2/16/2012 1:35:00 PM Hardware- Electrical components that allow us to input process and store data Software- Tells hardware

what to do Hard coded- cant be edited Value- money you pay for goods and services Mother board- circuit board on which all components are placed Data Channel- Bus, Busline, move data from one component to another Width of a bus: The width of the address bus determines the amount of memory a system can address. For example, a system with a 32-bit address bus can address 232 (4,294,967,296) memory locations Operating system is a program Multithreading- depredates system..running two programs together CPU Speed measured in cycles/sec (hertz) Protocol- way that two entities communicate (How apple and windows can email together) Application programs run the same protocol Web Server-Runs http protocol Entity Something you want to keep track of Attribute describes characteristics of entity Entities are found in tables Key to tables: Single themed

Difference b/w database and spreadsheet? Spreadsheet only has one sheet

Tool- a program Data Database- Self describing collection of interrelated records DBMS-Database management system o Purchase- gets license Purpose of database? Keep track of things (data) In database, every table has identifier to link w other tables Three basic operations of a relational database- select, project, and join. One-to-one relationship in DB denoted by two short marks Foreign Key- Matches with primary (primary key from another table) used to make a relationship Database form- read and insert data, if you add new item to list it will sort it again etc, modify data- moved or got married etc. Personal Database System- Puts app programs in with database management system E-R Diagram- Comes from DB with many tables connected via keys o Entity- soemehing you want to keep track of. Relationshipprimary/foreign key o Crows Foot: 1:N (many) relationship If there is a 0, it means that it could be 1:0 or 1:many o Draw diagram with the hash marks and crows feet o N:M (many to many relationship)- they don't want you to think # is same that's why they use N and M Goal of normalization: Every table has a single theme o Make sure duplicate data is removed Who is the final judge of the database? The USER!! Database adaptatation

Valid- Testing what its supposed to test Reliable: repeatable Metadata-data that describes data o DB is self-describing bc metadata describes the data

Why use numbers? Computers process them quickly E-R Data Model- : relational database (database that carries its data in the form of tables). And establishes relationships by using primary keys (unique value in each table). Relationship with foreign key and primary key (foreign key is primary key in different table). Having data in form of table slows down (Moore says # of transistors in circuits doubles every 18 months meaning the computer is always getting faster and faster) computers have ability, takes longer to write the code.

Validating data model- Ensuring accuracy and relevance of data Logical construct for an entityMoores Law (found of intel)- # of chips you can put on a transistor doubles every 18 months Bridge- merges incompatible data, ports data from two different systems Locking Porter- Business models don't work. People see business success and try to copy it but you cant copy success Pixels-is a single point in a vaster image, or the smallest addressable screen element in a display device; it is the smallest unit of picture that can be represented or controlled. The number of distinct colors that can be represented by a pixel depends on the number of bits per pixel (bpp). A 1 bpp image uses 1bit for each pixel, so each pixel can be either on or off. Each additional bit doubles the number of colors available, so a 2 bpp image can have

Megapixel= 1 mil pixels

Switch: The device that acts as a connection point between computers and can filter and forward data to a specified destination SQL= Standard Querying language International standard for database language MYSQL- Used with PHP (personal home page), free database, used by many fortune 500 companies, Structure: Way of organizing data to make it more efficient to process (Q) Standard- Why do you want standard across industry?

 Beneficial to everyone Information is data in a meaningful context- pertinent to specific problem MultiUser processing- more than one user in DB Integrated SystemSpeeds differ due to limited instruction sets b/w computers CANNOT upgrade speed of main memory KMS- knowledge management system, manages facts and truths Infotechnology- Computer technology and satellite communication Dot pitch vs. pixel pitch- Dot is on regular TV, pixel is on LCD Maximum Cardinality- # of entities that can be involved in a relationship Minimum Cardinality (opposite) Ex: 1:1, 1:N, N:N Why do you need data model? Represents the data you want to collect Data constraint: Ensures accuracy and consistency of data Ex. If you had specific age group targeting, constraint would ensure that only proper ages were allowed in DB\ DBAs Responsible for.. Adaptation The onbudsman- mediary Wouldn't run dept bc conflict of interest Steering Committee Users who understand the business Forum of decisions involving development use and maintanence of DB Represent the users Validate the data model- Testing what you want to test?

To be successful in a business, all users must know what business is Reliable- repeatable Changes to application programs

TCP/IP/OSI- Layered Protocol AKA OSI Model Transmission Control Protocol/Internet prot/Open system interconnection Layer 5- Application: HTTP SMTP FTP o Simple Mail Transfer Protocol- Allows different mail programs to communicate o s: Hypertext transfer protocol Browser o Interoperability of application programs (Broad function) o Switch- Special purpose computer, uses switching table, sends frames over LAN o Or as the biddy said.. What is a switch: special purpose computer that sends frames across LAN that sends them down until they hit the main switch in the basement (go through 5 layers) then hand it over to the router and gets you to gateway to other network and then it assembles all frames and turn them into something that other computer can read and puts in mailbox translated into that computers format. Layer 3 and 4- TCP/IP o Transmission Control protocol Routing tables- Routers instructions Goes to switches from TCP, puts it in segmetns and dumps it out to IP which uses routers o Internet Protocol International Organizations for standardization Uses router to route messages, takes segements from TCP, puts them in a second envelope (packet) Layer 2- Data Link and ATM o Collects and organizes all the packets, governs transmission of frames across a single network

o ATM- Asynchronous transfer mode (Allows voice as well as data) The WEB Subset of the internet Uses HTTP protocol Architecture Arrangement of protocol Layers Switch- Special purpose computer, uses switching table, sends frames over LAN Switches appear in every layer except the internet NIC Each device in LAN has a NIC Connects devices on LAN Each NIC card has a unique identifier (MAC- Media access control #) -put a MAC address on a NIC so all factories agree not to use same numbers UTP Cable Unshielded twisted pair Computers and switches are connected by Unshielded twisted pair cables Prevents EMI- Electro magnetic interference o EMI Deals with crosstalk (twisting wires prevents interference) Optical Fiber Cable Uses light rays to transfer data More expensive than UTP IEEE 802 Committee Institute for electrical and electronic engineers Ethernet- protocol of LANs specify what signal each pin will carry, they will sponsor committees to establish protocols of vendors and bring them in to find out what their needs are All devices on LAN have to be uniform

802.3 802.11 N or G is current standard

Communication Speeds Expressed in bits (megabits etc) Memory sizes in bytes Assymetric DSL Don't have same download and upload speeds More people download than upload Some businesses have symmetric DSL when they upload Switch vs Router Switch- Frames across LAN o Switching table Router- Packets across internet o Routing table Point of presence- Each compay leases a line to connect to the network Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM Voice along with data PSDN VPN- Virtual Private Network Virtual- appearance that something Is there when its not there Accts Rec- 30/60/90 day collections Collection management Balance orgs cash needs against cash availability What systems would you use? Treasury Applications o Deal with organizations cash, securing highest possible bond rating Sales and Marketing Systems o Store sales and marketing data o Why do they put leads with customers Operations Systems o Management of finished goods inventory Order Entry System o Records customer purchases o Customer info

Porter Customer is the most important part of the supply web

Only ones that give you money

Inventory Large inventories are beneficial? o WMT, Cosco Inventory as a liability o Irrelevance Just In Time (Kanban) o Pull mfg, as opposed to push mfg o Kanban literally means card BOM- Bill of Material o Shows all subassys Master production schedule (MPS) o Plan to build things o Why would analyze past sales to plan MPS? o Use past sales to forecast, then adjust using Kanban (JIT pull) Requires sophisticated information system Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) o Plans needs for materials and inventories o DOES not include personell, equipment, facilities Manufacturing Resource Planning (MRP 2) o Similar to MRP Includes personell and machinery KEY TO ITS SUCCESS o Flexibility o Always moving, changes as business changes o Applications that integrate two or more departments have a greater potential to streamline operations Less redundancy, less DBs to manage, more accurate Manufacturing Operations o Not really an information system- Produces no information o Could have linkage to manufacturing scheduling Process Based systems o Disjointed, expensive o Enterprise Resource Planning Build a whole process based system o Enterprise Application Integration (EAI)

Take all separate DBs and write programs that become bridges o Inherent Process One that's built in o Porter- Create a positive Margin Difference b/w what you sell something for (value) and cost If you have to increase cost, make sure you get value

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