SEDIMENTARY ROCKS -form from consolidation of fragments (clasts) of pre-existing rocks and/or organic materials or from precipitation (crystallization)

out of solution. -Limestone, Chert, Arkose, Shale, Sandstone, Conglomerate FORMATION OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Diagenesis

WEATHERING the physical breakdown (disintegration) and chemical alteration (decomposition) of rocks at or near the Earths surface. -occurs when a rock is mechanically fragmented (disintegrated) and (decomposed) Types of Weathering: 1. Physical Weathering Fragmentation 2. Chemical Weathering- Minerals are chemically altered or dissolved MECHANICAL WEATHERING- the physical breaking up of rock into smaller pieces leads to an increase in surface area. Prevails in: Cold climates, high altitudes, dry regions. o o o o o o FROST WEDGING Repeated cycles of freezing and thawing. The expansion force of water as it freezes is sufficient to split any mineral or rock. HEATING AND COOLING heating a rock causes expansion, cooling it causes contraction due to its differences in temperature. Rocks are not good conductors of heat. WETTING AND DRYING The disruption of soil results in the swelling and contracting of soil particles. BIOLOGICAL WEATHERING Actions of flora and fauna UNLOADING AND UNROOFING pressure release (when thick layers of sediments overlying deeply buried rocks are removed by erosion or uplift) ABRASION the mechanical scraping of a rock surface by friction between rocks and moving particles during their transport (the grinding of rocks)

CHEMICAL WEATHERING involves the complex processes that break down rock components and alters the internal structure of minerals. Less stable More stable Decomposition of unstable minerals, creation/retention of stable minerals, produces soluble ions, clay minerals and resistant minerals.

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DISSOLUTION incorporation of solute in solvent. Example: Halite (rock salt) readily dissolves in water, Limestone and marble in acidic water. CAVES, MONUMENTS, SINKHOLES. HYDROLYSIS reaction with water to form hydroxides which are usually more soluble than the original mineral. Example: hydrolysis of potassium feldspar to clay. ACIDIFICATION acceleration of weathering by the presence of hydrogen ion in water. Carbonic and Organic acids. HYDRATION solid mineral/ with water OXIDATION REDUCTION Example: hematite ION EXCHANGE transfer of ions, most effective in clays

GOLDICH STABILITY SERIES Kabaligtaran ng Bowens Series Factors Affecting Weathering: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Climate Wet and humid Relief Higher relief = faster movement Rock Source/Type Time Plants, animals, people

CLIMATE o o RELIEF Quick burial Steepness controls the rate at which products are released for transportation Affects the amount of rock exposed to the surface Affects how long a rock is exposed to the surface Steep slopes unstable grains are preserved Precipitation Temperature

ROCK TYPE fine-grained rocks decompose chemically more readily than coarse-grained rocks. JOINTS: increase surface area for chemical attack

DIFFERENTIAL WEATHERING less stable rocks weather first Quartz Low temperature, more resistant PRODUCT OF WEATHERING: SOIL SOIL a layer of weathered rock and loose materials Composed of: Rock + Air + Water + Organic Materials Varies in color, texture, mineral content

SOIL PROFILE O HORIZON Mostly of leaf litter and humus (decomposed organic matter) A HORIZON Made up of humus mixed with mineral particles E HORIZON Leaching layer; Light in color; Made up of sand and silt B HORIZON Contains clay and mineral deposits (Iron, Aluminum oxides, Calcium carbonate) C HORIZON Consist of slightly broken-up bedrock; Very little organic material R HORIZON Unweathered rock layer LATERITIC SOIL red soil EROSION comes from old word meaning eat away involves movement of rock or soil the removal of material by mobile agents such as water, wind, ice or man

AGENTS OF EROSION 1. Gravity Bakit nahuhulog yung mga bato? Kinds: Slump, Rock and Debris Slides, Rock and Debris Fall 2. Water 3. Wind strong winds can also shatter rocks on impact 4. Ice Glaciers, carry rocks, moving rocks 5. Transportation: COMPETENCE biggest size an agent can transport. CAPACITY maximum load of sediment an agent can transport HOW TO BE AN AGENT Agents of Sediment Transport (ice, water, wind)

TYPES OF LOAD 1. Suspension dust storm (0.001-0.1mm) ex: clay 2. Saltation jumping (0.1-1mm) ex: sand 3. Traction creep, rolling (>1mm) ex: coarse TYPES OF EROSION o o o o Sheet Erosion Interill and Rill accounts for 30% of soil loss Incised Gully (Ephemeral/Permanent) ditches formed by short, intense rain Stream Chanel Erosion

EFFECTS OF EROSION Causes sedimentation downstream reduces capacity of streams Degrades soil resource (soil productivity) Produces pollutants ( sediments, other pollutants like nutrients and leachates)

PREVENTING EROSION Cover management (trees and plants) Seawall kapag sa beach

SEDIMENTS o SORTING measure of variation of grain sizes Short distance (Poorly Sorted) Long distance (Well-sorted) o SHAPE ROUNDNESS measures the angularity of corners SPHERICITY measures how closely the grain shape approximates a sphere SIZE Udden Wentworth Scale

DEPOSITION o o When transported material settles or comes to rest Happens when agent loses energy and can no longer transport its load. Transportation requires energy Higher grain size = Higher energy for transportation Grain size and Energy If river slows down, sediment will drop out If river speeds up, water can pick up sediment Larger sediments are deposited in higher energy environments (gravel, sand, silt and clay)

DIAGENESIS o Includes all physical, chemical and biological processes that take place after sediments are deposited. They: Transforms sediments into sedimentary rocks (lithification) Modifies the sediments composition, texture Burial promotes diagenesis Occurs within the upper few kilometers of Earths crust at temperatures less than 150-200C. Beyond this is METAMORPHISM.

STAGES OF DIAGENESIS o o Early Diagenesis takes place from sedimentation until shallow burial Late Diagenesis from deep burial to subsequent upift

COMPACTION is the process by which the volume of a sediment is reduced as the grains are squeezed together. CEMENTATION is the process by which dissolved mineral components are deposited in the interstices of sediments, and eventually joins them. Cementing materials: Calcite, Silica, Iron oxide. Other processes: o o o o Recrystallization of Unstable Sediments, example: Aragonite Calcite Cementation precipitation within intergranular spaces. Dissolution and Replacement Bioturbation

CLASSIFICATION: o o o Siliclastic Chemical Biochemical