosomes 23 pairs of identical chromosomes 46 pairs of chromosomes (Correct / b ) 3- Submetacentric chromosomes have (Sept.,97) centromere located near the center centromere located median in position centromere located near one end none of the above (Correct / a ) 4- In acrocentric chromosomes the centromere is absent terminal median submedian subterminal (Correct / e ) abcde5- In metacentric chromosomes the centromere is absent terminal median submedian subterminal (Correct / c ) abcde6- Chromosomes are submetacentric in group Group A Group B Group C Group E Group G (Correct / b- c & d)

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7- Chromosomes are short and submetacentric in group Group A Group B Group C Group E Group G (Correct / d)

8- Chromosomes are metacentric in group Group A Group B Group C Group E Group F (Correct / a & e ) 9- Chromosomes are acrocentric in group (Mid,2001 b) aGroup A bGroup B cGroup C dGroup D eGroup G (Correct / d & e ) 10- Chromosomal study helps in clinical diagnosis in amental retardation babnormal sexual development cinfertility dmultiple congenital malformation eall of the above (Correct / e ) abcde____________________________________________________________________

Epithelial Tissues: General Characteristics:

1- Characteristics of epithelial cells (Desc.,97) a- they line body surfaces b- they are vascular c- they have basal lamina d- they contain relatively large amounts of intercellular substance (Correct / a &c ) 2- Which of the following characteristics are true of epithelia (Mid,2000) a- they line body surfaces b- they are vascular c- most epithelial cells have the ability of regeneration d- they are separated from the underlying connective tissue by a basal lamina e- they contain relatively large amounts of intercellular substance (Correct / a -c & d )

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There are several distinct features of epithelial cells squamous epithelial cells are flat and plate- like pseudostratified epithelium has all its cells in contact with the underlying extracellular matrix ca simple columnar cell is typically 2-3 times higher than its width dcell division occurs at all layers in a stratified squamous epithelium etransitional epithelium is a characteristic cell lining the urinary tract (Correct / a b-c & e ) a4- The general characteristics of epithelial cells are all the following except: (Mid,2001) intercellular substance is nearly absent b- all the cells in the basal layer are resting on a basement membrane. c- nerve fibers and blood vessels can pass within epithelial cells d- endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm can share in formation of epithelium e- most epithelial cells have the ability of regeneration (Correct / c ) Epithelium is the tissue that is composed of cells and large amount of intercellular substance develops from embryonic mesoderm only contains fine blood capillaries can regenerate provides support for other tissues (Correct / d ) Epithelium is composed of cells and few fibers contains blood capillaries has many functions depending on its site can not regenerate provides support for organs (Correct / c) The epithelial tissue is ectodermal in origin mesodermal in origin endodermal in origin all of the above none of the above (Correct / d ) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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I- Simple epithelium
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Simple squamous epithelium lines all of the following structures except: (Mid,97) the alveoli of the lung parietal layer of Bowmans capsule distal convoluted tubule lymphatic vessels blood vessels (Except / c )

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Simple squamous epithelium lines all of the following structures except: athe alveoli of the lung bparietal layer of Bowmans capsule cthin limb of Henles loop ddistal convoluted tubules (Except / d )
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3- Which one of the epithelial subtypes listed below typically is also simple squamous amesothelium bdistended transitional (in distended organs) cgerminal dkeratinized epseudostratified (Correct / a ) abSimple squamous epithelium lines all of the following structures except: the alveoli of the lung parietal layer of Bowmans capsule clymphatic vessels dthin limb of Henles loop edistal convoluted tubules (Except / e ) 5- The alveoli of the lung are lined mainly with asimple squamous epithelium bsimple cuboidal ciliated epithelium csimple columnar epithelium d- simple ciliated columnar epithelium e- pseudostratified columnar epithelium (Correct / a ) 6- Each of the following concerning mesothelium is true except :(Mid,-96-97-98 Sept.,97) a- it is derived from mesoderm b- it is simple squamous epithelium c- it lines pleural cavity d- it lines blood vessels (Except / d) 7- Mesothelium is a special type of a- connective tissue b b- simple squamous epithelium lining lymphatics c- simple squamous epithelium lining blood vessels d- all of the above e- none of the above (Correct / e) Mesothelium is derived from(Mid,2000) ectoderm endoderm mesoderm all of the above none of the above (Correct / c)
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9- Endothelium is the lining epithelium of pleural cavity bblood vessels cthyroid follicles the alveoli of the lung e- none of the above (Correct / b) 10- Endothelium provides lining of peritoneum pleural cavity cpericardial cavity dthe heart the alveoli of the lung (Correct / d) 11- Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in (Sept.,98) large blood vessels small intestine gall bladder urinary bladder none of the above (Correct / e )

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12- Simple cuboidal epithelium is found in (Jan.,2000) a- large blood vessels b- medium sized ducts of glands c- gall bladder d- thyroid follicles e- none of the above (Correct / b & d ) 13- In simple cuboidal epithelium, the nuclei (at L/m level) arounded and central brounded and apical coval and central doval and basal eabsent (Correct / a ) 14- At E/M level secretory cuboidal epithelium is characterized by aprominent nucleus bsecretory granules crich in RER dclear Golgi apparatus eall of the above (Correct / e ) 15- Each of the following statement concerning simple columnar epith. is true except: (Mid,96) a- it lines the stomach and small intestine a b- it lines the serous cavities b c- its nuclei are oval and basal c d- it is dark in the intestine and clear in the stomach (Except / b)

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16- Simple columnar epithelium is found in Except (Sept.,91) esophagus gall bladder G.I.T. the large bile ducts (Except / a) 17- The function/s of simple columnar epithelium is/are secretory absorptive all of he above none of the above (Correct / c) 18-In absorptive cells, the brush border seen at L/M level is sterocilia true cilia long microvilli short few microvilli ebasal infoldings (Correct / c)

abcd-

abcd-

19-The brush border of the absorptive columnar epithelium at E/M level is (Mid,2001 b) amicrotubules bmyofilaments clong cilia dmicrovilli ebasal infoldings (Correct / d) 20- Absorptive simple columnar epithelium is seen in aurinary bladder buterus ctrachea depididymis esmall intestine (Correct / e) 21- Each of the following statement concerning pseudostratified epith. is true except: (Mid,96) d a- all of its cells rest on the basement membrane. b- some of its cells reach the apical surface e c- it is found in the respiratory system d- it is found in the epidermis (Except / d) 22- Pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a type of asimple epithelium bstratified epithelium cglandular epithelium dneuro- epithelium emyoepithelium (Correct / a)

28

abcde-

23- Pseudostratified epithelium may be keratinized is highly vascular has more than one layer of cells all its cells are resting on a basal lamina found in the urinary bladder (Correct / d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

II- Stratified epithelium

1- Each of the following statement concerning stratified epith. is true except: (Mid,-96-97-Sept.,97-99- Mid,99) f a- all of its cells rest on the basement membrane. b- some of its cells reach the apical surface g c- it is found in the esophagus d- it is found in the epidermis ( Except / a ) abcde3abcde4abcde5abcde2- Stratified squamous epithelium consists of a single layer of flattened cells is protective rather than secretory or absorptive is keratinized where it lines enclosed areas has rich supply of capillaries running between its cell layers may be ciliated (Correct / b) The epithelium that lines all body openings on the skin is : (Mid,2001) endothelium pseudostratified columnar stratified squamous stratified columnar mesothelium (Correct / c) Which of the following is typical feature/s of protective epithelium stratified phagocytic activity antibody production brush border all of the above (Correct / a) Which of the following features is of epithelium that has protective role stratified phagocytic activity antibody production possesses microvilia has a brush border (Correct / a)

29 6-

abcd7abcd8a-

The followings are true regarding squamous epithelium except: it lines the esophagus its most superficial layer of cells is flattened its nuclei are not on the same plane it lacks a basal lamina ( Except / d ) The followings statements are true regarding stratified squamous epithelium the surface layer of cells is always keratinized it lines the esophagus it lacks a basal lamina its most superficial layer of cells is flattened (Correct / b & d ) Stratified columnar ciliated epithelium is found in (June,92) soft palate bfetal esophagus crecto-anal junction dstomach (Correct / a &b) 9- Transitional epithelium is found in (Sept.,98) gall bladder uterus ureter epididymis small intestine (Correct / c) 10- Transitional epithelium may be keratinized may contain goblet cells is a special type of stratified epithelium all cells are in contact with basal lamina found in the gall bladder (Correct / c) 11- Transitional epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated stratified columnar found in the gall bladder none of the above (Correct / e) 12- Transitional epithelium is (Mid,2000) a- pseudostratified b- ciliated c- stratified squamous d- found in the gall bladder e- stratified with large surface cells (Correct / e)

abcde-

abcde-

abcde-

30

13- Mention the epithelium of the following: (Mid,97-Desc.,98) a-Aorta.. h b-Urinary bladder .. c- Trachea d- Skin.. 14-Types of epithelium in: (Cairo, 85). a- Esophagus. b- Uterus.. c- Gall bladder.. d- Epididymis 15-Types of epithelium in: (Cairo, Mid,88-89). a- Aorta b- Fallopian tube. c- Ureter. d- Trachea. 16- Types of epithelium in: (Cairo, Mid,86). a- Urinary bladder b- Thyroid gland. c- Stomach d- Epidermis of skin. ac17- Types of epithelium in: (Sept.,93) Bowmans capsule. b- Skin. Large intestine. d- Recto-anal junction

III- Glandular epithelium

abcde1- Apocrine glands (Mid, 97) some cells are destroyed, to form the secretion no change occur in the secretory cells the apex of the cell is destroyed during secretion salivary glands sebaceous glands (Correct / c ) 2- Merocrine glands some cells are destroyed, to form the secretion no change occur in the secretory cells the apex of the cell is destroyed during secretion salivary glands sebaceous glands (Correct / b & d) 3- Holocrine glands (June,2001) a- some cells are destroyed, to form the secretion no change occur in the secretory cells the apex of the cell is destroyed during secretion salivary glands sebaceous glands (Correct / a & e )

abcde-

bcde-

31

abcd-

4- Glands are classified according to the presence or absence of ducts into (Mid,93) exocrine, endocrine or mixed glands serous and mucous glands unicellular and multi-cellular glands none of the above (Correct / a) 5- Mention the types of the following glands (Mid,93) liver mammary glands pancreas intestinal crypts 6- In exocrine glands ducts (Jan.,2000) are not present open into the blood stream are branching are lined by different type of epithelium (Correct / c & d) 7- In exocrine glands the intralobar ducts are not present lie within lobules lie between lobules lie within lobes lie between lobes (Correct / d) 8-In exocrine glands the intralobular ducts are not present lie within lobules lie between lobules lie within lobes lie between lobes (Correct / b) N.B intra =within - inter = between 9- Compound exocrine glands have unbranched duct have branched secretory ducts secrete hormones have specific target organs secrete into the blood stream (Correct / b ) 10-Goblet cell is an example of: (Mid, 2001) unicellular gland mucous gland Simple columnar secretory epithelium exocrine gland all of the above (Correct / e )

abcdabcd-

abcde-

abcde-

abcdeabcde-

32

11- Epithelial cells have a secretory role endocrine secretion occurs when a cell enters the blood stream mucin-secreting cells have a well developed Golgi, this being the main site of protein glycosylation cion-pumping cells have many lysosomes to export transported solutes dmerocrine secretion occurs when a secreted product is exocytosed from the cell onto a surface or into a lumen eapocrine secretion occurs when the whole cell is shed as the secreted product (Correct / b & d ) ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ab-

IV- Neuro-epithelium
abcd1- Neuro-epithelium is found in (Mid,-90-93) G.I.T and urinary bladder Salivary glands and mammary glands Taste buds and organ of corti Maculae of utricle and saccule (Correct / c & d) 2- Taste buds is a type of a- surface epithelium secretory epithelium protective epithelium absorptive epithelium neuro-epithelium (Correct / e) 3- Taste bud is an example of neuro-epithelium myoepithelium merocrine gland simple alveolar gland sero-mucous gland (Correct / a) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

bcde-

abcde-

V- Myo-epithelium
1abcdeMyoepithelial (basket) cells are (Mid, 2001 b) myoepithelial cells located between the basal part of secretory cell and its basal lamina able to squeeze the secretion out of secretory cells all of the above none of the above (Correct / d )

33

2abcde-

Myoepithelial (basket) cells are simple squamous epithelial cells that have contractile ability consist of actin containing contractile cells associated with some gland cells represent striated muscle cells that lie adjacent to certain epithelial cells generally lie outside the basement membrane of the adjacent epithelial cells are incompletely differentiated mesenchymal cells (Correct / b)

Connective Tissues
General Characteristics:
abcdeThe origin of connective tissue is ectodermal in origin mesodermal in origin mesodermal and endodermal in origin ectodermal and endodermal none of the above (Correct / b) 2-Connective tissue could be vascular highly vascular c- avascular d- all of the above e- none of the above (Correct / d) 3-Mature general connective tissue consists chiefly of (Jan,2000) intercellular material that contains only ground substance matrix that contains fibers, cells and ground substance connective tissue cells tissue fluid (under normal conditions) mesenchyme (Correct / b)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

ab-

abcde-

General ( Proper) Connective Tissue Cells:

1-

ai j k

The following are C.T. cells except neutrophils b- endothelial cells c- macrophages d- reticular cells e- erythrocytes (Correct / e)

34 2-

abcde-

Wandering C.T. cells are except : (Desc.,97) pigment cells mast cells leucocytes plasma cells fibroblasts (Correct / e)

3- The following are free C.T. cells except : a- pigment cells b- fibroblasts cplasma cells dmast cells eneutrophils (Correct / b) 4- The following are free C.T. cells except : (Mid, 2001) amacrophages badipose cells c- plasma cells d- mast cells e- neutrophils (Correct / b) 5- The permanent (fixed) C.T. cells are except : ( Mid,200) a- pericytes l b- endothelium m c- plasma cells d- fibroblasts n e- macrophages (Correct / c) 6- Branched C.T. proper cells are except (June,92) a- fibroblasts b- undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMC) c- histiocytes d- fat cells e- pigments cells (Correct / d)

Fibroblasts
1- Fibroblasts differentiate into : (Mid,97-98) a- pericytes b- macrophages c- mast cells d- none of the above (Correct / d)

35

abcde-

2- Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers only elastic fibers only antibodies amorphous extracellular material heparin (Correct / d) 3- Fibroblasts differentiate into a- mast cells b- macrophages c- plasma cells d- pigment cells e- none of the above (Correct / e)

4- The structural unit of collagen (tropocollagen) is synthesized by amacrophages bfibroblasts cmegakaryocytes dplasma cells emonocytes (Correct / b) 5- Collagen precursors are secreted by aplasma cells bmast cells cfibroblasts dreticular cells (Correct / c) 6- The most common cell type of loose areolar C.T is aundifferentiated mesenchymal cells (UMC) bplasma cells cmast cells dfibroblasts efat cells (Correct / d)

Histiocytes
abcde1- The main ultrastructural feature (E/M) of histiocyte is the presence of microvilli secretory granules lysosomes smooth endoplasmic reticulum rough endoplasmic reticulum (Correct / c)

36

2- The main function of histiocyte is asecretion of antibodies bsecretion of histamine cphagocytosis dexocytosis esupportive (Correct / c)

Pericytes
abcde1- Pericytes are found close to skin lymph vessels large blood vessels small blood vessels cartilage (Correct / d) 2- Pericytes are undifferentiated cells of adult tissue able to form fibroblasts considered as myoepithelial cells fixed connective tissue cells all of the above (Correct / e)

abcde-

3- Cell that is most often found along capillaries and resembles fibroblasts a- plasma cells o b- lymphocytes p c- macrophages q d- pericytes (Correct / d)

Mast cells
1- Mast cells possess or contain (Mid,97-Desc.,98-Sept.,99) a- deeply stained basophilic granules r b- rich in melanin pigment c- cytoplasm is basophilic non-granular s d- eccentric nucleus which has a cart-wheel (clock-face) appearance (Correct / a) 2- Mast cell is (June,90) abranched and phagocytic bcan differentiate into other C.T cells` coval or round, secrete heparin and histamine t d- rich in melanin pigment (Correct / c)

37

3- Metachromatic granules are present in (Sept.,98) amast cells bplasma cells cfat cells dpigment cells ereticulin (reticular) cells (Correct / a) 4- Metachromasia is a characters of (Mid,2000) a- macrophages b- adipose cells c- plasma cells d- mast cells e- neutrophils (Correct / d) abcde5- The main function of mast cells is the secretion of (Mid, 2001 b) antibodies histamine mucous hydrolytic enzymes collagen (Correct / b) 6- Mast cells have well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum have phagocytic ability are common found in peripheral blood show all E/M features of protein synthesizing cells none of the above (Correct / e)

abcde-

7- Mast cells possess or contain ahetrochromatin arranged in a spoke- wheel ( cart-wheel ) pattern bdeeply stained basophilic granules cwell developed endoplasmic reticulum dmany primary lysosomes (Correct / b)

Plasma cells
abcde1- Plasma cells have well developed smooth endoplasmic reticulum have phagocytic ability are commonly found in peripheral blood show all E/M features of protein synthesizing cells are usually seen in bone marrow (Correct / d)

38

2- The nucleus of plasma cell is acentral and rounded bperipheral and flattened chave a cart-wheel appearance dvery pale in Hx & E stain edifficult to be seen by L/M (Correct / c) abcd3- Plasma cells produce heparin histamine antigens plasma e- antibodies (Correct / e)

Fat cells
1- White fat cells are (Sept.,97- Mid,99) aunilocular cells bmultilocular cells cfat is pigmented drich in blood supply (Correct / a) ab2- Brown fat cells are (Sept.,97-June,2001) large unilocular cells small multilocular cells cfat is pigmented drich in blood supply (Correct / b-c & d) 3- The main function of brown fat is ato provide heat in newborn babies bfat metabolism cstorage of fat dbinding organs together eall of the above (Correct / a ) 4- Adipose cells apossess a flattened nucleus bpossess a thin rim of cytoplasm cstore fat dall of the above (Correct / d )

39

5- Sudan III is a specific stain to show afat cells bplasma cells cmast cells dpigment cells efibroblasts (Correct / a ) 6- Which of the following is used to make fat visible Eosin Hematoxylin Sudan III Toluidine blue Mallory stain (Correct / c)

abcde-

Macrophages
abu v 1- Foreign body giant cells are coalesced macrophages lymphocytes c- fibroblasts d- adipose cells (Correct / a)

2- Monocytes in the blood are precursors of a- plasma cells b- fibroblasts cmast cells dmacrophages elymphocytes (Correct / d) 3- Functions of: (Cairo, Mid,87-88). a- Fibroblast. b- C.T. histiocyte. c- Plasma cell. d- Mast cell.(89).

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fibers
1abcdWhich of the following statements regarding collagen is /are not true is composed of tropocollagen reticular fibers are composed of collagen is affected by boiling, acids and enzymes elastic fibers are composed of collagen (Correct / d)

40 2-

abcd3abcde4a-

Collagen has the following characters except : it is composed of tropocollagen its main origin is fibroblast is affected by boiling ,enzymes, acids & alkalies elastic fibers are composed of collagen (Correct / d) Collagen type I is the main collagen in tendons type II is the main type in bone type III is the main type in reticulin (reticular fibers) is secreted by fibroblasts as procollagen molecules is one of the matrix component of osteoid (Correct / a-c-d & e ) Which one of the following is true elastic fibers (Mid, 2001) are more variable in diameter than collage fibers ba major fibrous component of scar tissue cwell seen by light microscopy after routine histology/pathology staining procedures (e.g., hematoxylin-eosin, Van Geisons) delastic fibers are completely digested by hot water (Correct / c) 5- Elastic fibers are completely digested by hot water cold water cdiluted acids dtrypsin eelastase (Correct / e)

ab-

6- The protein elastin can be formed by asmooth muscle fibers bskeletal muscle fibers ccardiac muscle fibers delastic fibers ecollagen fibers (Correct / a) 7- Elastic fibers are completely hydrolyzed and digested by hot water cold water celastase dtrypsin ediluted acids (Correct / c) 8- Reticular fibers are areadily visible by Hx & E preparation byellowish in fresh preparation cfound to have large bundles of fibrils than collagen fibers ddark brown in fresh preparation edark brown network by silver staining (Correct / e) ab-

41

9a-

which one of the following is true of reticular fibers concentration into bundles bsecreted by reticulocytes in red bone marrow ca major fibrous component of scar tissue dwell seen by light microscopy after routine histology/pathology staining procedures (e.g., hematoxylin-eosin, Massons etc) ewith electron microscopy they are seen to have the same banding pattern as collagen fibers (Correct / e) abcde10- Reticular fibers are very thin collagen fibers type type I type II type III type IV type V (Correct / c) 11- Reticular lamina composed of collagen fibers type type I type II type III type IV type V (Correct / c) 12- Silver stain is specific to show acollagen fibers belastic fibers creticular fibers dfat cells emyelin sheath (Correct / c)

abcde-

Ground substance (matrix)

1- Glycosaminoglycans are composed of repeating sugar residues are weakly hydrophilic may be attached to proteins include hyaluronic acid, dermatan sulfate, heparin and fibronectin einclude hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate and other sulfated saccharides (Correct / a-c & e ) 2- Glycosaminoglycans aalways contain hexosamine binclude hyaluronic acid care made up of disaccharides dare a primitive form of collagen (Correct / a-b & c ) abcd-

42

abcd-

3- Glycoproteins found in the matrix include laminin chondronectin fibronectin dermatan sulfate (Correct / a-b & c ) 4-Ground substance of general connective tissue (one choice) typically has a large content of free water, the intracellular fluid contains glycoproteins, glycosaminoglycans and elastin does not contain collagen or tropocollagen owes its changeability in viscosity and permeability to its content of glycoproteins retards the spread of microorganisms, chiefly because of its contained network of long-chain carbohydrates (Correct / b ) 5- Basement membrane contains type I collagen contains laminin contains glycosaminoglycans links to epithelial cells acts as a permeability barrier (Correct / b-c-d & e ) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

abcde-

abcde-

Types of connective tissue

a1- Dense regular connective tissue includes (Mid,97) organ capsules bbasement membrane ctendons dskin (Correct / c) Tendons are rich in elastic fibers show many histiocytes or mast cells between bundles of fibers are white in color when fresh show many reticular fibers and collagen fibers all of the above (Correct / c) Tendons in histological preparations show (Mid,2000) regular parallel bundles of collagen fibers regular parallel bundles of elastic fibers irregular bundles of collagen fibers irregular bundles of elastic fibers histiocytes or mast cells between bundles of fibers (Correct / a)

2abcde3abcde-

43

abcde5abd-

abcd-

4- Ligamentum flavum is formed of dense white irregular connective tissue dense white regular connective tissue dense yellow elastic connective tissue dense white fibro-cartilage loose connective tissue (Correct / c) Ligamentum nuchae is formed of : (Mid, 2001) dense yellow elastic connective tissue regular white collagenous connective tissue cirregular white collagenous connective tissue yellow elastic fibro-cartilage e- white collagenous fibro-cartilage (Correct / a ) 6- Yellow elastic connective tissue is present in Except (Sept.,91) trachea ligamentum flavum ligamentum nuchae periosteum (Correct / d)

7- The sclera of the eye is formed of a- dense yellow elastic connective tissue fregular white collagenous connective tissue c- irregular white collagenous connective tissue d- reticular connective tissue e- adipose connective tissue (Correct / c ) 8- Irregular dense white collagenous connective tissue adeep fascia bcapsule of organs cperichondrium dperiosteum eall of the above (Correct / e ) 9- Mucoid connective tissue is present in Except (Sept.,91) aumbilical cord btendons of muscles cvitreous humor of eye dpulp of growing teeth (Correct / b) 10- There are several types of support tissue afibrocollagenous tissue is the major support tissue in most organs bchondroblasts elaborate the specialized extracellular matrix of cartilage chyaline cartilage contains type II collagen and forms the main component of the auricle of the ear dunilocular adipose tissue produces heat in the neonatal period efollowing severe tissue damage , fibrocollagenous tissue is formed in healing to produce a fibrous scar (Correct / a- b & e )

44

abcde-

11- Loose connective tissue contains all except cells fibers chondrocytes water amorphous matrix (Correct / c )

abcde-

12- In loose connective tissue, collagen fibers provide the greatest tensile strength are composed of unit fibrils showing repeating transverse bands are composed of macromolecules of tropocollagen & elastin contain alpha units that have uniform amino acid compositions and sequences in different parts of the body can be synthesized only by fibroblasts (Correct / a ) 13- Name the material not formed by connective tissue (Mid, 2001 b) adipose tissue scar tissue stroma of a gland parenchyma of a gland elastic fibers (Correct / d ) _____________________________________________________________________

abcde-

Cartilage
1abcdeNutrients and oxygen reach the chondrocytes from perichondrium by fine capillaries diffusion Volkmanns canal transverse canal Sharpeys fibers (Correct / b ) 2What is type of cartilage in: (Cairo,Mid,83-85-Menoufia,92). a- Trachea.. b- Pinna of ear c- Intervertebral discs. d- Epiglotis 3What is type of cartilage in: (Cairo,Mid,86) a- Trachea b- Articular surfaces c- Eustachian tube.. 4- Mention types of cartilage in : (Sept.,97-Desc.,98-Sept.,99) a. Eustachian tube.. w b. Costal cartilage. c. Trachea x d. Intervertebral discs

45

y 5abcd6abcd7abcdHyaline cartilage is present in : (Sept.,93) trachea & bronchi. symphysis pubis & intervertebral discs all of the above none of the above (Correct / a ) Hyaline cartilage (Desc.,97-Mid,2000) is vascular structure grows by interstitial growth only plays a role in endochondrial bone formation contains collagen fibers and chondroitin sulfuric acid (Correct / c & d ) Hyaline cartilage (Desc.,97) is a vascular structure contains type II collagen grows by interstitial growth only plays a role in endochondrial bone formation (Correct / b & d ) Hyaline cartilage is a vascular structure contains type II collagen grows by interstitial growth only contains type III collagen (Correct / b )

8abcd9abcde-

Which of the following are characteristics of hyaline cartilage (Mid, June 2001) matrix that contains ground substance and collagen fibers capable of interstitial growth incapable of appositional growth chondrocytes within lacunae where exposed to synovial fluid it usually is covered by a perichondrium (Correct / a-b d & e ) 10- At E/M level chondroblast shows all features of aabsorption bphagocytosis cprotein synthesis dlipid synthesis einactive cell (Correct / c ) abcde11- Young chondrocytes (Mid, 2001 b) can divide inside lacunae do not divide proliferate by meiosis live without nutrition have phagocytic function (Correct / a )

46

abcde-

12- The matrix of hyaline cartilage contains collagen and elastic fibers contains nerves contains blood capillaries is usually acidophilic none of the above (Correct / a ) 13- Elastic cartilages of human body include those within the (Mid,2000) external ear (pinna) epiglottis intervertebral discs symphysis pubis growing ends of long bones (Correct / a & b ) 14- White fibro-cartilage (Desc.,97-Mid,2001) found in symphasis pubis has no perichondrium similar to hyaline and matrix contains yellow elastic fibers the matrix contains fibers that do not appear (Correct / a & b ) 15-The intervertebral discs possess (Jan.,2000) hyaline cartilage fibro-cartilage elastic cartilage collagenous connective tissue elastic connective tissue (Correct / b )

abcde-

abcd-

abcde-

Bone General Characteristics:

1- Bone(Mid,97-Desc.,98) a- is a storehouse for calcium z b- is vascular c- contains osteoclasts and osteocytes aa d- has no periosteum (Correct / a-b & c ) 2- Bone (Mid,2001) a- is a storehouse for calcium bb b- is depleted of collagen during calcification cc c- is vascular dd d- is not influenced by sex hormones ee (Correct / a & c )

47

a-

abcde-

3- The following are true as regards bone and nutrition vitamin C is essential for collagen synthesis bosteomalacia is related to a lack of vitamin A clack of vitamin D causes poor calcification dhypervitaminosis A produces bone resorption (Correct / a b & c ) 4- Adult bone is rigid and, in its composition and microarchitecture , is fixed for life preceded developmentally by a cartilage precursor or model , as in the flat bones of the skull without internal blood vessels channels cancellous within the centers of the epiphysis of long bone subject to resorption by osteoclasts (Correct / d & e) 5- Specific structural units of compact bone are (Mid,2000) interstitial lamellae circumferential lamellae osteons haversian systems Volkmanns canals (Correct / c & d) 6- Osteon is (Mid, 2001 b) the haversian system the organic part of bone matrix the inorganic part of bone matrix present in spongy bone the osteoprogenitor cells (Correct / a)

abcde-

abcde-

7- Haversian systems in compact bone are connected by means of (Mid,2000) Volkmanns canals. interstitial lamellae concentric lamellae lacunae circumferential lamellae (Correct / a) 8- Volkmanns canals. (June,93) aare transverse canals connecting haversian canals together bthey have the same contents of the haversian canals cconnecting haversian canals with the periosteum dconnecting haversian canals with the bone marrow cavity (Correct / a-b-c & d) 9- Volkmanns canals are: (Sept.,93). atransverse canals that connect the haversian canals to the periosteum or bone marrow. blongitudinal canals that run with the longitudinal axis of the bone. call of the above dnone of the above (Correct /a ) abcde-

48

10- Volkmanns canal (Desc.,-97-98) ff a. contain no blood vessels b. are arranged perpendicular to the bone surface c. are at the center of the osteon d. communicate with haversian canals (Correct / b & d ) abcd11- Volkmanns canals contains no blood vessels are at the center of the osteon communicate with haversian canals are arranged parallel to the bone surface (Correct / c)

Bone cells
abcde1- Bone cells are (June,92) plasma cells osteoblasts osteocytes osteogenic cells mast cells (Correct / b-c & d ) 2- Bone cells are except (Sept.,92-Jan,2000) osteoblasts. osteogenic cells. osteoclasts. osteocytes. megakaryocytes. (Correct / e ) Osteocytes (Mid, 2001) communicate with each other via canaliculi live only for short time c- possess long narrow cytoplasmic processes d- give rise to osteoclasts (Correct / a & c) Osteocytes(Mid,97-Desc.,98) a- communicate with each other via canaliculi b-possess long narrow cytoplasmic processes c- give rise to osteoclasts d- originate from osteoblasts (Correct / a-b & d ) When osteoblasts are trapped inside lacunae they are called osteogenic cells osteocytes osteoclasts chondroblasts chondrocytes (Correct / b)

abcde3ab-

4-

5abcde-

49

6- Osteoblasts a- are derived from blood monocytes b- synthesize and secrete osteoid collagen c- produce matrix vesicles important in mineralization of bone matrix d- have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum e- have a characteristic ruffled border on the surface closest to the bone (Correct / b- c & d ) 6abcde7abcdeabcdeOsteocytes lie inside lacunae are interconnected by canaliculi housing their cytoplasmic processes have nexus junctions with their neighbors show cytoplasmic constituents suggesting active protein synthesis are metabolically inert (Correct / a- b & c ) Osteoblasts synthesize collagen fibers type I II III IV V (Correct / a) 8- Osteoclasts have (Sept.,98) acidophilic cytoplasm many nuclei brush border phagocytic function all of the above (Correct / e ) 9- Osteoclasts are derived from osteogenic cells osteoblasts osteocytes monocytes non of the above (Correct / d )

abcde-

10- Osteoclasts (Mid, 2001) a- are derived from osteoprogenitor cells b- erode bone c- are stimulated by parathyroid hormone dare stimulated by calcitonin eare rich in alkaline phosphatase (Correct / b & c ) 11- Osteoclasts aare multinucleated bproduce proteolytic enzyme care found occupying Howships lacunae dnon of the above eall of the above (Correct / e )

50

12- Osteoclasts aare multinucleated bproduce proteolytic enzyme care found occupying Howships lacunae dare derived from fibroblasts (Correct / a-b & c )

Fibers
1- The collagen fibers in bone are type a- I bII cIII dIV eV (Correct / a) 1Periosteum of a diaphysis (June,2001) acan proliferate bone, increasing shaft length bcan proliferate bone, increasing shaft diameter ccan proliferate bone in an epiphyseal ossification center dcan proliferate bone on the outer surface of the bone marrow cavity eenables strong tendon attachments during bone growth and repair (Correct / b & e) abcde3- Periosteum functions is facilitating the nutrition of new bone the production of osteoblasts appositional bone growth initiating bone repair all of the above (Correct / e)

4- Endosteum is formed of aouter fibrous and inner cellular layers bouter cellular and inner fibrous layers conly cellular layer donly fibrous layer einner circumferential lamellae (Correct / c) abcde5- Sharpeys fibers connect haversian canals together are rich in blood vessels run on the outer surface of long bone run on the inner surface of long bone non of the above (Correct / e )

51

abcde-

6- Sharpeys fibers are penetrating elastic fibers penetrating collagen fibers irregular bone lamellae regular bone lamellae fine nerve fibers of bone (Correct / b )

abcde-

7- Concerning Sharpeys fibers all are correct except : present in compact bone composed of collagen fibers they extend from the outer layer of the periosteum to circumferential lamellae they are found at the site of attachment of tendons to bones they contain blood vessels (Correct / e )

8- What are:(June,92) aVolkmanns canals. babcPerforating fibers of Sharpeys 9- Perforating fibers of Sharpeys (June,93) calcified or non calcified collagenous fibers connect haversian canals to the periosteum extend through the periosteum to the external circumferential lamellae d- may be extensions of the tendons into the bone (Correct / a-c & d)

10- Major chemical constituents of bone matrix include acalcium phosphate bcalcium carbonate ctype I collagen dtype III collagen eminerals and crystals (Correct / a-b- c & e)

Growth of bone
1- Bone grows in adults (Mid,97-98-Sept.,99) a- not at all b- only interstitially c- only appositionally d- by two methods (Correct / c )

52

2- Growth of bone before puberty is a- appositional only b- interstitial only c- appositional and interstitial d- stopped after puberty e- non of the above (Correct / c ) 3- Types of ossification for the following: (June,92-Sept.,97-Mid,98) a- Ribs. b- Skull. c- Long bones. d- Sternum a4- During ossification all are correct except: in a highly vascular environment osteogenic cells grow and differentiate to osteoblasts b- in a poorly vascular environment osteogenic cells grow and differentiate to chondroblasts c- when ossification occurs around chondrocytes they grow in size d- cartilage does not change to bone e- cartilage does not form bone (Except / c ) 5-IN BONE DEVELOPMENT (June,2001) a- chondroblasts develop in primitive mesenchyme and form an early perichondrium and cartilage model b- the term diaphysis refers to the shaft region c- the term epiphysis refers to the club-shaped expansion at the end of long bones d- the epiphyseal plate can be divided into periosteum, bone collar and osteoprogenitor zones e- Postnatal increase in length is due to endochondral bone formation near the end of long bones. (Correct / a- b- c & e ) 8- The stages of ossification in the epiphyseal plate are the following except: azone of resting bone bzone of proliferation czone of maturation dzone of calcification ezone of ossification (Except / a) 6- In the zone of maturation of the epiphyseal plate a- chondrocytes divide b- chondrocytes increase in size c- chondrocytes are surrounded by calcium d- osteogenic cells appear e- chondrocytes die (Correct / b )

53

7- During endochondral ossification cartilage cells (chondrocytes) a- proliferate and form osteocytes b- increase in size and form osteocytes gg c- differentiate to osteogenic cells hh d- die and leave empty spaces ii e- all of the above (Correct / d ) 8- Periosteal bud a- is formed from periosteum b- contains blood capillaries c- contains osteoclasts d- contains osteoblasts e- all of the above (Correct / e ) 9- Periosteal buds a- invade the cartilage model in endochondral bone formation b- carry blood vessels and osteogenic cells c- are involved in laying down primary bone d- develop into periosteum (Correct / a-b &c ) 10- Periosteal bud consists of a- blood capillaries b- osteoclasts c- osteoblasts d- all of the above e- non of the above (Correct / d ) 11- Secondary center of ossification occurs in a- epiphysis b- epiphyseal plate c- diaphysis d- vault of the skull e- periosteum (Correct / a ) abcde12- Secondary center of ossification in long bones develop in diaphysis metaphyses epiphyses synovial joints bone marrow (Correct / c) abcd13- The following are true as regards joints may or may not allow movement can be classified into fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial must have a synovial membrane always allow movement between bones (Correct / a & b )

54

14- Joints or articulations that involve skeletal elements that have little if any movement in relation to each other include afibrous joints bsutures csecondary cartilaginous joints dprimary cartilaginous joints esynovial joints (Correct / a b-c & d ) abc15- Synovial membranes are lined with squamous-to-cuboidal cells that secrete synovial fluid produce hyaluronic acid contain A and B cells d- are found in synovial joints (Correct / a-b-c & d ) abcd16- Synovial fluid within synovial joints is in direct contact with articular cartilage elaborated by synovial membrane an important route for nutrients to deeper chondrocytes of the neighboring articular cartilage (s) very viscous, due especially to its content of highly polymerized hyaluronic acid e- an ultrafiltrate of blood plasma, plus added mucin (Correct / a-b-c- d & e ) _______________________________________________________________

BLOOD
1-

Serum differs from plasma in that it does not contain the following substance(s) a- - globulin b- -globulin c- albumin d- fibrinogen (Correct / d) Hemoglobin is a- cell organoid b- exogenous in origin c- endogenous in origin a form of secondary lysosome stored in secretory vesicles (Correct / c )

2-

de-

55

RBCs
1-

abcd2-

The following are characters of RBCs except: average diameter is 7.2um have a role in immunity have biconcave shape can change its shape (Correct / b ) The following is/are associated with the erythrocyte plasmalemma and is/are responsible for maintaining its biconcave disk shape a- Hb A1 b- actin c- Hb A2 d- spectrin (Correct / b & d )

3abcde4abcde5abcdabcdabcd-

The average size of RBCs 7.0 um 7.0 nm 7.0 mm 0.7 um 0.7 mm (Correct / a) Red blood cells have a biconcave shape which maximizes the surface/volume ratio for gas transfer in capillary vessels have no mitochondria have a membrane-associated cytoskeleton which maintains their shape have a life span in peripheral blood of about 20 days are removed, when aged, by cells in the spleen (Correct / a- b-c & e ) Energy production in mature erythrocytes is accomplished by the glycolytic pathway mitochondria hexose monophosphate shunt citric acid cycle (kerbs cycle) (Correct / a & c ) Reticulocytes are: (Sept.,92-99) immature RBCs. stem cell of all blood elements. large cells with central basophilic nucleus. present in the peripheral blood (Correct / a & d) 7- Anisocytosis is (Mid,98-June,2001) decrease in the No of RBCs variation of shape of RBCs variation of size of RBCs variation of diameter of RBCs (Correct / c &d)

56

abcde-

8- Anisocytosis is (Sept.,97-Jan,2000) decrease in the No of RBCs variation of shape of RBCs variation of size of leucocytes variation of size of RBCs none of the above (Correct / d )

Granular leucocytes
1abcdeWhite blood cells have specialized roles basophils emigrate into tissues and form plasma cells monocytes emigrate into tissues and form macrophages lymphocytes of certain types can secrete immunoglobulin eosinophils are increased in number in tissues and blood in allergic reactions neutrophils have a long half-life of about 30 days once they are activated and have entered tissues (Correct / b- c & d ) 2abcdWhich of the following is abnormal (Mid,2000) 65% of the leucocytes is Neutrophils 30% of the leucocytes is lymphocytes 5% of the leucocytes is Eosinophils 12% of the leucocytes is monocytes (Correct / d ) 3Differential leucocytic count is : (Sept.,93) a- the number of leucocytes per cubic millimeter. b- the percentage of each type of leucocytes c- all of the above d- none of the above (Correct / b) 4- The diluting fluid for counting leucocytes is formed of (June,93) asaline b1 % acetic acid and o.5% gentian violet canticoagulant citrates and brilliant cresyl blue dnone of the above (Correct / b ) 5- As a group, granular leucocytes in humans have a nonlobate nucleus have a multilobate nucleus in some cell subtypes have nuclear lobation that usually increases in distinctness and number with cellular development and aging include blood monocytes having cytoplasmic granules are normally formed in the adult by reticular cells in the spleen (Correct / b & c )

abcde-

57

6abcde7abcd8abcd9abcd-

Neutrophils have a regular, spherical nucleus perform their main functions in the peripheral blood contain the enzyme myeloperoxidase , which is important for bacterial killing express cell adhesion molecules on their surface to allow them to adhere to endothelium prior to emigration into tissues have receptors on their surface which recognize foreign material for internalization by phagocytosis (Correct / c d & e ) Neutrophils (Mid,97) possess specific neutral granules form the first line of defense during chronic inflammation form the first line of defense during acute inflammation have one segmented (lobulated) nucleus (Correct / a-c & d ) Neutrophils (Mid,97) possess specific granules that are larger than their azurophilic granules possess specific granules that are smaller than their azurophilic granules form the first line of defense during chronic inflammation phagocytosis of bacteria (Correct / b & d ) Schilling count is : ((Sept.,92) classifications of neutrophils according to the No of segments of their nuclei. classifications of neutrophils according to their maturity. none of he above all of the above (Correct / b) 10- Neutrophils in the blood of man possess small nuclei develop in the spleen develop from megakaryocytes are phagocytic in function constitute about 25% of all leucocytes (Correct / d) 11- Neutrophils have the following characters except: contain neutral granules their granules give positive reaction to alkaline phosphatase contain azurophilic granules their granules have lysosomal enzymes their cytoplasm contain large coarse acidophilic granules (Except / e) 12- Neutrophils possess specific granules that are smaller than azurophilic granules have amoeboid motility outside the vessels termed polymorphonuclear have relative short life span all of the above (Correct / e)

abcde-

abcdeabcde-

58

13- Human neutrophil granulocytes normally comprise 5 to 15 percent of circulating leucocytes comprise 20 to 45 percent of circulating leucocytes comprise 55 to 70 percent of circulating leucocytes contain a myeloperoxidase that complexes with peroxide to produce activated oxygen, having bactericidal activity ehave specific granules that contain lysozyme, an enzyme complex that can act against components of bacterial cell walls (Correct / c-d & e ) abcdabcde14- In peripheral blood the drum-stick is found in ; (Mid,2000) neutrophils of some females granulocytes the sites of the Y chromosome neutrophils of some males all of the above (Correct / a) abcd15- Eosinophils have the following characters except :(Sept.,98) contain large pink granules phagocytose bacteria life span is 8-12 days their No increase in allergic state (Except / b ) 16- At E/M eosinophils have characteristic well developed Golgi many RER microvilli apical secretory granules acidophilic granules (Correct / e ) 17-Human eosinophil granulocytes normally acomprise 10 to 13 percent of circulating leucocytes bcomprise 20 to 35percent of circulating leucocytes chave a decrease in numbers in relation to the alarm reaction and adrencortical endocrine secretion dhave large cytoplasmic granules containing a high content of hydrolytic enzymes ehave large cytoplasmic granules containing a major basic protein that is responsible for their eosinophilia (Correct / c-d & e ) 18- Histamine is released from amast cells bbasophils cmast cells & basophils dplasma cells enone of the above (Correct / c ) 19- Basophils abcde-

59

a-

have non-segmented nuclei bhave no granules care smaller than erythrocytes dare identical to mast cells erelease histamine (Correct / e ) 20- Basophils have the following characters except : arise from connective tissue undifferentiated cells the cytoplasm contain heparin and histamine associated with allergic reaction their size is 10-12 um (Except / a ) 21-The slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis is produced by monocytes neutrophils eosinophils basophils (Correct / d )

abcd-

abcd-

22- Both mast cells and basophils ahave metachromatic granules bare phagocytic chave lobulated nuclei doriginate from red bone marrow eare blood cells (Correct / a ) 23- Mast cells and basophils are similar in one of the followings the size of granules both have lobulated nuclei have arise from the same mother cells both are phagocytic their granules react metachromatically to basic stains (Correct / e ) 24- The cells involved in acute inflammation are the following except: aNeutrophils bplasma cells cmonocytes dmast cells emacrophages (Except / b ) abcdeabcde25- The cells involved in acute inflammation are the following monocytes Neutrophils Macrophages None of the above all of the above (Correct / e ) 26- Cells involved in acute inflammation are the following

60

abcd-

monocytes, Neutrophils and plasma cells neutrophils, pericytes and platelets neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages macrophages monocytes and reticular cells (Correct / c ) 27- Acute inflammation is accompanied by aincrease of the number of RBCs bincrease of the number of Eosinophils cleucocytosis dleucopenia (Correct / c ) 28- Cells that involved in allergic responses are the following except: a- mast cells b- basophils c- monocytes eEosinophils (Correct / c )

Nongranular leucocytes
1abcde2abcd3-

Lymphocytes in the blood of man are included in the category of granulocytes can produce fibrinogen multiply in the bone marrow constitute about 25% of all leucocytes have lobulated nuclei (Correct / d ) Size of lymphocytes 7-8 um 12 um most are small (7-8 um) and few are large (12um) 12-15 um (Correct / c ) Lymphocytes have the following characters except : their cytoplasm is basophilic account for 40-60% their function is to provide immunological defense secrete chemotatic factor to attract macrophages to the site of infection (Except / b ) 4- Lymphocytes from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow emigrate and then they and /or certain of their daughter cells can be found in (Mid,2001) blood spleen lymph nodes Peyers patches tonsils ( All Correct )

abcd-

abcde-

61

abcd-

5- All the following characters are correct except : lymphocytes account for 20-40% B- lymphocytes form 30% of total lymphocytes lymphocytes are phagocytic cells life span of B- lymphocytes is short (Except / c ) 6- All the following characters are correct except : number of platelets is 150,000-400,000/ mm3 number of leucocytes is from 4000-10,000/ mm3 size of monocytes is 8-10um percentage of Eosinophils is form 1-5% (Except / c )

abcd6abcde-

T-lymphocytes (Sept.,98- Mid, 2001 b) form about 30% of the total blood lymphocytes are responsible for the antibody formation produce the peripheral lymph have long life span are not involved in humoral immune response (Correct / d & e ) 7- T- lymphocytes have the following characters except: aoriginate from precursor cells of bone marrow bmigrate to thymus to be programmed chave long life span dsecrete immunoglobulins (Except / d ) a8- T-lymphocytes may be seen as large lymphocytes in peripheral blood bsecrete lymphokines csecrete antibodies as well as cytokines dmay be divided into groups on the basis of expression of distinct types of T cell eare the main cell responsible for cell-mediated immune response (Correct / a-b-d & e ) 10- T-lymphocytes secrete the following except : lymphotoxin bmitogenic factor cimmunoglobulins dlymphokines (Except / c )

a-

11- Lymphokines include the following except : phagocytin bchemotatic factor cmitogenic factor dlymphotoxin (Except / a ) a12- Macrophages migration inhibitory factor is secreted by

62

a-

B-lymphocytes bT-lymphocytes cMacrophages dMonocytes (Correct / b ) 13- B-lymphocytes aturn into plasma cells and secrete immunoglobulin bare derived from cells which originate in the bone marrow care the main cell type in the paracortex of lymph nodes dhave receptors for antigen on their surface ecan be seen as small lymphocytes in peripheral blood (Correct / a-b-d & e ) 14- B-lymphocytes adifferentiate from plasma cells b- have specific surface receptors for particular antigen c- binding the antigen with specific receptors on the B-lymphocytes needs the assistant of T-lymphocytes d- all of the above are its characters e- none of the above are its characters (Correct / d ) 15- B-lymphocytes have the following characters except : aformed and differentiated in red bone marrow bform 30% of total blood lymphocytes clife span is few weeks dsecrete antibodies esecrete mitogenic factor (Except / e ) 16- B-lymphocytes have the following characters except : athey originate from bone marrow bresponsible for cell mediated immune response cform 30% of total lymphocytes dhave specific surface receptors (Except / b ) 17- In connective tissue mature monocytes differentiate to amicrophages bmacrophages cplasma cells dmast cells enone of the above (Correct / b ) 18- Multinucleated giant cells aformed from fused macrophages bformed from fused Neutrophils cformed in bone marrow dheir percentage in the blood is 3-8% (Correct / a )

63

Blood platelets
1- Blood platelets in man (Jan.,2000) apossess small nuclei bdevelop in spleen cdevelop from monocytes dare about 250,000/ mm3 enone of the above (Correct / d ) 2abcBlood platelets of mammals are small but are the most numerous of the formed blood elements are released by megakaryocytes as cytoplasmic fragments have a granulomere with alpha particles containing a wide variety of platelet-specific and platelet-nonspecific proteins dhave a marginal bundle formed by a system of microtubules eare in many ways the functional equivalents of the thrombocytes of some other classes of vertebrates (Correct / b- c- d & e )
3-

abcd4abcd5abcde6abcd-

Blood platelets have the following characters except : they are normally 150,000-400,000/ mm3 have central granulomere and peripheral hyalomere they initiate local coagulation have small lobulated nuclei (Except / d ) Hyalomere is in T lymphocytes B lymphocytes mast cells platelets (Correct / d ) Granulomere is a central dark granular layer of neutrophils eosinophils basophils erythrocytes none of the above (Correct / e ) Red thrombus (Mid,97-98) deposition of fibrin threads that entangle RBCs in stagnant blood deposition of fibrin threads that entangle RBCs in circulating blood platelets adherence on rough surface in circulating blood platelets adherence on rough surface in stagnant blood (Correct / a ) 7- White thrombus

64

abcd-

deposition of fibrin threads that entangle RBCs in stagnant blood deposition of fibrin threads that entangle RBCs in circulating blood platelets adherence on rough surfaces in circulating blood platelets adherence on rough surfaces in stagnant blood (Correct / c) 8- Blood coagulation is (June,93-June,2001) deposition of fibrin threads that entangle RBCs in stagnant blood formation of white thrombus formation of red thrombus platelets adherence on rough surfaces in circulating blood (Correct / a & c) 9- Purpura is caused by : (Sept.,93) Decrease in the number of platelets. Decrease in the number of leucocytes. Decrease in the number of RBCs None of the above (Correct / a) 10- The diluting fluid for counting blood platelets is formed of (Sept.,96) asaline b1 % acetic acid and o.5% gentian violet canticoagulant citrates and brilliant cresyl blue dnone of the above (Correct / c )

abcd-

abcd-

Blood group
1abcdA father with group A and a mother with group B will give a child blood group: ((Sept.,92) Group A. Group B. Group AB. Group O. (Correct / c ) 2- Complete

A & B are ... to each other, i.e. if the father is ... & the mother is B, the offsprings are .. This is called ... Bone marrow
abcd21- Megakaryocytes have : (Sept.,93) large multilobed nucleus formed by division of the nucleus without division of cytoplasm. multiple nuclei formed by fusion of several cells (monocytes). found in bone marrow found on bony surface, in Howships lacunae (Correct / a &c ) Cells present in bone marrow. (Sept.,92)

65

3-

abcde-

Red bone marrow (Mid,97-98) aactive found in cavities of bones of embryos bfound in epiphysis of long bones , flat and short bones in adults cfound in shaft of long bones in adults dhas a high content of fat cells (Correct / a & b ) 4- The stroma of the red bone marrow contains all the following except: reticular cells fat cells osteocytes macrophages fibroblasts (Except / c) 5- Adult human red bone marrow acontains a network of reticular fibers bcontains primarily regions of well-vascularized adipose tissue cis anatomically continuous with endosteum dlies in Howships lacunae econtains both fixed tissue cells and free cells of blood (Correct / a c & e ) 6- Bone marrow in adult humans is a major organ for proliferation of cells maturing into a- lymphocytes b- monocytes c- plasma cells d- red blood cells e- granular leucocytes ( All Correct )

Hemopoiesis
1- Hemopoiesis generates all forms of blood cell aall blood cells derived from a common hemopoietic stem cell bboth granulocytes and monocytes derive from a common progenitor cell ceach of the factors which control and modulate hemopoiesis act very specifically on one cell line dplatelets are formed from monocytes ecommitted progenitor cells are not self-restricted (Correct / a & b) 2- Erythropoietin is secreted from aliver bbone marrow ckidney dspleen (Correct / c )

66

a-

3- Factors that stimulate RBCs formation erythropoietin bhypoxia chemolysis dall of the above enon of the above (Correct / d ) 4- The fundamental stimulus for the production of erythrocytes is erythropoietin the kidney the spleen dhypoxia hyperoxygenation (Correct / d ) 5- The loss of the nucleus from precursor cells of the erythrocytes give rise to normoblasts bmay involve an active expulsion mediated by contractile protein cis preceded by nuclear pyknosis dis preceded by nuclear vesiculation ecan be followed by loss of the expelled nuclei through the activity of phagocytes (Correct / b-c & e )

abce-

a-

a-

During erythropoiesis, the following changes occur except: the nucleus becomes smaller and disappears bthe size of the cells decrease cfine granules appear in the cytoplasm dcytoplasm change to acidophilic
6-

(Except / c) During the process of erythropoiesis, the following are changes except: (Mid,2001) athe size of cells gradually decrease bfinally the nucleus disappears cfinally the nucleolus disappears dthe cytoplasm change from basophilic to acidophilic ethe cytoplasm change from acidophilic to basophilic (Except / e)
7-

8- In adults, erythrocytes develop in aperipheral blood bred bone marrow cspleen dliver eall of the above (Correct / b ) 9- In human proerythroblasts

67

a-

hemoglobin synthesis has not begun bnuclear chromatin masses are large and dense appearing cmitotic divisions no longer occur dsome cytoplasmic regions are eosinophilic ethe cytoplasm is basophilic and relatively small in volume (Correct / a & e )

10- Polychromatophilic erythrocytes are also called reticulocytes have typically lost their nuclei chave patches of bluish cytoplasm (after usual staining procedure) due to some remaining ribonucleoprotein material dhave areas of acidophilic, hemoglobin rich cytoplasm ein peripheral blood can provide an indication of the rate of erythrocyte proliferation ( All Correct ) 11- Primitive stem cells of adult human red bone marrow ainclude pluripotent stem cells binclude cells that when transfused can give rise to splenic colony-forming units cinclude restricted stem cells, destined to proliferate only one specific cell line dcan be increased numerically by the appropriate administration of particular antimitotic drugs einclude some that resemble lymphoid cells (Correct / a-b-c-d & e ) ababcdabcdab-

cd-

12- CFU-S cells give rise to (Mid,97) CFU-Meg CFU-Ly CFU-N CFU-M (Correct / a c & d ) 13- CFU-S cells give rise to (Mid,97) CFU-Meg CFU-Ly CFU-N CFU-G (Correct / a c & d ) 14- CFU-Ly cells give rise to (Desc.,97) CFU-G CFU-Eo T. lymphocytes Monocytes (Correct / c ) 15- Derived from meyloblasts (Mid,96-Mid,2000) aneutrophils bbasophils clymphocytes dmonocytes (Correct / a & b) 16- THSC cells give rise (Mid,96)

68

a- CFU-Meg b- CFU-Ly cCFU-N dCFU-G eUMSC (Correct /a-b-c- & d) a17- Promyelocytes are precursor of erythrocytes b- are relatively small cells c- contain specific granules d- have lobulated nucleus e- contain azurophilic granules (Correct / e ) 18- Myelocyte is a cell category and maturational stage anormally found in circulating blood bthat precedes metamyelocyte in the sequence of stages leading to mature granular leucocytes cat which the differentiation of specific cytoplasmic granules can first be seen dat which mitotic activity normally still occurs ethat contributes to erythropoiesis (Correct / b- c &d ) 19- During granulopoiesis the following occur except: athe size of cells gradually decrease bnon specific granules appear cnucleus becomes lobulated dazurophilic granules disappear (Except / d) 20- Formation of lymphocytes occur in ared bone marrow bmyeloid tissues clymphatic tissues dall of the above (Correct / d )

Questions:

69

Microtechniques:
1234The importance of clearing.(Sept,93). The importance of fixation. Mentions advantages and disadvantages of celloidin method (Mid,98). Mentions advantages and disadvantages of paraffin and celloidin method(Mid,89-98). 5Preparation of sections for E/M. 6Preparation of sections for L/M.and stains used (Zagazig,2000). 7Difference between vital and supravital stain.

The cell:
1- Describe cell membrane with reference to junctional complex (Desc.,90) 2- Give full account on E/M of cell membrane with reference to function, including function of cell coat. (Cairo, 89). 3- The molecular structure of cell membrane.(Zagazig,93-Mansoura,99). 4- Describe cell membrane with reference to modifications(Desc.,94) 5- Annulate lamellae (Banha,99) 6- Mention four cellular structures which are formed as a result of modifications of the cell membrane with reference to their functions. (Cairo, Mid,88). 8Modifications of the cell membrane with reference to their functions. (Desc.,89- Mid,98- Cairo, 90). 9The cilia & microvilli at E/M (Zagazig,93). 9- The cilia (Tanta,99) 10- Describe with diagram Junctional complex. (Desc.,98) 11- E/M of the cell junctional complex. (Zagazig,93- Mid,2001). 12- Mention types of membranous organelles, and their general characteristics. (Cairo, Mid,87). 13- Mention membranous cell organelles, discuss mitochondria (Sept.,98-Mid,99) 14- Mitochondria (Sept.,99Mansoura,89-Mid,97-Sept.,97- Jan.,2000-June,2001). 15- Give a short note on the E/M of Golgi apparatus (Mid,98) 16- Classifications of enzymes. (Banha,99) 17- Mention the types and function of endoplasmic reticulum. (Cairo, Mid,87-89-Tant,94-99-Menoufia,Desc.,97). 18- Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.(Tanta,90- Jan.,2000). 19- Lysosomes-(Cairo,83) endosomes,(Tanta,99)- peroxisomes.(Tanta,2000) 20- Give a full account on E/M structure of lysosomes & Golgi apparatus. (Tanta,97) 21- Four main functions of lysosomes. (Cairo, Mid,87-Tanta,99). 22- Enumerate with reference to functions the organoids which participate in cellular metabolism .(Tanta,98) 23- Enumerate the cell organoids involved in the secretory activity of the living cells, mention the to functions of two of them.(Tanta,95) 24- Main functions of microtubules & microfilaments. (Cairo, Mid, 88-89). 25- Give a short note on ribosomes and polyribosomes 26- Cytoskeleton. (Banha,99) 27- The structure of the centriole (E/M) .(Tanta,95) 28- Give a short note on cell inclusions .(Tanta,95)

70

29- Pigments. (Banha,99) 30- The different types and functions of chromatin of nucleus. (Cairo, Mid,87). 31- Nucleolus.(Tanta,90-Zagazig,2000). 32- Nucleic acids .(Tanta,90). 33- Draw a diagrammatic structure of one human chromosome (Cairo, Mid,87-91). 34- Chromosomes of man. And mention what is meant by S and D chromosome (Tanta,99) 35- Structural chromosomal anomalies. (Banha,99) not important (concerned with pathology) 36- Chromatin of interphase nucleus.(Tant,94). 37- What is meant by diploid & haploid No. of chromosomes.(Sept.,93) 38- Difference between mitotic and first meiotic cell division. (Cairo, Mid,87). 39- Cell division (Al-Azhar,78). 40- Cell cycle .(Tant,89). 41- Inter phase of cell cycle .(Tant,98-99). 42- Write on .(Tant,89). aMitotic spindle (Tanta,2000) bKaryotype 43- What is Barr body, mention the clinical importance of it (Desc.,91Tanta,93). 44- Clinical significance of staining the sex chromatin or Barr body. (Cairo,Mid,89). 45- The prophase of the first meiotic division (Mid,98) 46- Define micro-tubular organizing center (Mid,97) 47- Differences between mitosis and meiosis.(Mid,97-Desc.,-89-97) 48- Describe the stages of meiosis division (Mid,97).

Epithelial Tissues:
12The characteristics of epithelial tissue. (Cairo,Mid,83-86-Mid,98). The characteristics of epithelial tissue including its basement membrane. (Mid,95) 3- Different types of simple epithelium ,mention one site of each(Cairo,Mid,83 97-Desc.,-97-98-Sept.,97-Mid,2001). 4- The structure (LM & E/M) & function of different types of simple columnar epithelium . (Zagazig,93). 5- Write short notes on the different types of stratified epithelium ,mention jj two sites of each. (Desc.,97-Sept.,97- Jan.,2000-June,2001) 6- Types of stratified epithelium, and one site of each. (Cairo, 87- Tanta,89-99 Sept.,98-99). 7- What is neuroepithelium, Give one example. (Cairo,Mid,83-Banha,99) 8- Sites of neuroepithelium. (Cairo,Mid,89). 9- Classify glandular epithelium according to nature of their secretion, mention an example of each. (Cairo, Mid,86-88). 10- Classify with diagrams the various types of glandular epithelium, giving one example for each in the human body(Al-Azhar,78-Menoufia, Mid,99) 11- The various types of glands according to type of secretion (Zagazig,2000). 11- Myoepithelial or basket cells (Tanta,97)

71

Connective Tissues Proper:

1- Mention types of general C.T. and discuss adipose C.T. (Desc.,97) Mention types of C.T. proper , mention two site of each and discuss one type.(Desc.,95-Zagazig, 2000) 3Connective tissue fibers. (Tanta,99-Banha,99) 4Discuss the different types of Connective tissue fibers and mention types of connective tissue in which they predominate and their sites(Desc.,97) 5Describe the different types of connective tissue proper cells (Desc.,94) 6- Types of connective tissue proper, mention two sites of each. (Cairo, Mid, 86). 7- Loose areolar connective tissue (Tanta,86) 8- Short notes on mast cells. (Cairo,Mid,83). 9- Mention the cells of C.T. proper , discuss three of them (Sept.,98) 10- Mention with reference to function the non branched C.T. cells. (Cairo,Mid,86-Desc.,90). 11- Discuss the different types of connective tissue proper cells with reference to to their function (Sept.,97) 12- Short notes on myofibroblasts cells (Tanta,84) 13- Draw & label a longitudinal section in a tendon. (Cairo,Mid,83). 14- Write an account on white fibrous connective tissue .(Mansoura,99) 15- Main types of adipose C.T. , mention two localities of each(Cairo, 85Tanta,94-2000- Desc.,98- Jan.,2000). 16- Brown adipose C.T. (Tanta,89-93) 17-Describe in elastic tissue and mention areas in human body rich in it. (Cairo, Mid, 87). (Answer areas in human rich in it) a- large arteries. b- ligamentum nuchae. c- ligamentum flavam. d- suspensory ligament of penis. e- stylohyoid- ligament f- vocal cords g- bronchial tree. 18Main functions of connective tissue proper. (Cairo, Mid, 89). 19Mucoid connective tissue. 2123Cartilage: Perichondrium Chondroblast and chondrocyte. (Tanta,99) Difference between young and old chondrocyte. (Tanta,96) Mention the difference between cartilage and bone (June,93 -Jan.,2000). Types of cartilage and sites of each. (Cairo, Mid,89-Tant,94-Sept.,96-99). The structure of hyaline cartilage and the difference between it and bone. Mansoura,89-June 92). The structure of hyaline cartilage (Desc.,95) Yellow elastic cartilage. (Tanta, 93-Desc.,96) What are the types of cartilage , describe one of them.(Desc.,98) White fibro-cartilage (Tanta, 95) Bone:

45-

678910-

72

1234-

Describe periosteum (Tanta,98). Describe primary immature bone, including bone cells (Tanta,97). Short notes on osteoclasts. (Cairo,Mid,83). Types of bone cells , mention one function for each. (Cairo, 85- Tanta,90 Menoufia,90-Zagazig,93). 5- Describe the different bone cells with reference to their origin and functions (Sept.,93-94-June,2001) 6- Decalcified compact bone. (Sept.,98-99-Tanta,99- Jan.,2000). 7- Types of bone cells, discuss spongy bone, with difference between it and compact bone (Desc.,97) 8- The process of formation of primary center of ossification in long bone. (Zagazig,93). 9- Mentions methods of preparation of a histological section in bone and describe section in compact bone (Desc.,96) 10- Describe with diagram section of compact bone (Desc.,97) 11- Intracartilagenous ossification (Al-Azhar,78- Tanta,99-2000) 12- Write short notes on types of ossification and sites of each. .(Mansoura,96) 13- Draw a labelled diagram of the ground compact bone .(Mansoura,99) 14- Synovial joints .(Banha,99). 15- Osteon (Haversian system). (Mid,2001)

Blood: 1- Types , sites of bone marrow. (Sep.,92). 2- How the structure of an erythrocyte is adapted to function. (Cairo, Mid,87-88). 3- The structure of an erythrocyte and how it is adapted to perform its function. (Sept.,97) 4- Variations in the number of RBCs and their clinical significance. 5- Mention the types of leucocytes and their normal percentage and describe one type that release histamine (June,93-Zagazig,2000) 6- Difference between erythrocytes and leucocytes (Sept.,98-99) 7- Total number of blood leucocytes, different types of granular Leucocytes & percentage of each. (Cairo,Mid,83-88). 8- Clinical significance of differential leucocytic count. (Cairo,Mid 89). 9- Variations in the number of WBCs and their clinical significance. 10- Differential leucocytic count (Al-Azhar,78) 11- Discuss types of granular leucocytes.(Cairo,89-Menoufia,90- Jan.,2000-2001). 12- Eosinophils. (Mansoura,89). 13- Structure and function of neutrophil. (Zagazig,93). 14- Functions of: (Cairo,Mid, 87). a- Neutrophil leucocytes. b- lymphocyte. c- Eosinophil leucocytes. 15 - Enumerate the cells involved in acute and chronic inflammation and their functions (Zagazig,99). 16- Agranular leucocytes. (Cairo,83).

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17- Non granular leucocytes with reference to their function (June,92 Desc.,97) 18- Write short notes on lymphocytes and their role in immunity (Desc.,98) 19- Discuss Small lymphocytes 20- What are the difference between B and T lymphocytes. 21- Describe the structure and function of four mature cells related to the immunity process.(Tanta,89-96). 22 - Short notes on blood platelets. (Cairo,Mid,83-Zagazig,93-Banha,99-Tanta,2000). 23- E/M of blood platelets.(Tanta,89). 24- Discuss in brief the reticulocytes. (Cairo,Mid, 89). 25- Discuss types and sites of bone marrow. .(Tanta,89- Caioro,94). 26- Describe the structure red myeloid tissue. (Caioro, Mid94). 27- Give an account on the colony forming unit cell (CFU). .(Tanta,96) 28Development of blood platelets.(Zagazig,93). 29Difference between osteoclasts and megakaryocytes. (Mid, 89). 30Development of erythrocytes.(Tanta,89-90-94-99). 31Development of granulocytes.(Tanta,89-93-June ,2001). 32What is Rhesus factor and what is its significance. (Sept.,93)

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